抗打印扫描数字水印技术及其应用研究
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摘要
抗打印扫描数字水印技术又称为印刷水印,指嵌入数字图像的水印信息经过打印设备输出并经扫描设备重新获取后,仍能够正确检测的数字水印技术。打印扫描过程复杂,多次的数模变换、模数变换以及人工操作对数字图像产生较大影响,已知的攻击类型包括灰度转换攻击、低通滤波攻击和几何攻击。抗打印扫描数字水印技术具有较高的实用价值,可应用于解决印刷品的版权保护、来源认证、防止伪造等问题。
本文针对抗打印扫描数字水印技术的算法和应用进行深入研究,设计并实现能够抵抗打印扫描攻击的强鲁棒性数字水印算法。主要工作包括基于DFT的抗打印扫描数字水印算法的研究、抗打印扫描的文本数字水印技术的研究以及面向实用的纸质文档泄密追踪管理系统的设计和实现。具体的研究成果如下：
1.提出了抗打印扫描数字水印算法设计框架。根据设计框架,提出基于离散傅里叶变换的彩色图像抗打印扫描数字水印算法,该算法利用DFT变换中频幅度谱的鲁棒性,将水印嵌入图像红色通道数据的DFT中频幅度域中,同时利用人类视觉系统的掩蔽特性,通过计算图像复杂度选择嵌入位置。水印提取过程不需要原始载体图像,实验数据表明水印算法具有强鲁棒性并取得较好的不可见效果。
2.提出了一个大容量的文本水印算法,该算法以打印扫描不变量为基础,通过设计量化函数建立字符像素翻转量与水印信息之间的映射关系,实现翻转单个字符像素嵌入多比特水印信息,同时降低整体的字符翻转量,减小了文本图像的失真程度。实验表明,该算法有效地提升了水印嵌入容量,并且能够抵抗打印扫描攻击,实现了在纸质文本中嵌入水印信息。
3.提出了基于汉字数学表达式的印刷文本认证算法,该算法利用汉字字形结构的特殊性,将随机选取的汉字的数学表达式和汉字结构关系统计值作为生成零水印的依据,并将零水印存储在版权信息数据库中。当印刷出版后该文本发生版权纠纷时,按相同策略提取零水印与数据库中的水印信息进行匹配计算,从而确定版权归属。零水印技术不对载体图像进行任何改动,保证了数字作品的无失真,本算法抵抗打印扫描攻击,可应用于印刷出版物的版权认证。
4.设计和实现了面向实用的纸质文档泄漏追踪管理系统,系统水印算法设计中包括强鲁棒性水印算法本身,此外从实用系统角度出发增加了差错控制、噪声去除、文档偏转校正等设计,均为系统的稳定和准确提供了保障。系统通过虚拟打印服务,在打印的纸质文档中以不可见的形式嵌入具有个人身份等信息的文本水印,由于该水印可以抵抗扫描及至少一次复印的攻击,因而,当非法传播的纸质泄密文件被截获时,通过该系统的水印提取可以分析出与泄密者相关的身份信息,有效地追踪到文件的泄密源头。在真实环境下测试,系统准确性和处理速度均达到实用要求。
The print-scan resistant watermarking technology is that the watermarking embedded in the digital image can be extracted correctly when the image is reproduced by print and scan operation. The impact to the image given by the process of print and scan is complex, because of the two times conversion of types from D/A to A/D, and the manual operation miss. Print-scan attack summarized as grayscale conversion attack, geometric attack and lowpass filter attack is a challenge for most of digital watermarks. The print-scan resistant watermarking technology can be used in several fields such as copyright protection, origin certification and preventing forgery for printed publication.
In this thesis, we focus on the research of the print-scan resistant watermarking algorithms, and also design and implement the robustness watermarking system which can resist the print-and-scan. The content of the thesis mainly includes:Print-scan resistant watermarking algorithm based on the DFT; The text watermarking algorithm resistant to print-scan; The design and implement of the leak-tracking management system for the paper document. The specific research contents and research results are as follows:
1. Based on the design framework of print-scan resistant watermarking algorithm, we propose a algorithm which combines the methods of image complexity and discrete Fourier transform (DFT). We determine which block can be used to embed watermark by computing the local image complexity of the block, considering the masking of the human visual system. The red component of the block is transformed with DFT and one bit is embedded in the amplitude of DFT coefficients. The hidden data can be extracted without using the original image to verify the copyright of the reproduced image. Experimental results suggest that the proposed method is robust after high-quality printing and scanning.
2. A high-capacity text watermarking scheme resistant to print-and-scan processes is proposed. The binary document image is first segmented into individual characters. A multi-bit watermark is then embedded by flipping the boundary pixels of each character based on a print-scan invariant quantity and complexity of the character. A quantitative model is established to achieve the character pixel quantization, which can minimize visual distortion. Experimental results show that the proposed scheme can increase embedding capacity. It can effectively resist print-scan attacks so that watermark hardcopy documents can be put into practice.
3. A printed text authentication algorithm is proposed based on the mathematical expression of the Chinese character which is used to describe the component of the Chinese character. Zero-watermark as fundation for the copyright is derived by the mathematical expression of the selected Chinese character randomly and the operators of whole text. The final judgement is determined by the comparison between the extracted bits and zero-watermark bits. The zero-watermark technology guarantee no distortion for no change to the text. This algorithm can be used for the copyright protection of printed publication because it resist to pint-and-scan.
4. A paper document management system to detect information leaks is implemented, Besides the watermark embedding and extracting, we design the error-control, denosing and document skew detection for the utility system, which guarantee the stability and veracity. The system embeds the invisible watermark bearing personal identity information into the paper document through virtual printing technology. It can be used to detect the source of leaks by extracting the print-scan resistant watermarking. The performance of system has reached the practical requirements by the real environment testing.
本文针对抗打印扫描数字水印技术的算法和应用进行深入研究,设计并实现能够抵抗打印扫描攻击的强鲁棒性数字水印算法。主要工作包括基于DFT的抗打印扫描数字水印算法的研究、抗打印扫描的文本数字水印技术的研究以及面向实用的纸质文档泄密追踪管理系统的设计和实现。具体的研究成果如下：
1.提出了抗打印扫描数字水印算法设计框架。根据设计框架,提出基于离散傅里叶变换的彩色图像抗打印扫描数字水印算法,该算法利用DFT变换中频幅度谱的鲁棒性,将水印嵌入图像红色通道数据的DFT中频幅度域中,同时利用人类视觉系统的掩蔽特性,通过计算图像复杂度选择嵌入位置。水印提取过程不需要原始载体图像,实验数据表明水印算法具有强鲁棒性并取得较好的不可见效果。
2.提出了一个大容量的文本水印算法,该算法以打印扫描不变量为基础,通过设计量化函数建立字符像素翻转量与水印信息之间的映射关系,实现翻转单个字符像素嵌入多比特水印信息,同时降低整体的字符翻转量,减小了文本图像的失真程度。实验表明,该算法有效地提升了水印嵌入容量,并且能够抵抗打印扫描攻击,实现了在纸质文本中嵌入水印信息。
3.提出了基于汉字数学表达式的印刷文本认证算法,该算法利用汉字字形结构的特殊性,将随机选取的汉字的数学表达式和汉字结构关系统计值作为生成零水印的依据,并将零水印存储在版权信息数据库中。当印刷出版后该文本发生版权纠纷时,按相同策略提取零水印与数据库中的水印信息进行匹配计算,从而确定版权归属。零水印技术不对载体图像进行任何改动,保证了数字作品的无失真,本算法抵抗打印扫描攻击,可应用于印刷出版物的版权认证。
4.设计和实现了面向实用的纸质文档泄漏追踪管理系统,系统水印算法设计中包括强鲁棒性水印算法本身,此外从实用系统角度出发增加了差错控制、噪声去除、文档偏转校正等设计,均为系统的稳定和准确提供了保障。系统通过虚拟打印服务,在打印的纸质文档中以不可见的形式嵌入具有个人身份等信息的文本水印,由于该水印可以抵抗扫描及至少一次复印的攻击,因而,当非法传播的纸质泄密文件被截获时,通过该系统的水印提取可以分析出与泄密者相关的身份信息,有效地追踪到文件的泄密源头。在真实环境下测试,系统准确性和处理速度均达到实用要求。
The print-scan resistant watermarking technology is that the watermarking embedded in the digital image can be extracted correctly when the image is reproduced by print and scan operation. The impact to the image given by the process of print and scan is complex, because of the two times conversion of types from D/A to A/D, and the manual operation miss. Print-scan attack summarized as grayscale conversion attack, geometric attack and lowpass filter attack is a challenge for most of digital watermarks. The print-scan resistant watermarking technology can be used in several fields such as copyright protection, origin certification and preventing forgery for printed publication.
In this thesis, we focus on the research of the print-scan resistant watermarking algorithms, and also design and implement the robustness watermarking system which can resist the print-and-scan. The content of the thesis mainly includes:Print-scan resistant watermarking algorithm based on the DFT; The text watermarking algorithm resistant to print-scan; The design and implement of the leak-tracking management system for the paper document. The specific research contents and research results are as follows:
1. Based on the design framework of print-scan resistant watermarking algorithm, we propose a algorithm which combines the methods of image complexity and discrete Fourier transform (DFT). We determine which block can be used to embed watermark by computing the local image complexity of the block, considering the masking of the human visual system. The red component of the block is transformed with DFT and one bit is embedded in the amplitude of DFT coefficients. The hidden data can be extracted without using the original image to verify the copyright of the reproduced image. Experimental results suggest that the proposed method is robust after high-quality printing and scanning.
2. A high-capacity text watermarking scheme resistant to print-and-scan processes is proposed. The binary document image is first segmented into individual characters. A multi-bit watermark is then embedded by flipping the boundary pixels of each character based on a print-scan invariant quantity and complexity of the character. A quantitative model is established to achieve the character pixel quantization, which can minimize visual distortion. Experimental results show that the proposed scheme can increase embedding capacity. It can effectively resist print-scan attacks so that watermark hardcopy documents can be put into practice.
3. A printed text authentication algorithm is proposed based on the mathematical expression of the Chinese character which is used to describe the component of the Chinese character. Zero-watermark as fundation for the copyright is derived by the mathematical expression of the selected Chinese character randomly and the operators of whole text. The final judgement is determined by the comparison between the extracted bits and zero-watermark bits. The zero-watermark technology guarantee no distortion for no change to the text. This algorithm can be used for the copyright protection of printed publication because it resist to pint-and-scan.
4. A paper document management system to detect information leaks is implemented, Besides the watermark embedding and extracting, we design the error-control, denosing and document skew detection for the utility system, which guarantee the stability and veracity. The system embeds the invisible watermark bearing personal identity information into the paper document through virtual printing technology. It can be used to detect the source of leaks by extracting the print-scan resistant watermarking. The performance of system has reached the practical requirements by the real environment testing.
引文
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