俄罗斯转型时期货币政策选择研究
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摘要
关于货币政策选择,学术界的研究重心主要集中在两个问题上:一是货币政策能做什么?明确了这一问题后,就可以讨论第二个问题,应该选择怎样的货币政策。关于货币政策能做什么,弗里德曼认为货币政策应将政策目标集中于价格水平这一名义变量,而不是就业率等实际变量。这一观点已经被理论界和各国政策制定者所普遍接受。成熟市场经济国家的货币政策最终目标已由充分就业逐渐演变为反通胀。为了达成这一目标,就需要构建一个明确的政策框架来对货币政策加以约束。在实践中,有三种主要的货币政策框架,分别是,通货膨胀目标制、汇率目标制、货币供应量目标制。然而,俄罗斯在转型过程中却选择了多重货币政策目标。为什么在转型时期有着这样的货币政策选择?俄罗斯是否应选择控制通货膨胀作为货币政策核心目标?通货膨胀目标制、汇率目标制、货币供应量目标制这三个被广泛选择的货币政策框架在俄罗斯有着怎样的适用性?
     本文以经济和政治视角对俄罗斯转型时期货币政策选择加以分析,并指向以下目标:(1)探寻俄罗斯转型时期货币政策选择的决定机制。(2)评价俄罗斯转型时期的货币政策选择。(3)探讨是否应将控制通货膨胀作为货币政策的核心目标。(4)分别探讨通货膨胀目标制、汇率目标制、货币供应量目标制在俄罗斯的适用性问题。
     围绕以上主题,论文除第1章绪论外,主要由以下几章构成:
     第2章构建了关于俄罗斯转型时期货币政策选择问题研究的理论框架。关于货币政策选择,货币政策理论已经有了系统的研究,并形成了大量的文献和一套成型的理论。通过对已有研究加以分析可以发现,关于在中央银行独立性缺失、市场发育程度较弱条件下货币政策选择的研究相对较为薄弱。货币政策的传导是一个经济过程,但是其制定实施是一个政治过程,这一点在转型经济表现的尤为明显。因此,本文引入公共选择理论来解释转型时期的货币政策选择,构建了转型时期货币政策选择的效率——公共选择解释框架。
     第3章回顾了苏联时期的货币体系、货币政策及其影响。之后,将俄罗斯经济转型启动以来的货币政策选择分成以下几个阶段:经济转型初期曾试图选择“休克疗法”的“稳定化”策略,但为叶利钦当局的赤字财政融资而放弃了这一目标;1998年金融危机后在强国战略的指引下把抑制卢布升值作为优先考虑的目标;2008年金融危机后又主动选择把控制通货膨胀作为货币政策的核心目标。
     第4章采用效率——公共选择解释框架来分析俄罗斯转型时期的货币政策选择,并探讨了货币政策利益非中性这一概念。货币政策在不同利益集团间产生利益分配效应,而俄罗斯转型时期中央银行并不具备足够的独立性,因此,利益集团将采取行动来影响货币政策选择。在利益集团的影响下,俄罗斯转型时期并未把控制通货膨胀作为核心政策目标。多重货币政策目标导致了俄罗斯通货膨胀问题一直较为严重,高通胀导致了经济秩序混乱、社会福利损失严重。因此得出结论,俄罗斯还是应该避免选择多重货币政策目标,应把控制通货膨胀作为货币政策的核心目标。
     当下,将控制通货膨胀作为货币政策核心目标已经成为各国央行的普遍选择。为了达成这一目标,克服时间不一致性问题,央行通常会选择一个合适的货币政策框架,常见的货币政策框架包括:货币供应量目标制、汇率目标制、通货膨胀目标制。第5、6、7章分别探讨了这三种货币政策框架在俄罗斯的适用性问题。
     第5章对俄罗斯转型时期货币流通状况加以研究。根据相关数据测算得出俄罗斯转型时期货币流通速度大幅波动,这表明了货币需求状况发生了剧烈变动。转型初期高通胀、汇率贬值等因素导致货币需求萎缩,在经济复苏时期通胀问题的缓解和汇率升值等因素导致货币需求在不断扩大。通过对货币供应量目标制的理论依据和适用性加以分析,可以得出俄罗斯转型时期货币需求状况的大幅波动导致这一政策框架并不适用。
     第6章对俄罗斯转型时期汇率制度和汇率变动情况加以分析,俄罗斯的美元化和货币错配问题使得汇率稳定对于宏观经济稳定十分重要。俄罗斯曾采取过类似汇率目标制的“外汇走廊”制度,通过对“外汇走廊”的实施经验加以分析表明,汇率稳定对于控制通货膨胀问题十分重要,但是选择汇率目标也隐含着较大的金融风险。
     第7章对通货膨胀目标制这一目前最为流行的货币政策框架的实施特点及其在俄罗斯的适用性加以分析。目前已有多个转型国家选择通货膨胀目标制作为政策框架,通过回顾捷克和波兰的通货膨胀目标制实施经历,为俄罗斯实施通货膨胀目标制提供了借鉴经验。虽然俄罗斯实施这一政策框架还面临一定的挑战,但是基本条件已经成熟,本章也为俄罗斯迈向通货膨胀目标制提出了针对性的政策建议。
     最后,第8章是论文的结论。通过对俄罗斯转型时期的货币政策选择研究得出:对于转型国家而言,应注重加强中央银行的独立性建设,避免利益集团对货币政策制定实施的干扰。货币政策应致力于维护宏观经济稳定,特别是将控制通货膨胀置于核心位置。为了达成这一目标,应选择合适的货币政策框架。在经济转型初期,汇率目标制不失为一个有效的手段。但是,汇率目标制有着易受投机的弱点。因此,对于经济规模较小、开放程度高的转型国家,可以选择采取货币局或彻底美元化。对于经济规模较大的国家,还是应在相关条件初步具备后,转向通货膨胀目标制。
There are two issues to focus when people do the academic researches on monetarypolicy choice. One is what monetary policy can do? Only after the clarity to it, thesecond issue can be discussed which is what kind of monetary policy strategy should bechosen? To the issue what monetary policy can do, Friedman argued that the target ofmonetary policy strategy should be focused on the price level in the nominal variable,rather than the real variables, for example, the employment rate. His concept has beenwidely accepted by the theorists and the policy makers all over the world. The finalobjective of monetary policy in mature market economy countries has been changedfrom full-employment to anti-inflation. In order to achieve this objective, it is needed tobuild a clear policy framework to restrain monetary policy. In practice, there are threemain monetary policy frameworks, which are inflation targeting, the exchange ratetargeting and monetary targeting. However, Russia chose multiple monetary policyobjectives in the Transition Process.
     Why has Russia chosen such monetary policy in the Transition Process? ShouldRussia choose anti-inflation as the core monetary policy objective? And how have thesethree widely-chosen monetary policy frames performed in Russia?
     This paper analysis monetary policy choice in Russia’s transition process from theeconomic and political perspective, with the research objectives as follows:(1) Todiscover the determining mechanism of the monetary policy choice in Russia’s transitionprocess.(2) To evaluate the economic effect of monetary policy choice in Russia’stransition process.(3) To investigate whether controlling inflation should be consideredas the core objective of monetary policy.(4) To discuss the applicability of the inflationtargeting, exchange rate targeting and monetary targeting in Russia.
     Around the subject above, paper mainly consists of the following chapters besidesthe chapter of Introduction,:
     In Chapter2, the theory framework of monetary policy choice in Russia’s transitionprocess has been given. On monetary policy choice, there has been a systematic study,which has been formed a great number of literatures and a set of mature theory. Throughanalyzing the previous researches, it can be found that the research of the choice of monetary policy is relatively weak under the constraint, which caused by thedisadvantages of the transition economies, let’s say, the central bank lacks itsindependence, the market develops slowly, etc. The transmission of monetary policy isan economic process, but the formulation is a political process, especially in thetransition economy. Therefore, the public choice theory is introduced to explain themonetary policy in transitional period, which builds the efficiency-public choiceframework about monetary policy choice in transition process.
     In Chapter3, the monetary policy choice in transition process has been reviewed,which has been divided into three stages: Stage1is from the "stabilization" strategy byusing "shock therapy" to the period of financing for Yeltsin authority’s deficit after1993.Stage2is from the reflection on the lessons of the financial crisis in1998, to Putin's‘Great Power Strategy’, taken stabilizing the exchange rate as a priority target. And Stage3is after the2008financial crisis because since then it is considered as the core objectiveto control inflation.
     In Chapter4, efficiency-public choice framework was used to analyze themonetary policy choice in Russia’s transition process, and put forward and discussed theconcept of "non-neutral monetary policy interests ". Monetary policy can be generateddifferent interest distribution effects among different interest groups, and Russia's centralbank does not have enough independence during the period of transition, so the interestgroups intend to influence monetary policy choice by their actions. Under this influence,the control of inflation has not been considered as the core goal in Russian transitionperiod. As a result, multiple monetary policy objectives have led to Russia's inflationproblem very serious, and the high inflation rate has completely disordered economicenvironment and lost social welfare badly. With these considerations, the conclusioncomes out that multiple monetary policy objectives should be avoided, and anti-inflationshould be taken as the core objective of monetary policy in Russia.
     Nowadays,anti-inflation has been taken as the core of monetary policy by most ofthe central banks. In order to achieve this objective and to overcome the problem of timeinconsistency, the central bank usually selects a suitable monetary policy framework. Thecommon monetary policy frameworks are monetary targeting, exchange rate targeting,inflation targeting, and their applicability in Russia are discussed respectively in Chapter 5,6, and7.
     In Chapter5, the currency situation in Russia’s transition process is discussed.According to the relevant data, currency circulation is found turbulent at the beginning ofthe transition, which shows that the demand of currency fluctuates strongly. Thiscurrency demand is narrowed by the factors, such as initial high inflation, currencydevaluation and so on. In the recovery period, the currency demand is widened by theinfluence of alleviated inflation and the appreciation of exchange rate. By analyzing thetheoretical basis of the money supply targeting and applicability, the strong fluctuationsof currency demand make this policy framework not applicable in Russia’s transitionprocess.
     In Chapter6, exchange rates and currency movements in Russia’s transition processare analyzed. Russia's dollarization and currency mismatch problem make the exchangerate stability to play an essential role in macroeconomic stability. Through the analysis ofthe implementation experience of the currency band, ever used in Russia, it is testifiedthat the stability of exchange rate is essential to ease inflation, while the exchange ratetargeting may bring financial risks.
     In Chapter7, the implementation characteristics and applicability of inflationtargeting in Russia are illustrated. So far, many transition countries have chosen inflationtargeting as their policy framework. Some referential experience can be found for Russiaby reviewing the implementation of inflation targeting in the Czech Republic andHungary. Although Russia may face some challenges when bring the policy frameworkinto force, the basic environment is getting ready. Moreover, some corresponding policysuggestions are also recommended to implement the inflation targeting in Russia.
     In Chapter8, the last chapter, the final conclusion is summarized after the wholestudy of monetary policy choice in Russia’s transition process. To the transition countries,it should be emphasized to improve the independence of the central bank, and to avoidthe interference from interest groups. Monetary policy should focus on maintainingmacroeconomic stability, especially by the means of anti-inflation. In order to achievethis objective, the appropriate monetary policy framework should be chose. At thebeginning of transition, exchange rate targeting is the most effective means, but it isvulnerable to be speculated. Therefore, either the currency board or totally dollarization can be implemented in small transition countries with highly opened market, whileinflation targeting should be considered to implement in big ones when they preparewell.
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