淋洗脱盐过程对滩涂土壤重金属垂直迁移的影响
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摘要
以珠江口滩涂土壤为研究对象,通过淋洗实验,对不同脱盐阶段、不同深度的孔隙水重金属含量和土壤重金属含量以及土壤氧化还原电位、孔隙水pH值等理化性质进行分析,研究了重金属在脱盐过程中的垂直迁移状况,以期为重金属污染滩涂土壤的修复与安全利用提供理论依据。
结果表明:随着土柱深度的增加,土壤还原性增强,水分减少。土壤盐分随土柱深度增加而明显增大。对于同层土壤,孔隙水电导率在淋洗脱盐过程中有逐步减小的趋势。
淋洗脱盐过程中,孔隙水重金属Cd、Pb和Cr含量随着深度增加而有增大趋势;水溶性Zn和Cu浓度在淋洗初期下降速度较快,在淋洗到一定程度时土柱各层含量保持相对稳定,Ni未检出。土柱孔隙水中Cd、Cr、Pb、Cu和Zn元素的总平均浓度都随着淋洗过程呈下降趋势。淋洗脱盐过程促进了表层土壤重金属向下迁移。
由于迁移速度和形态转化等方面的差异,在脱盐过程中各种重金属表现出不同的累积特点。从土壤重金属的土柱总平均浓度来看,除Ni浓度基本不变外,土壤中Cd、Pb、Cr、Zn和Cu含量都随土壤盐分降低呈现总体下降趋势。从淋洗程度来看,Cd和Pb浓度降低幅度最大;Zn、Cu和Cr次之,Ni最小。同一盐分梯度土壤Cd、Zn和Pb含量随深度增加而增加,而Cr、Cu和Ni的上下层含量变化不明显。
Based on the tidal flat soil in the Pearl River estuary,the heavy metal concentrations and soil physical and chemical properties such as Eh,pH of pore water and moisture content in different stages of desalination and vertical depths were investigated through leaching experiment.The vertical movement of heavy metals during leaching was studied,so as to provide a theoretical basis for the cleanup and safe use of the polluted tidal flat soil.
The results showed that:With the increase in the depth of soil column,the reducibility of soil and salinity increased either,but the moisture content decreased. The conductivity of pore water decreased during leaching for the same soil layer.
The concentrations of Cd,Pb and Cr in the pore water increased with the increase in the depth of soil column.Water-soluble Zn and Cu concentrations decreased rapidly in the beginning of leaching.Then they remained relatively stable.Ni wasn't detected.The total average concentrations of Cd,Pb and Cr in the pore water decreased with the decrease of salinity in surface soils.Leaching desalination promotes the downward movements of heavy metals in surface soils during reclamation.
The heavy metals accumulation in soil showed different characteristics during the leaching desalination.Study from the total average concentration of heavy metals of each treatment,the concentrations of Cd,Pb,Cr,Zn and Cu in soils increased with the increase in the depth of soil column.After leaching,the percentage of Cd and Pb concentration decrease was highest,followed by Zn,Cu and Cr,the percentage of Ni concentration decrease was minimum.
结果表明:随着土柱深度的增加,土壤还原性增强,水分减少。土壤盐分随土柱深度增加而明显增大。对于同层土壤,孔隙水电导率在淋洗脱盐过程中有逐步减小的趋势。
淋洗脱盐过程中,孔隙水重金属Cd、Pb和Cr含量随着深度增加而有增大趋势;水溶性Zn和Cu浓度在淋洗初期下降速度较快,在淋洗到一定程度时土柱各层含量保持相对稳定,Ni未检出。土柱孔隙水中Cd、Cr、Pb、Cu和Zn元素的总平均浓度都随着淋洗过程呈下降趋势。淋洗脱盐过程促进了表层土壤重金属向下迁移。
由于迁移速度和形态转化等方面的差异,在脱盐过程中各种重金属表现出不同的累积特点。从土壤重金属的土柱总平均浓度来看,除Ni浓度基本不变外,土壤中Cd、Pb、Cr、Zn和Cu含量都随土壤盐分降低呈现总体下降趋势。从淋洗程度来看,Cd和Pb浓度降低幅度最大;Zn、Cu和Cr次之,Ni最小。同一盐分梯度土壤Cd、Zn和Pb含量随深度增加而增加,而Cr、Cu和Ni的上下层含量变化不明显。
Based on the tidal flat soil in the Pearl River estuary,the heavy metal concentrations and soil physical and chemical properties such as Eh,pH of pore water and moisture content in different stages of desalination and vertical depths were investigated through leaching experiment.The vertical movement of heavy metals during leaching was studied,so as to provide a theoretical basis for the cleanup and safe use of the polluted tidal flat soil.
The results showed that:With the increase in the depth of soil column,the reducibility of soil and salinity increased either,but the moisture content decreased. The conductivity of pore water decreased during leaching for the same soil layer.
The concentrations of Cd,Pb and Cr in the pore water increased with the increase in the depth of soil column.Water-soluble Zn and Cu concentrations decreased rapidly in the beginning of leaching.Then they remained relatively stable.Ni wasn't detected.The total average concentrations of Cd,Pb and Cr in the pore water decreased with the decrease of salinity in surface soils.Leaching desalination promotes the downward movements of heavy metals in surface soils during reclamation.
The heavy metals accumulation in soil showed different characteristics during the leaching desalination.Study from the total average concentration of heavy metals of each treatment,the concentrations of Cd,Pb,Cr,Zn and Cu in soils increased with the increase in the depth of soil column.After leaching,the percentage of Cd and Pb concentration decrease was highest,followed by Zn,Cu and Cr,the percentage of Ni concentration decrease was minimum.
引文
[1]裘江海.我国近代滩涂开发利用综述[J].水利发展研究,2006,(3):26-28.
[2]陈吉余.开发浅海滩涂资源,拓展我国的生存空间[J].中国工程科学,2000,2(3):27-31.
[3]徐承祥,周柏水.浙江滩涂围垦的现状与展望[J].东海海洋,2004,22(2):53-58.
[4]潘家玮,毛光烈,夏阿国.海洋:浙江的未来[M].杭州:浙江科学技术出版社,2003.
[5]苏德源.上海滩涂开发利用的现状及规划[J].上海建设科技,2003,(3):18-19.
[6]董哲仁.荷兰围垦区生态重建的启示[J].中国水利,2003,21(13):45-47.
[7]陆发熹.珠江三角洲土壤[M].北京:中国环境科学出版社,1988.
[8]崔伟中.珠江河口滩涂湿地的问题及其保护研究[J].湿地科学,2004,2(1):26-30.
[9]广州市海洋与渔业局.2003广州市海洋环境公报.http://www.gzocean.com,2004.
[10]广州市海洋与渔业局.2004广州市海洋坏境公报.http://www.gzocean.com,2005.
[11]QuSheng Li,ZhiFeng Wu,Bei Chu,Na Zhang,ShaSha Cai,JianHong Fang.Heavy metals in coastal wetland sediments of the Pearl River Estuary,China[J].Environmental Pollution,2007,149(2):158-164
[12]李取生,楚蓓,石雷,房剑红,蔡莎莎.珠江口滩涂湿地土壤重金属分布及其对围垦的影响[J].农业环境科学学报,2007,26(4):1422-1426.
[13]刘育,龚凤梅,夏北成.关注填海造陆的生态危害[J].环境科学动态,2003,(4):25-27.
[14]陈振楼,许世远,柳林,等.上海滨岸潮滩沉积物重金属元素的空间分布与积累[J].地理学报.2000,55(6):641-650.
[15]Spencer K L.Spatial variability of metals in the inter-tidal sediments of the Medway Estuary,Kent,UK[J].Marine Pollution Bulletin,2002,44:933-944.
[16]Liang Y,Wong M H.Spatial and temporal organic and heavy metal pollution at Mai Po Marshes Nature Reserve,Hong Kong[J].Chemosphere,2003,52:1647-1658.
[17]Tam N F Y,Wong Y S.Spatial variation of heavy metals in surface sediments of Hong Kong mangrove swamps[J].Environmental Pollution,2000,110:195-205.
[18]朱露山,吴社富.盐城滩涂土壤中镉含量分布特征[J].化工时刊,2007,21(11):31-33.
[19]于文金,邹欣庆.灌河口潮滩重金属累积特征及污染评价[J].地球化学 2007,36(4):425-433.
[20]康勤书,周菊珍,吴莹,张经.长江口滩涂湿地重金属的分布格局和研究现状[J].海洋 环境科学,2003,22(3):44-47.
[21]毕春鹃.潮滩植物根系重金属时空分布规律及其生物有效性研究[D].上海:华东师范大学,2001.
[22]孙平跃.锌(Zn)、铜(Cu)、铅(Pb)、镉(Cd)、铬(Cr)在长江口生态系统两种大型底栖动物中的分布和积累[D].上海:华东师范大学,1998.
[23]王学锋,杨艳琴.土壤-植物系统重金属形态分析和生物有效性研究进展[J].化工环保,2004,24(1):24-27.
[24]Cuong D T,Obbard J P.Metal speciation in coastal marine sediments from Singapore using a modified BCR-sequential extraction procedure[J].Applied Geochemistry,2006,21(8):1335-1346.
[25]程晓东,郭明新.河流底泥重金属不同形态的生物有效性[J].农业环境保护,2001,20(1):19-22.
[26]Gleyzes C,Tellier S,Astruc M.Fractionation studies of trace elements in contaminated soils and sediments:a review of sequential extraction procedures[J].Trends in Analytical Chemistry,2002,21:451-467.
[27]Tessier A,Campbell P G C,Bisson M.Sequential extraction procedure for the speciation of particulate trace metals[J].Analytical Chemistry,1979,51:844-851.
[28]Rauret G.Improvement of the BCR three step sequential exteaction procedure prior to t he certification of new sedi2 ment and soil reference materials[J].Environ.Monit.1999,1:57-61.
[29]弓晓峰,黄志中,张静等.鄱阳湖湿地土壤中Cu Zn Pb Cd的形态研究[J].农业环境科学学报,2006,25(2):388-392.
[30]Ure A M,Quevauviller P,Muntau H,Griepink B.Speciation of heavy metal in soils and sediments—an account of the improvement and harmonization of extraction techniques undertaken under the auspices of the BCR of the Commission of the European Communities[J].International Journal of Environmental Analytical Chemistry,1993,51:135-151.
[31]Maiz I,Arambarri I,Garcia R,Millan E.Evaluation of heavy metal availability in polluted soils by two sequential extraction procedures using factor analysis[J].Environmental Pollution,2000,110:3-9.
[32]Williams T P,Bubb J M,Lester J N.Metal accumulation within salt marsh environment:a review.Marine Pollution Bulletin,1994,28(5):277-290.
[33]Speelmans M,Vanthuyne D R J,Lock K,et al.Influence of flooding,salinity and inundation time on the bioavailability of metals in wetlands.Science of The Total Environment,2007.
[34]陈承利,廖敏.重金属污染土壤修复技术研究进展[J].广东微量元素科学,2004,11(10):1-8
[35]Otero X L,Huerta-Diaz M A,Macias F.Heavy metal geochemistry of saltmarsh soils from the Ria of Otigueira[J].Environmental Pollution,2000,110:285-296.
[36]王学锋,朱桂芬.重金属污染研究新进展[J].环境科学与技术,2003,26(1):54-56
[37]Kehriga H A,Pintoa F N,Moreirab I,et al.Heavy metals and methylmercury in a tropical coastal estuary and a mangrove in Brazil[J].Organic Geochemistry,2003,34:661-669.
[38]Cacador I,Vale C,Catarino F.Accumulation of Zn,Pb,Cu,Cr and Ni in sediments between roots of the Tagus Estuary salt marshes,Portugal[J].Estuarine Coastal and Shelf Science,1996,42:393-403.
[39]卢豪良,严重玲.秋茄(Kandeliacandel(L))根系分泌低分子量有机酸及其对重金属生物有效性的影响[J].生态学报,2007,27(10):4173-4181.
[40]高太忠,李景印.土壤重金属污染研究与治理现状[J].土壤与环境,1999,8(2):137-140.
[41]Cacador I,Vale C,Catarino F.Seasonal variation of Zn,Pb,Cu and Cd concentrations in the root-sediment system of Spartina maritima and Halimione portulacoides from Tagus estuary salt marshes[J].Marine Environmental Research,2000,49:279-290.
[42]Man KW,Zheng JS,Leung A PK,et al.Distribution and behavior of trace metals in the sediment and porewater of a tropical coastal wetland[J].Science of the Total Environment,2004,327:295-314.
[43]Norvell WA,Wu J,Hopkins DG,Welch RM.Association of cadmium in durum wheat grain with soil chloride and chelate-extractable soil cadmium[J].Soil Science Society of America Journal,2000,64:2162-2168.
[44]HJ/T 166-2004,土壤环境监测技术规范.北京:中国环境科学出版社,2005.
[45]中国土壤学会.土壤农业化学分析方法[M].北京:中国农业科技出版社,2000.
[46]GB/T 6920-1986水质pH的测定 玻璃电极法 国家环境保护局,1987.
[47]GB/T 17140-1997土壤质量 铅、镉的测定KI-MIBK火焰原子吸收分光光度法.国家环保总局,1997.
[48]GB/T 17139-1997土壤质量 镍的测定 火焰原子吸收分光光度法.国家环境保护局,1997.
[49]GB/T 17138-1997土壤质量 铜、锌的测定 火焰原子吸收分光光度法.国家环境保护局,1997.
[50]GB/T 17137-1997土壤质量 总铬的测定 火焰原子吸收分光光度法.国家环境保护局,1997.
[2]陈吉余.开发浅海滩涂资源,拓展我国的生存空间[J].中国工程科学,2000,2(3):27-31.
[3]徐承祥,周柏水.浙江滩涂围垦的现状与展望[J].东海海洋,2004,22(2):53-58.
[4]潘家玮,毛光烈,夏阿国.海洋:浙江的未来[M].杭州:浙江科学技术出版社,2003.
[5]苏德源.上海滩涂开发利用的现状及规划[J].上海建设科技,2003,(3):18-19.
[6]董哲仁.荷兰围垦区生态重建的启示[J].中国水利,2003,21(13):45-47.
[7]陆发熹.珠江三角洲土壤[M].北京:中国环境科学出版社,1988.
[8]崔伟中.珠江河口滩涂湿地的问题及其保护研究[J].湿地科学,2004,2(1):26-30.
[9]广州市海洋与渔业局.2003广州市海洋环境公报.http://www.gzocean.com,2004.
[10]广州市海洋与渔业局.2004广州市海洋坏境公报.http://www.gzocean.com,2005.
[11]QuSheng Li,ZhiFeng Wu,Bei Chu,Na Zhang,ShaSha Cai,JianHong Fang.Heavy metals in coastal wetland sediments of the Pearl River Estuary,China[J].Environmental Pollution,2007,149(2):158-164
[12]李取生,楚蓓,石雷,房剑红,蔡莎莎.珠江口滩涂湿地土壤重金属分布及其对围垦的影响[J].农业环境科学学报,2007,26(4):1422-1426.
[13]刘育,龚凤梅,夏北成.关注填海造陆的生态危害[J].环境科学动态,2003,(4):25-27.
[14]陈振楼,许世远,柳林,等.上海滨岸潮滩沉积物重金属元素的空间分布与积累[J].地理学报.2000,55(6):641-650.
[15]Spencer K L.Spatial variability of metals in the inter-tidal sediments of the Medway Estuary,Kent,UK[J].Marine Pollution Bulletin,2002,44:933-944.
[16]Liang Y,Wong M H.Spatial and temporal organic and heavy metal pollution at Mai Po Marshes Nature Reserve,Hong Kong[J].Chemosphere,2003,52:1647-1658.
[17]Tam N F Y,Wong Y S.Spatial variation of heavy metals in surface sediments of Hong Kong mangrove swamps[J].Environmental Pollution,2000,110:195-205.
[18]朱露山,吴社富.盐城滩涂土壤中镉含量分布特征[J].化工时刊,2007,21(11):31-33.
[19]于文金,邹欣庆.灌河口潮滩重金属累积特征及污染评价[J].地球化学 2007,36(4):425-433.
[20]康勤书,周菊珍,吴莹,张经.长江口滩涂湿地重金属的分布格局和研究现状[J].海洋 环境科学,2003,22(3):44-47.
[21]毕春鹃.潮滩植物根系重金属时空分布规律及其生物有效性研究[D].上海:华东师范大学,2001.
[22]孙平跃.锌(Zn)、铜(Cu)、铅(Pb)、镉(Cd)、铬(Cr)在长江口生态系统两种大型底栖动物中的分布和积累[D].上海:华东师范大学,1998.
[23]王学锋,杨艳琴.土壤-植物系统重金属形态分析和生物有效性研究进展[J].化工环保,2004,24(1):24-27.
[24]Cuong D T,Obbard J P.Metal speciation in coastal marine sediments from Singapore using a modified BCR-sequential extraction procedure[J].Applied Geochemistry,2006,21(8):1335-1346.
[25]程晓东,郭明新.河流底泥重金属不同形态的生物有效性[J].农业环境保护,2001,20(1):19-22.
[26]Gleyzes C,Tellier S,Astruc M.Fractionation studies of trace elements in contaminated soils and sediments:a review of sequential extraction procedures[J].Trends in Analytical Chemistry,2002,21:451-467.
[27]Tessier A,Campbell P G C,Bisson M.Sequential extraction procedure for the speciation of particulate trace metals[J].Analytical Chemistry,1979,51:844-851.
[28]Rauret G.Improvement of the BCR three step sequential exteaction procedure prior to t he certification of new sedi2 ment and soil reference materials[J].Environ.Monit.1999,1:57-61.
[29]弓晓峰,黄志中,张静等.鄱阳湖湿地土壤中Cu Zn Pb Cd的形态研究[J].农业环境科学学报,2006,25(2):388-392.
[30]Ure A M,Quevauviller P,Muntau H,Griepink B.Speciation of heavy metal in soils and sediments—an account of the improvement and harmonization of extraction techniques undertaken under the auspices of the BCR of the Commission of the European Communities[J].International Journal of Environmental Analytical Chemistry,1993,51:135-151.
[31]Maiz I,Arambarri I,Garcia R,Millan E.Evaluation of heavy metal availability in polluted soils by two sequential extraction procedures using factor analysis[J].Environmental Pollution,2000,110:3-9.
[32]Williams T P,Bubb J M,Lester J N.Metal accumulation within salt marsh environment:a review.Marine Pollution Bulletin,1994,28(5):277-290.
[33]Speelmans M,Vanthuyne D R J,Lock K,et al.Influence of flooding,salinity and inundation time on the bioavailability of metals in wetlands.Science of The Total Environment,2007.
[34]陈承利,廖敏.重金属污染土壤修复技术研究进展[J].广东微量元素科学,2004,11(10):1-8
[35]Otero X L,Huerta-Diaz M A,Macias F.Heavy metal geochemistry of saltmarsh soils from the Ria of Otigueira[J].Environmental Pollution,2000,110:285-296.
[36]王学锋,朱桂芬.重金属污染研究新进展[J].环境科学与技术,2003,26(1):54-56
[37]Kehriga H A,Pintoa F N,Moreirab I,et al.Heavy metals and methylmercury in a tropical coastal estuary and a mangrove in Brazil[J].Organic Geochemistry,2003,34:661-669.
[38]Cacador I,Vale C,Catarino F.Accumulation of Zn,Pb,Cu,Cr and Ni in sediments between roots of the Tagus Estuary salt marshes,Portugal[J].Estuarine Coastal and Shelf Science,1996,42:393-403.
[39]卢豪良,严重玲.秋茄(Kandeliacandel(L))根系分泌低分子量有机酸及其对重金属生物有效性的影响[J].生态学报,2007,27(10):4173-4181.
[40]高太忠,李景印.土壤重金属污染研究与治理现状[J].土壤与环境,1999,8(2):137-140.
[41]Cacador I,Vale C,Catarino F.Seasonal variation of Zn,Pb,Cu and Cd concentrations in the root-sediment system of Spartina maritima and Halimione portulacoides from Tagus estuary salt marshes[J].Marine Environmental Research,2000,49:279-290.
[42]Man KW,Zheng JS,Leung A PK,et al.Distribution and behavior of trace metals in the sediment and porewater of a tropical coastal wetland[J].Science of the Total Environment,2004,327:295-314.
[43]Norvell WA,Wu J,Hopkins DG,Welch RM.Association of cadmium in durum wheat grain with soil chloride and chelate-extractable soil cadmium[J].Soil Science Society of America Journal,2000,64:2162-2168.
[44]HJ/T 166-2004,土壤环境监测技术规范.北京:中国环境科学出版社,2005.
[45]中国土壤学会.土壤农业化学分析方法[M].北京:中国农业科技出版社,2000.
[46]GB/T 6920-1986水质pH的测定 玻璃电极法 国家环境保护局,1987.
[47]GB/T 17140-1997土壤质量 铅、镉的测定KI-MIBK火焰原子吸收分光光度法.国家环保总局,1997.
[48]GB/T 17139-1997土壤质量 镍的测定 火焰原子吸收分光光度法.国家环境保护局,1997.
[49]GB/T 17138-1997土壤质量 铜、锌的测定 火焰原子吸收分光光度法.国家环境保护局,1997.
[50]GB/T 17137-1997土壤质量 总铬的测定 火焰原子吸收分光光度法.国家环境保护局,1997.