汉字/非汉字文化圈HSK甲级心理动词搭配的语料库研究
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摘要
过去的三十年里,汉语在世界范围内得到广泛传播。在国外,孔子学院和孔子课堂的数量不断增加;而在国内,对外汉语教学课程也不断增设。虽然如此,汉语作为第二语言的教学过程中仍然有不少障碍。汉语动词,特别是汉语心理动词,一直都让外国的汉语学习者和本土的对外汉语老师头痛。外国的汉语学习者,不论是来自汉字文化圈,还是来自非汉字文化圈,都经常在汉语心理动词的使用和用法上出现问题,产生搭配偏误。
本文的主要目标是找出不同语言文化背景的外国汉语学习者,无论是来自汉字文化圈,还是非汉字文化圈,在汉语心理动词搭配方面的异同以及语言文化背景对这些异同的作用。
为此,本文提出了三个问题:
a.甲级心理动词的总体频率是怎样的?
b.以汉语母语者为参照,来自汉字文化圈国家(此处指日本)和非汉字文化圈国家(此处指英国)的外国汉语学习者在甲级汉语心理动词各下类词的搭配上面(搭配类型、搭配词多样性、搭配偏误和搭配相关性)有何异同?
c.不同的语言文化背景对外国汉语学习者汉语心理动词搭配的习得有何影响?
本文首先综述了四个方面的文献,包括汉语心理动词、汉语动词搭配、汉语心理动词搭配,和汉字/非汉字文化圈的汉语习得情况,发现现有文献中少有研究指向汉字/非汉字文化圈的外国汉语学习者对汉语心理动词的搭配情况,这使得本文更有意义。
本文利用国内现有的两个汉语语料库——现代汉语通用平衡语料库和北京语言文化大学HSK动态作文语料库,以及三个计算机工具——ICTCLAS 1.0, AntConc 3.2.1 and Loglikelihood and Chi-square Calculator 1.0,对HSK词汇大纲中总计26个甲级汉语心理动词进行了语料库研究。首先研究了北京语言文化大学HSK动态作文语料库中这26个心理动词的总体频率,选出了心理动词所有子类(可控/不可控心理状态动词、心理活动动词和心理变化动词)四个最高频率的心理动词,再进一步分析了英国和日本的外国汉语学习者对这四个心理动词的使用情况,重点研究了他们在这些心理动词搭配类型、搭配词多样性、搭配偏误和搭配相关性四个方面的异同,同时也探讨了语言文化背景对这些异同的影响。
结果和讨论表明:
a.外国留学生使用频率最高的可控心理状态动词、不可控心理状态动词、心理活动动词和心理变化动词分别为“想”、“认为”、“注意”和“同意”;
b.在日本和英国两种情形下,心理状态动词的使用频率都比心理变化动词和心理行为动词更高;搭配类型和搭配词多样性都较丰富;英国汉语学习者的搭配偏误比日本汉语学习者少,但是日本的汉语学习者与作为参照的汉语母语者有更高的一致性;
c.语言文化背景对汉语心理动词搭配的学习有显著影响,这可以从四个方面看出来:搭配的一致性、常用搭配的缺失、不常用搭配的增添和搭配的不协调。
最后,本文指出了汉语心理动词搭配方面的教学启示,同时指出了研究的不足和未来研究的方向。
The last three decades have seen the widespread of Chinese language to the world. An increasing number of courses for Teaching Chinese as a Second Language have been opened at home; meanwhile, more and more Confucius Classrooms and Confucius Institutes have also been set up abroad. Nonetheless, there still exist quite a few obstacles in the way for instruction and acquisition of Chinese as a Second Language. Chinese verbs, especially Chinese psych verbs, have always been headaches of foreign Chinese learners and domestic Chinese teachers to foreign students in China. Foreign Chinese learners, no matter from the Chinese-Cultural Circle or the Non-Chinese Cultural Circle, quite often have problems with the use and the usages of these psych verbs and so collocations errors frequently occur.
The chief goals of this paper are to find out the similarities and differences in Chinese psych verb collocations among foreign Chinese learners with different language-cultural backgrounds, either from the Chinese-Cultural Circle or Non-Chinese Cultural Circle, and the language-cultural influences on these similarities and differences.
Three questions are asked in this paper to serve this purpose:
a. What are the general frequencies of all the First-Degree psych verbs?
b. What are the collocation similarities and differences (on Collocation Types, Collocate Varieties, Collocation Errors, and Collocation Correlation) of First-Degree Chinese psych verbs under each sub-category in foreign learners of Chinese from Chinese Cultural Circle countries (here Japan) compared with learners from Non-Chinese Cultural Circle countries (here the UK), with reference to Chinese native speakers?
c. What role do different language-cultural backgrounds play in these foreign Chinese learners’acquisition of Chinese psych verb collocations?
This paper first reviews literature on the four aspects: on Chinese psych verbs, on Chinese verb collocations, on Chinese psych verb collocations and on Chinese language in Chinese/ Non-Chinese Cultural Circles, finding that the current researches have seldom focused on Chinese psych verb collocations among foreign Chinese learners from Chinese/ Non-Chinese Cultural Circles, which has made this paper more meaningful.
Utilizing two available domestic Chinese corpora ---Modern Chinese General Balanced Corpus and Beijing Language and Culture University HSK Corpus of Interlanguage, and using three computer tools ---ICTCLAS 1.0, AntConc 3.2.1 and Loglikelihood and Chi-square Calculator 1.0, this paper conducts a corpus study of First-Degree Chinese psych verbs in the HSK Syllabus of Chinese Words, 26 ones in total. It first studies the general frequencies of these 26 psych verbs in Beijing Language and Culture University HSK Corpus of Interlanguage, choosing out four most frequent ones under all the sub-categories (controllable/ uncontrollable psychological state verbs, psychological activity verbs and psychological change verbs). Further study is down on these four psych verbs among foreign Chinese learners from the UK and Japan, focusing on similarities and differences of four aspects including Collocation Types, Collocate Varieties, Collocation Errors, and Collocation Correlation. The language-cultural influences on these similarities and differences have also been discussed.
Results and discussions show that:
a. The most-frequently-used controllable psychological state verb, uncontrollable psychological state verb, psychological activity verb and psychological change verb are xiang (to miss; to consider), renwei (to consider, to regard as), zhuyi (to notice) and tongyi (to agree) respectively;
b. Collocations concerning psychological state verbs are more frequently used than other psych verbs in both the Japanese and British situations; collocation types and collocate varieties are quite rich under both situations; British Chinese leaners have made fewer collocation compared to Japanese Chinese learners, but the latter have higher correlation with the reference native Chinese speakers;
c. Language-cultural backgrounds have significant influences in learning Chinese psych verb collocations, as can be seen in the four aspects: agreement of collocation, lack of common collocations, adding of uncommon collocations and mismatches of collocations.
In the end, implications for Chinese psych verb collocation instruction and acquisition have been pointed out in this paper, along with research limits and future research perspectives.
本文的主要目标是找出不同语言文化背景的外国汉语学习者,无论是来自汉字文化圈,还是非汉字文化圈,在汉语心理动词搭配方面的异同以及语言文化背景对这些异同的作用。
为此,本文提出了三个问题:
a.甲级心理动词的总体频率是怎样的?
b.以汉语母语者为参照,来自汉字文化圈国家(此处指日本)和非汉字文化圈国家(此处指英国)的外国汉语学习者在甲级汉语心理动词各下类词的搭配上面(搭配类型、搭配词多样性、搭配偏误和搭配相关性)有何异同?
c.不同的语言文化背景对外国汉语学习者汉语心理动词搭配的习得有何影响?
本文首先综述了四个方面的文献,包括汉语心理动词、汉语动词搭配、汉语心理动词搭配,和汉字/非汉字文化圈的汉语习得情况,发现现有文献中少有研究指向汉字/非汉字文化圈的外国汉语学习者对汉语心理动词的搭配情况,这使得本文更有意义。
本文利用国内现有的两个汉语语料库——现代汉语通用平衡语料库和北京语言文化大学HSK动态作文语料库,以及三个计算机工具——ICTCLAS 1.0, AntConc 3.2.1 and Loglikelihood and Chi-square Calculator 1.0,对HSK词汇大纲中总计26个甲级汉语心理动词进行了语料库研究。首先研究了北京语言文化大学HSK动态作文语料库中这26个心理动词的总体频率,选出了心理动词所有子类(可控/不可控心理状态动词、心理活动动词和心理变化动词)四个最高频率的心理动词,再进一步分析了英国和日本的外国汉语学习者对这四个心理动词的使用情况,重点研究了他们在这些心理动词搭配类型、搭配词多样性、搭配偏误和搭配相关性四个方面的异同,同时也探讨了语言文化背景对这些异同的影响。
结果和讨论表明:
a.外国留学生使用频率最高的可控心理状态动词、不可控心理状态动词、心理活动动词和心理变化动词分别为“想”、“认为”、“注意”和“同意”;
b.在日本和英国两种情形下,心理状态动词的使用频率都比心理变化动词和心理行为动词更高;搭配类型和搭配词多样性都较丰富;英国汉语学习者的搭配偏误比日本汉语学习者少,但是日本的汉语学习者与作为参照的汉语母语者有更高的一致性;
c.语言文化背景对汉语心理动词搭配的学习有显著影响,这可以从四个方面看出来:搭配的一致性、常用搭配的缺失、不常用搭配的增添和搭配的不协调。
最后,本文指出了汉语心理动词搭配方面的教学启示,同时指出了研究的不足和未来研究的方向。
The last three decades have seen the widespread of Chinese language to the world. An increasing number of courses for Teaching Chinese as a Second Language have been opened at home; meanwhile, more and more Confucius Classrooms and Confucius Institutes have also been set up abroad. Nonetheless, there still exist quite a few obstacles in the way for instruction and acquisition of Chinese as a Second Language. Chinese verbs, especially Chinese psych verbs, have always been headaches of foreign Chinese learners and domestic Chinese teachers to foreign students in China. Foreign Chinese learners, no matter from the Chinese-Cultural Circle or the Non-Chinese Cultural Circle, quite often have problems with the use and the usages of these psych verbs and so collocations errors frequently occur.
The chief goals of this paper are to find out the similarities and differences in Chinese psych verb collocations among foreign Chinese learners with different language-cultural backgrounds, either from the Chinese-Cultural Circle or Non-Chinese Cultural Circle, and the language-cultural influences on these similarities and differences.
Three questions are asked in this paper to serve this purpose:
a. What are the general frequencies of all the First-Degree psych verbs?
b. What are the collocation similarities and differences (on Collocation Types, Collocate Varieties, Collocation Errors, and Collocation Correlation) of First-Degree Chinese psych verbs under each sub-category in foreign learners of Chinese from Chinese Cultural Circle countries (here Japan) compared with learners from Non-Chinese Cultural Circle countries (here the UK), with reference to Chinese native speakers?
c. What role do different language-cultural backgrounds play in these foreign Chinese learners’acquisition of Chinese psych verb collocations?
This paper first reviews literature on the four aspects: on Chinese psych verbs, on Chinese verb collocations, on Chinese psych verb collocations and on Chinese language in Chinese/ Non-Chinese Cultural Circles, finding that the current researches have seldom focused on Chinese psych verb collocations among foreign Chinese learners from Chinese/ Non-Chinese Cultural Circles, which has made this paper more meaningful.
Utilizing two available domestic Chinese corpora ---Modern Chinese General Balanced Corpus and Beijing Language and Culture University HSK Corpus of Interlanguage, and using three computer tools ---ICTCLAS 1.0, AntConc 3.2.1 and Loglikelihood and Chi-square Calculator 1.0, this paper conducts a corpus study of First-Degree Chinese psych verbs in the HSK Syllabus of Chinese Words, 26 ones in total. It first studies the general frequencies of these 26 psych verbs in Beijing Language and Culture University HSK Corpus of Interlanguage, choosing out four most frequent ones under all the sub-categories (controllable/ uncontrollable psychological state verbs, psychological activity verbs and psychological change verbs). Further study is down on these four psych verbs among foreign Chinese learners from the UK and Japan, focusing on similarities and differences of four aspects including Collocation Types, Collocate Varieties, Collocation Errors, and Collocation Correlation. The language-cultural influences on these similarities and differences have also been discussed.
Results and discussions show that:
a. The most-frequently-used controllable psychological state verb, uncontrollable psychological state verb, psychological activity verb and psychological change verb are xiang (to miss; to consider), renwei (to consider, to regard as), zhuyi (to notice) and tongyi (to agree) respectively;
b. Collocations concerning psychological state verbs are more frequently used than other psych verbs in both the Japanese and British situations; collocation types and collocate varieties are quite rich under both situations; British Chinese leaners have made fewer collocation compared to Japanese Chinese learners, but the latter have higher correlation with the reference native Chinese speakers;
c. Language-cultural backgrounds have significant influences in learning Chinese psych verb collocations, as can be seen in the four aspects: agreement of collocation, lack of common collocations, adding of uncommon collocations and mismatches of collocations.
In the end, implications for Chinese psych verb collocation instruction and acquisition have been pointed out in this paper, along with research limits and future research perspectives.
引文
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