重庆市农村集体建设用地流转潜力测算研究
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摘要
随着社会经济的发展,土地资产属性日益显现,土地价值也逐渐被人们重视。在城市快速扩张及严格保护耕地的形势下,必须改变农村建设用地低效利用状态,发挥其作为存量资源的重要作用。集体建设用地流转是市场经济体制下生产要素合理流动与优化配置的要求,是促进土地资源优化配置的重要方式。农村集体建设用地流转潜力的大小关系着流转的有效性和可持续性。农村集体建设用地流转潜力测算是统筹城乡土地利用的客观需要,是土地利用总体规划管理的重要依据。因此,开展农村集体建设用地流转潜力测算研究,有利于完善农村集体建设用地流转潜力测算的方法体系,同时为农村集体建设用地流转提供可量化的指标,为促进统筹城乡发展提供重要的农村十地资产价值量化依据,为政府层面进行建设用地指标的宏观配置提供决策依据,为“地票”交易提供时空数据支撑,同时可为农村集体建设用地流转的实施及相关制度改革提供基础依据。
     本文在对重庆市农村集体建设用地利用状况及流转现状进行评判的基础上,探讨重庆市农村集体建设用地流转存在的主要问题及原因,找出影响其流转的因素。通过对重庆市农村集体建设用地流转潜力内涵的界定和流转潜力源分析,厘清重庆市农村集体建设用地流转潜力测算思路。采用回归分析法预测规划目标年农村人口;基于主成分分析法确定农村集体建设用地流转驱动因素;利用层次分析法建立农村集体建设用地复垦影响因素修正指标体系和流转影响因素修正系数指标体系,最终测算出重庆市农村集体建设用地流转现实潜力,并借助ArcGIS、SPSS等工具,对重庆市农村集体建设用地流转潜力进行定量刻画和分析,同时进行潜力差异类型划分。
     论文主要包括如下3个方面的内容:
     (1)重庆市农村集体建设用地流转潜力源基本特点。主要研究农村集体建设用地流转的潜力源及政策依据,对重庆市农村集体建设用地利用现状进行评价。
     (2)重庆市集体建设用地流转的潜力测度。分析不同类型农村集体建设用地流转的目标,界定重庆市农村集体建设用地流转潜力内涵,分析影响农村集体建设用地流转的障碍因素,对重庆市农村集体建设用地流转潜力进行测算,总结出重庆市农村集体建设用地流转现实潜力的空间分异特征。
     (3)重庆市集体建设用地流转潜力释放途径:从理论到现实。提出重庆市农村集体建设用地流转潜力实现的思路和模式,厘清集体建设用地流转收益形成的可行途径和收益分配基本规则,从农村集体建设用地流转的制度创新、机制创新、介质构建方面构建农村集体建设用地流转实现的框架。
     通过上述研究,得出如下结论:
     (1)重庆市农村集体建设用地总量大,人均面积超过国家标准,且区域差异明显。2008年重庆市农村居民点用地35.79×104hm2,占建设用地总量的60.34%,是重庆市建设用地的主体,集体建设用地总量较大。2008年重庆市农村居民点人均用地面积为238.03m2/,远远超过《镇规划标准》中人均建设用地指标,农村居民点利用较粗放,居民点整理和宅基地流转潜力较大
     (2)集体建设用地流转受多种因素影响,其中社会经济因素是主导因素。区域经济发展水平和城镇化水平是驱动农村集体建设用地流转的主导因素和根本动力:制度政策是影响农村集体建设用地流转的一个重要的长期性决定因素;自然环境条件是农村集体建设用地流转的基础和约束性条件。在工业化加速发展阶段,经济发展水平提高推动社会发展水平提升,同时社会发展影响经济发展,经济发展水平越高社会保障越完善,集体建设用地流转程度越显著。
     (3)农村集体建设用地复垦潜力大,时空差异较大。经测算2009-2015年、2009-2020年集体建设用地复垦现实潜力为60241.OOhm2、80736.74hm2。但集体建设用地复垦现实潜力的时空差异较大。从空间看,“一小时经济圈”集体建设用地复垦现实潜力最大,2009-2015年为42020.57hm2,古全市复垦现实潜力的69.75%;2009-2020年为56297.05hm2,占全市复垦现实潜力的69.73%。“渝东南”复垦现实潜力最小,2009-2015年仅有2713.03hm2,占全市复垦现实潜力的4.50%;2009-2020年为3708.70hm2,占全市复垦现实潜力的4.59%。从时间次序看,2009-2015年集体建设用地复垦理论潜力和现实潜力均占2009-2020年复垦理论潜力和现实潜力的74%左右,2015-2020年在25%左右。可见,2009-2015年(近期)全市农村建设用地复垦的现实潜力较大。
     (4)受多因素影响,全市农村集体建设用地流转潜力时空差异显著。经测算,2009-2015年、2009-2020全市集体建设用地流转现实潜力分别为29840.85hm2、39843.81hm2。从空间分布上,“一小时经济圈”集体建设用地流转现实潜力最大,2009-2015年为20879.14hm2,占全市流转现实潜力的69.97%;2009-2020年为27772.51hm2,占全市流转现实潜力的69.70%。“渝东南”流转现实潜力最小,2009-2015年仅有1350.58hm2,占全市流转现实潜力的4.53%:2009-2020年为1846.60hm2,占全市流转现实潜力的4.63%。在时间次序上,2009-2015年集体建设用地流转理论潜力和现实潜力均占2009~2020年流转理论潜力和现实潜力的74%左右,2015-2020年在26%左右。可见,2009-2015年(近期)全市农村建设用地流转的现实潜力较大。
     (5)农村集体建设用地流转潜力实现的路径。农村集体建设用地流转潜力的实现,需要建立相应的保障体系,特别是相关制度、机制的创新。结合重庆市农村集体建设用地流转实际,支撑体系应从以下方面构建:一是建立合理的流转模式:二是建立合理的收益分配机制;三是进行制度创新,包括建立农村集体建设用地普查制度、农村土地产权登记制度、农村集体建设用地复垦规划制度和相关管理制度;四是积极开展相关机制的创新,包括农村居民点退出机制、购买主体激励机制、农村集体建设用地流转价格机制;五是建立农村集体建设用地流转的交易平台,规范交易主体,建立中介服务体系,完善农村十地交易所的运行程序。
With the development of social economy, the attribute of land asset was shown increasingly, and land value also gradually taken seriously by people. Under the circumstances of urban rapid expansion and arable land strictly protection, the situation of rural construction land use inefficient utilization ought to be changed, so as to play its important role as the stock resources. Collective construction land circulation is the request of production factors'rational flow and optimized configuration below market economic system, also, the important ways to promote the optimization allocation of land resources. The potential of rural collective construction land circulation related to its validity and sustainability.
     The estimate to rural collective construction land circulation potential is the desirability of coordinating urban and rural land use, and the significant basis for general land use planning management. Therefore, it's beneficial for improving the method system of rural collective construction land circulation potential measurement by carrying out the study of rural collective construction land circulation potential. At the same time, it provided quantifiable indicators for rural collective construction land circulation, the rural land assets value quantitative basis to promote the overall planning for urban-rural development, and the decision-making basis for the macro configuration of construction land target on the government level. In the final, the spatio-temporal data support was provided for "ticket" transactions, also, the basis for rural collective construction land circulation implementation and related institution reform.
     The rural collective construction land circulation problems and reasons of Chongqing were explored, based on the appraisal for status of rural collective construction land use and circulation, and the factors affecting the circulation were found. Through defining the connotation of rural collective construction land circulation in Chongqing, and analyzing the potential source, the measuring ideas for rural collective construction land circulation was clarified. By taken regression analysis method, the rural population in planning objectives was forecasted. Also, the factors driving for rural collective construction land circulation were determined, based on principal component analysis. The correction index system for influence factors of rural collective construction land reclamation and circulation was established, by using analytical hierarchy process, and the reality potential was measured out. With the help of SPSS ArcGIS etc. rural collective construction land circulation potential was quantitatively depicted and analyzed. Also, the potential types were classified.
     The following three aspects were comprised in the paper:
     (1) Basic characteristics of rural collective construction land circulation potential source in Chongqing. The rural collective construction land circulation potential source and the policy basis were mainly studied. and the rural collective construction land use status evaluated.
     (2) Potential measure of collective construction land circulation in Chongqing. By analyzing the objective and the obstacle factors of rural collective construction land circulation in different types, and defining the connotation of rural collective construction land circulation in Chongqing, the potential of rural collective construction land circulation in Chongqing was estimated. Finally, its space differentiation characteristics were summarized.
     (3) Ways to release the collective construction land circulation potential:from theory to reality. By putting forward the thought and pattern of rural collective construction land circulation in Chongqing, the feasible ways for the revenue formation of collective construction land circulation and basic rules for income distribution were clarified. In the end, the framework of rural collective construction land circulation realizing was constructed, from the aspects of institution innovation, system innovation and medium construction in rural collective construction land circulation.
     The following can be concluded, through the above research.
     (1) The amount of rural collective construction land in Chongqing was large, which had exceeded the national standard, with significant regional differences. In 2008, the land of rural residential that was the main part of construction land was 35.79×104 hectare, which accounted for 60.34% of total land for construction. Therefore, the collective construction land was larger. The rural residential per capita in 2008 was 238.03 square metre per person, which was far more than construction land indicators per capita in "standards of town planning". And the rural residential areas extensively distributed that the potential of settlement arrangement and homestead circulation was huge.
     (2) Collective construction land circulation affected by many factors, in which the social economic factors were dominant factors. The level of regional economic development and urbanization was the dominant factors and fundamental power for driving rural collective construction land circulation. And the institutional policy was an important decision factor which impacted on rural collective construction land circulation for a long time. Meanwhile, the natural environmental conditions played a basic and binding role in the rural collective construction land circulation. In accelerated industrialization stage, the economic development level and social development level interacted and promoted mutually. Thus, national economy developed with high level, social security would be perfect, also the degree of collective construction land circulation notable.
     (3) It had great potential for the rural collective construction land reclamation, with significant spatio-temporal differences. According to the calculation, the reality potential of collective construction land reclamation were 60241.00 hectare and 80736.74 hectare, however, there were great difference in time and space. In view of the space, "One hour circle" showed most potential to collective construction land reclamation, and the "Southeast Chongqing" least. The collective construction land reclaimed in "one hour circle" during the period of 2009~2015 and 2009~2020 were 42020.57 and 56297.05 hectare, accounting for 69.75% and 69.73% of Chongqing. And the collective construction land reclaimed in "Southeast Chongqing" during the period of 2009~2015 and 2009~2020 were 2713.03 and 3708.70 hectare, with the mount of 4.50% and 4.59%. Seeing from time series, the theoretical potential of collective construction land reclamation in period of 2009~2015 occupied the 74% of 2009~2020, and so was the reality potential, with the amount of 25% about in 2015~2020. And thus, the reality potential of collective construction land reclamation in 2009-2015(recent) was larger.
     (4) Impacted by many factors, the rural collective construction land circulation of the city differed greatly in time and space. According to the calculation, the reality potential of rural collective construction land circulation was 29840.85 hectare in 2009~2015, and 39843.81 hectare in 2009~2020. In view of the space distribution, the potential of rural collective construction land circulation in "One hour circle" was the largest, and least in "Southeast Chongqing". The collective construction land circulation in "One hour circle" during 2009~2015 was 20879.14 hectare, and 27772.51 during 2009~2020, which accounted for 69.97% and 69.70% of Chongqing separately. And the collective construction land circulated in "Southeast Chongqing" during 2009~2015 was 1350.58 hectare, and 1846.60 during 2009~2020, with the amount of 4.53% and 4.63%. Seeing from time series, the theoretical potential of collective construction land circulation during 2009~2015 occupied the 74% of 2009~2020, and so was the reality potential, with the amount of 26% about in 2015~2020. And thus, the reality potential of collective construction land circulation in 2009-2015(recent) was larger.
     (5) The approaches to release the potential of collective construction land circulation. The realization for the collective construction land circulation potential required the establishment of relevant security system, especially the innovation of relevant institution and mechanism. Combing the reality of rural collective construction land circulation in Chongqing, the supporting system ought to be constructed as following five aspects. Firstly, establish reasonably circulating pattern. Secondly, set up reasonably distributing mechanism. Thirdly, institution innovation, involving general investigation system for rural collective construction land, property register system for rural land, reclamation planning system for rural collective construction land, and other management system. Fourthly, actively carry out such relevant mechanism innovation as rural residential withdrawal Mechanism, purchasing subject incentive mechanism, and rural collective construction land circulation price Mechanism. Fifthly, build up the rural collective construction land circulation trading platform, so as to regulate the trading subject, establish the intermediary service system, and improve the working procedure of rural land exchange.
引文
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