摘要
本研究主要对新麦草种子生产不同时期的管理技术进行了较为系统深入的研究,对不同因素导致的新麦草种子产量变化进行了分析,为今后该领域进一步细化的研究工作奠定了试验基础,为新麦草种子生产提供了理论和试验上的依据。本研究主要取得以下结果:
1.氮肥对新麦草种子产量具有显著影响。随着氮肥施用量的增加,新麦草种子产量增加显著。种子产量在所设计的14个施氮量中分为三个区间,在总施肥量0~200 kgN/hm~2的区间内,产量最高的是50 kgN/hm~2(早秋)+50 kgN/hm~2(晚秋)+100 kgN/hm~2(早春)的施肥处理,这个区间基本遵循了产量与总施氮肥量成正比的规律。在总施肥量为250 kgN/hm~2的不同组合中,获得最高种子产量的是50 kgN/hm~2(早秋)+100kgN /hm~2(晚秋)+100 kgN/hm~2(早春)处理,达到1425.0kg/hm~2;产量最低的是对照0 kgN/hm~2(早秋)+0 kgN/hm~2(晚秋)+0 kgN/hm~2(早春)处理。均匀施用氮肥可提高新麦草种子产量,在同一个时期施用大量氮肥不仅起不到增产作用,并且会使产量降低。如0 kgN/hm~2(早秋)+0 kgN/hm~2(晚秋)+250 kgN/hm~2(早春)处理最终产量只有700.9kg/hm~2,而250 kgN/hm~2(早秋)+0 kgN/hm~2(晚秋)+0 kgN/hm~2(早春)只有973.1kg/hm~2。在总施肥量大于250 kg N/hm~2的不同处理中,实际种子产量有较大幅度的增加,但未超过250 kg N/hm~2的最大产量,而且它们彼此之间差异也不显著。
2.不同收获时期对新麦草种子的产量和质量显著影响。试验证明,在新麦草收获期随着种子含水量的下降,产量先增加后降低,最高产量出现在盛花期后第24d收获的种子中,其含水量为35%左右,产量可达2250.0kg/hm~2。而从标准发芽率和控制劣变发芽的情况可知,新麦草种子质量的高峰出现在盛花期后第21d之后,即种子含水量为40%~10%之间,控制劣变发芽率和标准芽率峰值分别出现在盛花期后第24d和27d采收的新麦草种子中,分别达到96.5%和99%。
3.试验通过不同的新麦草种子收获方式:完全收获、人工收割草条和康拜因收获,从而发现康拜因机械收获比起人工草条收获效率有较大提高,在新麦草、高羊茅、扁穗冰草的收获产量上两种收获方式差异显著,康拜因机械收获可将单产分别提高385.1kg/hm~2,66.8kg/hm~2,275.0kg/hm~2,但是距种子的完全收获量还有较大差距。同时试验利用两种清选方式即机械清选和人工清选,对机械收获的种子样品进行清选,确定了最佳清选方式。
4.本试验表明在新麦草种子收获后以不同残茬处理方式清理地面残茬均可以起到增加枝条密度,提高种子产量的效果。其中以冬季放牧+春季火烧效果最佳。其返青期、拔节期分蘖数分别达到1160.75个/m~2和1728个/m~2,生殖枝数为667个/m~2,种子实际产量达到1253.85kg/hm~2,分别比对照高出327%和493%。
This article is about the systemic research of optimization management of Russian Wildrye in its different seasons and the analysis of different factors which lead to its yield changed. The experimentations provide theory basis for the further research and the seed production of Russian Wildrye. These are the results of the experimentations:
1.The nitrogen application: There are considerable effects of the nitrogen for Russian Wildrye. The seed yield is increased remarkably with a more nitrogen concentration. The seed yield which come from 14 different treatments can be classified three parts. The first is the nitrogen concentration zone is 0~200 kg N/hm~2. The highest seed yield come from the treatment of 50 kg N/hm~2(fall)+50 kg N/hm~2(later fall)+100 kgN/hm(2spring),the yield is 1383.3 kg/hm~2.Basicly, yield is direct proportion with nitrogen concentration In this zone. The second part is 250 Nkg/hm~2 zone, the most yield is 1425.0 kg/hm~2, from the treatment of 50 kg N/hm~2(fall)+100 kg N/hm~2(later fall)+100 kg N/hm~2(spring)and the least yield is 700.9 kg/hm~2 from the treatment of 0 kg N/hm~2(fall)+0 kg N/hm~2(later fall)+0kg N/hm~2(spring).The experimentation shows that the seed yield increases when the nitrogen is used in different time with some proportion but decreases when mass nitrogen is used in the same time as 0 kg N/hm~2(fall)+0 kg N/hm~2(later fall)+250 kg N/hm~2(spring)and 250 kg N/hm~2(fall)+0 kg N/hm~2(later fall)+0 kg N/hm~2(spring)for example. The third part which the nitrogen concentration is up the 250 kg/hm~2, the seed yield is increased indistinctive compared with the most yield, 1425.0 kg/hm~2.
3. The effect of harvest time for the seed yield and its quality. The seed yield and quality is different significantly in different harvest time. It shows that the seed yield is up then down with the seed moisture content is down. The greatest yield is 2250kg/hm~2 at 24d after peak anthesis, the moisture content is 31%.The greatest quality seeds is harvested in 24d~27d after peak anthesis and their moisture content is 40%~10%, and their accelerate aging determination and determination are 96.5% and 99%.
2. The effect of different harvest ways and electing ways for the seed yield. There are 3 ways for 4 kinds of seed: whole harvesting, bundling by people and combine harvesting .It shows that combine harvesting is more effective than bundling by people. The yield increase 385.1kg/hm~2, 66.8kg/hm~2 and 275.0kg/hm~2 for Russia Wildrye, Festuca and Agropyron cristatum with combine than bundling by people, but it is fewer than the whole harvesting way. There are 2 electing ways: pipelining and manpower. The result shows that pipelining is better.
4.Dispose the crop residue : Because of changing the effect of photosynthesis of the base of plant, the number of the segregate and of the product tress will be increased through the treatments for the crop residue. It shows that density of the plant and seed yield will be changed in different ways to deal with the crop residue after harvesting. The yield of“winter grazing+ spring burning”is greatest ,it has the most segregates (1160.75/m~2 in regreen time,1728/m~2 in jointing)、the most production tresses(667/m~2)and the greatest yield (1253.85kg/hm~2).The production stress and yield of the“winter grazing+ spring burning”has more 327% and 493% than the control’s. Their difference is significant(P<0.05).
引文
1. WANG Ying-jie ,Rachael Scarth ,G. Clayton Campbell。落粒性在荞麦远缘杂种( Fagopy rum esculentum ×F. homot ropicum) 中的研究[J] 河南农业科学 2005,10,,24~29.
2. 包国章,陆光华,郭继勋,鲍健寅,2003,放牧、刈割及摘顶对亚热带人工草地牧草种群的影响[J],应用生态学报,2003,14(8):1327~1331.
3. 包国章等, 放牧、刈割及摘顶对亚热带人工草地牧草种群的影响[J] 应用生态学报 2003 8 14(8):1327~1331.
4. 常会宁,刘春起,李固江. 刈割对羊茅、黑麦草和无芒雀麦蘖转化的影响[J],草业学报,1997,6(1):53~56.
5. 陈宝书. 牧草饲料作物栽培学[M].北京:中国农业出版社,2001,33~52.
6. 陈玉香,周道玮,张玉芬. 东北农牧交错带玉米适应收获方式的研究Ⅱ[J],草业科学,2005,22(9):61~65.
7. 陈玉香,周道玮,张玉芬. 东北农牧交错带玉米适应收获方式的研究Ⅲ[J],草业学报,2005,14(1):89~93.
8. 房丽宁,施肥、植物生长调节剂及收获时间对牧草种子产量和质量的影响[D],博士学位论文 北京,中国农业大学,2000.
9. 国际种子检验规程[M] 北京,农业出版社,1985.
10. 韩建国. 草地学(第二版)[M] 北京: 中国农业出版社,1999,5~35.
11. 韩建国.实用牧草种子学[M],北京: 中国农业大学出版社。2003,62~277.
12. 黄善军,陈银龙,胡晋. 自然与人工老化粳稻种子活力与田间苗期性状的相关性分析[J],种子,2001,(3): 23~26.
13. 江生泉. 甘肃河西走廊地区新麦草种子高产管理技术的研究,硕士学位论文,南昌,江西农业大学,2007.
14. 李聪,王赟文.牧草良种繁育与种子生产技术[M]. 北京:化学工业出版社,2007, 201~205.
15. 李鹏. 施肥、火烧及光温因子对结缕草种子产量和质量影响,硕士学位论文 北京,中国农业大学,2005.
16. 李玉容,新麦草和蓝茎冰草种子的劣变与生理生化变化的研究,硕士学位论文,北京,中国农业大学,2004.
17. 马春晖,韩建国,孙洁峰,张泉. 火烧、施氮肥对结缕草种子产量和质量的影响[J] 草地学报,2007,15(2):113~117.
18. 马春晖,韩建国,张玲. 施氮肥对高羊茅种子质量和产量组成的影响[J],草业学报,2003,12(6):74~78.
19. 毛培胜,牧草种子发育生理及成熟度、施肥对质量和产量的影响[D],博士学位论文 北京,中国农业大学,2000.
20. 戎玉萍,韩建国,王培. 刈割强度对新麦草产草量和贮藏碳水化合物及含氮化合物影响的研究[J], 中国草地,2000,(2):28~34.
21. 师桂花,贺晓,李青丰. 施肥对老芒麦种子活力——耐贮性的影响[J]. 中国草地学,2006, 28(2):23~27.
22. 孙锦绣,张平,孙先明,黑龙江牧草收获机械现状及发展[J] 农机化研究 2006,2,11~15.
23. 孙铁军,韩建国,赵守强. 施肥对扁随冰草种子发育过程中生理生化特性的影响[J],草地学报,2005,13(2):87~92.
24. 孙羲,郭鹏程等,植物营养与肥料[M].北京:中国农业出版社,1999,88~104.
25. 王比德. 新麦草生物学和经济学特性研究[J],中国草地,1990,(5):35~38
26. 王全珍,周禾,韩建国,刘富渊,仲勇. 高羊茅种子产量因子与产量通经分析[J],2005,种子,2005,24(5):9~16.
27. 王显国,韩建国,陈志宏等. 新麦草种子成熟过程中活力变化的研究[J]。草地学报,2000,8(4):306~311.
28. 王勇,徐春波,松梅我国新麦草属牧草研究进展[J]. 中国草地,2005,27(2):66~71.
29. 王赟文. 灌溉、施肥、疏枝等对紫花苜蓿种子产量和质量的影响,博士学位论文,北京,中国农业大学,2003.
30. 徐荣,韩建国,毛培盛,施肥对草坪型高羊茅种子产量及其组成的影响[J] 草地学报,2001 vol9. num2.
31. 徐荣,韩建国. 2003,草坪型高羊茅种子成熟过程中的活力变化及适宜的收获期研究[J],中国农业科学,2003,36(7):834~839。
32. 云锦凤,王勇,徐春波.新麦草新品系生物学特性及生产性能研究[J],中国草地学报,2006,28(5) :1~7
33. 云锦凤,于卓,郝新民,不同储藏年限新麦草种子活力初报[J]. 内蒙古畜牧科学,1998,46(2):22~23,.
34. 张文明、郑文寅、姚大年、徐秀红、程娜,2004,草坪草种子活力测定方法的比较研究[J], 草原与草坪,2004,3:48~51.
35. 中国科学院中国植物志编委会. 中国植物志[M]. 北京: 科学出版社,1987. 23~26..
36. A.P.askew, D.corker,D.J.hodkinson and K.Thompson 1997. A new apparatus to measure the rate of fall of seeds.Functional Ecology 1997,11,121~125.
37. Aamlis.T.S.,1992.Effects of temperature and photoperiod on growth and denelpment of tillers and rhizomes in Poa pratensid L.Plant and Soil vol(8),199~230.
38. Adegbuyi,E.,Cooper,S.E.and Don, R.Osmotic priming of some herbage grass seed using polyethylene glycol. Seed Science&Technology,1981,9:867~878.
39. Adjei.M.B,P.Mislevy,and W.Chason.Seed yield of bahiagrass in response to sward management by phenology.Agron.1992,82:599~630.
40. Arssen.L.W, Irwin.D.L.What selection:Herbivery or competition Oikos.60(2):26~262.
41. Burton.G.W.Seed production of several southern grasses as influenced by burning and fertilization.Journal of the American of Agronomy,1944,36(2):523~529.
42. Byron.L. Bruson.J.C and Howard.C.P, Anatomical basis for seed shattering in kleingrass and guineagrass. Crop Science 1983, vol(23):45~60.
43. Chilcote D.O.,H.W.Younberg, P.C.Stanwood and S.Kim Post-harvest residue burning effects on perennial grass development and seed yield.In: Hebblethwaite, P.D.(ed) Seed Production.Butterworths, London,1980,91~103.
44. Cookson W R,Rowarth J S,2000,The response of a perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.)seed crop to nitrogen application in the absence of mositure stress.Grass and Forage Science ,55:314~325.
45. Cookson W.R.,Rowarth J.S.,Cameron K.C.2000,The response of a perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.)seed crop to nitrogen fertilizer application in the absence of moisture stress.Grass and Forage Science,55:314~325
46. Dadlani.M. and Agrawla.P.K.Factors influencing leaching of sugars and electrolytes from carrot and okra seeds. Scientia Horticulturae, 1983, vol(9):39~44.
47. Delouche.J.C. and Baskin.C.C,1973, Acceleratal aging techniques for predicting the relative storability of seed lots.Seed Science and Technology,1:427~452
48. Fairey D.T.,J.G.Hampton.Forage seed production(Vol.1).London:the University Press, Cambridge,1997,45~48,105~126,184~187,311~320.
49. Hampton J G,1987,Effect of nitrogen rate and time of application on seed yield in perennial ryegrass cv.Grasslands Nui,New Zealand Journal of Experiment Agriculture ,15:9~16.
50. Hampton J.G. Temperate herbage seed production :An overview,Supplement to Journal of applied seed Production .1991a,9:1~13.
51. Hare.M.D.Seed production in tall fescue (Festuca arunndinacea Schreb) PH.D.Thesis.Massey Univercity.Palmerston North,1993.1~115.
52. Hebblethwaite.P.D and Hampton.J.G,1978,Nitrogen studies in Lolium perenne grown for seed ,Ⅱ:Timing of nitrogen application,J.Br.Grassl.Soc.33:159~166
53. Hill M J ,1971,A study of seed production in perennial rygrass ,timothy and prairie grass.Ph.D.Thesis ,Massey University ,Newland.
54. Kalton.R.R, Barker.R.E.,Welty.R.E,1996, Seed production Madison: Wisconsin, USA.
55. Khan.A.A. The Physiology and Biochemistry of seed development and germination. Elsever, New York.
56. Loekkpy,H.A.,P.R.Horton,S.Bittman,L.Townley-Smith,T.Wright and W.F.Nuttall.Forage seed yield response to N and P fertilizers and soil nutrients in northeastern Saskatchewan.Canadian Journal of Soil Science,1999,79:265~271.
57. Lorenzentti.F, 1993, Achiening potential seed yiild in species of temperate regions, Proceedings of the ⅩⅦ International Grasslands Congress, 1621~1628.
58. Marshall,A.H.,J.J.Steiner,O.Niemel?inen and J.Hacquet.Legume Seed Crop Management. In:Forage Seed Production 1.temperate species,D.T.Fairey & J.G.Hampton eds. Wallingford UK:CBA International,1997,127~152.
59. Nordestgaard.A..Trials on time of nitrogen application in the spring to variousgrasses grown for seed production.Proceedings of the XIV International Grassland Congress,1983,252~253.
60. Rushing.T.T.,1969, Evaluation of methods for predicting storage potential of tall fescue,crimson clever, sorghum and wheat seed lots, thesis, M.S.(ed.)Mississippi State University, Mississippi State,Mississippi.
61. Thomas G. Chastain .Vegetative plant development and seed production in cool-season perennial grasses.Seed Science Research,1998,8,295~301
62. Young.W.C Ⅲ,H.W.Youngberg and D.O.Chilcote. The effect of less than annual burning when alternated with mechanical residue removal. Journal of Applied Seed Production, 1984,42~44.
63. Youngberg H.Techniques of seed production in Oregon.In Hebblethwaite P.D.ed.Seed Production.1980.