我国海洋生态经济系统协调发展测度与优化机制研究
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摘要
随着经济社会的快速发展以及科学技术的不断进步,公众对海洋功能的认识逐渐加深,对海洋产品与服务的需求日益增多,海洋经济社会效益节节攀升。在此背景下,党和政府更加重视海洋资源和环境的探查、开发与利用工作,不断调整海洋经济发展政策,并颁布了一系列海洋资源开发与环境保护的法律法规,采取了多种海洋综合管理措施,以确保海洋事业可持续发展的实现。然而,受人类对海洋资源开发与海洋产业发展规模化、持续性推进的冲击,海洋生态系统的运行状况仍在持续恶化,人为因素引起的海洋灾害不断增多,生物多样性继续下降,近岸水域污染与生境破坏愈加严重,海洋自然净化与平衡能力不断衰退,海洋生态、经济与社会非协调发展的苗头逐步显现。
     鉴于此,立足于系统论、耗散结构论、协同学、可持续发展论、生态经济学、区域经济学的理论与方法,基于海洋生态环境与经济社会发展之间能量、物质、信息、价值等交换关系,依据经济社会系统是导致当前海洋生态系统急剧恶化的根本原因这一观点,将海洋生态系统的反馈机制与海洋经济系统、海洋社会系统的反馈机制联结为一个整体。对海洋生态-经济-社会复合系统(简称海洋生态经济系统)的内涵进行界定,在建立海洋生态经济系统研究理论基础的前提下,定量测算系统发展状态,揭示出三个系统协调度的时空演变规律,模拟并分析沿海11省市典型非协调(海洋生态系统迅速恶化)状态形成的关键因素与传导机理,进而提炼出我国海洋生态经济系统协调发展可采取的三种基本模式,并给出推进系统协调发展的优化机制和具体措施,以期弥补海洋生态经济协调发展研究的不足,为我国海洋生态、经济、社会实现可持续发展做出努力。论文主要内容如下:
     (1)海洋生态经济系统基础理论。对海洋生态经济系统相关概念,包括生态经济系统、生态经济协调、海洋生态经济系统、海洋生态经济系统协调等进行了界定,探讨了海洋生态经济系统的海洋生态、经济和社会三个子系统的功能、地位及构成,运用归纳演绎法对海洋生态经济系统运行的经济目的性、人工干扰性等特征进行了总结,并对耗散结构、协同学、生态经济学等理论进行了梳理。
     (2)我国海洋生态经济系统结构与功能分析。首先,依照统计数据对1995年、2003年、2009年我国海洋生态经济系统三个子系统结构特征及变化趋势进行了实证分析;继而,应用能值模型等定量方法,对我国海洋生态经济系统的能量流、物质流、信息流、价值流进行了衡量和剖析。
     (3)我国海洋生态经济系统发展状态及其协调度测算。首先,运用生态足迹法、承载力模型等,在构建发展状态评价指标体系并计算指标权重的基础上,对沿海11省市海洋生态经济系统各子系统及复合系统的发展状态进行了量化辨识;进而,分析了我国海洋生态经济各子系统及复合系统发展状态的时间演变轨迹和空间差异特征;然后,应用交互胁迫论和非线性回归模型,对我国海洋生态经济系统三个子系统的时空动态关系曲线进行拟合,证实了各子系统之间存在的交互胁迫关系;最后,运用耦合模型对各子系统之间时间序列和空间序列的协调度进行测算,判别出11省市海洋生态经济系统协调发展的阶段及所属类型。
     (4)我国海洋生态经济系统非协调状态形成机理模拟。首先,在(3)测算结果的基础上,归纳并列举了当前11省市海洋生态经济系统非协调状态及具体表现;然后,应用结构方程模型,经过提出假设、构建模型、拟合评价、调整修正、结果检验等步骤,对我国海洋生态经济系统典型非协调(海洋生态系统迅速恶化)状态的形成机理进行了定量模拟;接着,运用因果链分析法剖析出非协调状态的主要成因,发现并总结了典型非协调状态形成的关键因素及传导路径,构建出非协调状态形成的结构模型;最后,在估算出海洋生态经济系统非协调成分关键因素预警界限的基础上,构建起海洋生态经济系统非协调状态的预警机制。
     (5)我国海洋生态经济系统协调发展目标与模式选择。首先,在前三章研究结论的基础上,结合相关理论成果,理顺了我国海洋生态经济系统协调发展的基本思路和指导思想,并制定出我国海洋生态经济系统协调发展的总体性、效率性和各子系统分阶段目标体系;进而,探讨了我国海洋生态经济系统结构性、功能性和时空性协调发展的内容;最后,依据相关领域实践经验,构建出经济主导型、生态主导型、节约社会型三种我国海洋生态经济系统协调发展可选择的模式。
     (6)我国海洋生态经济系统协调发展优化机制构建。首先,针对我国海洋生态经济系统发展现状、协调演变规律和非协调状态形成机理,建立起用以维系系统协调运行的动力机制、创新机制和保障机制;继而,从产业调控、市场调控、社会调控和政府调控等视角,进一步提炼出优化我国海洋生态经济系统协调发展的具体操作措施。
With the rapid economic and social development, as well as the continuousprogress of science and technology, public awareness of marine function is graduallydeepening, the demands for marine products and services are increasing, marineeconomic and social benefits have been rising. In this context, the Party andgovernments have paid more attentions to the exploration and utilization of marineresources and environment, constantly adjusted the marine economic developmentpolicies, and promulgated a series of marine resources exploitation and environmentalprotection laws and regulations, have taken a variety of comprehensive managementmeasures to ensure the realization of sustainable development of the marine. However,influenced by the large-scale exploitation of marine resources and development ofmarine industry, the health of marine ecosystems continues to deteriorate, and thenumber of marine disasters caused by human factors grows, biodiversity continues todecline, the coastal waters pollution and habitat destruction become increasinglyserious, marine natural purification and balance ability continues to deteriorate.
     In view of this, based on system theory, dissipative structure theory, synergetics,sustainable development theory and methods of ecological economics, regionaleconomics, based on energy, material, information, value exchange relationshipbetween the marine ecological environment system and economic social system,based on the point of view that economic and social system led to the sharpdeterioration in the marine ecosystem, links marine ecosystem feedback mechanismsand economic, social systems feedback mechanism as a whole, defines theconnotation of the marine ecological-economic-social composite system (referredto as the marine ecological economic system), establishes the marine eco-economicsystem theoretical basis, quantitatively estimates the system state of development,reveales spatial and temporal coordination degree evolution law of these three systems,simulates and analyzes the key factors and conduction mechanism in the formation ofthe typical non-coordinative (the marine ecosystem is rapidly deteriorating) state inthe11coastal provinces and cities, and then extractes three basic modes for thecoordinated development of marine ecological-economic system in China, and buildsup optimization mechanisms and measures to promote coordinated development, so as to compensate for the lack of academic research on marine ecological-economiccoordinated development, and make efforts for the realization of sustainabledevelopment of China's marine ecological, economic, and social systems. The mainresearch contents of this thesis are as follows:
     (1)Basic theories for marine ecological-economic system research. Definesrelated concepts about marine ecological-economic system, including ecological-economic system, ecological-economic coordination, marine ecological-economicsystem, marine ecological-economic system coordination, explores functions, statusand composition of the three subsystems of marine ecological-economic system, andundertakes combing of the dissipative structure theory, synergetics, ecological-economics and other related theories.
     (2)Analysis of the status of China's marine ecological-economic system. First, inthe use of inductive interpretation, summarizes the running law of marine ecological-economic system, such as economic purpose, the artificial interference, flexibility,openness, and other characteristics; then according to statistics, undertakes empiricalanalysis of three subsystems development status of China's marine ecological-economic system, and then, in the application of emergy models and otherquantitative methods, measures and dissects the energy flow, material flow,information flow, value flow of China's ecological-economic system.
     (3)Calculation on the development status and coordination degree of China’smarine ecological-economic system. First, in the use of the ecological footprintmethod and the carrying capacity model to build the development status evaluationindex system and calculate the index weight, and quantifily identifies the developmentstatus of subsystems and composite systems of the11coastal provinces and cities’marine ecological-economic systems; furthermore, analyzes the time evolutioncharacteristics and spatial differences of China’s marine ecological-economic systems;then, in the application of interactive stress theory and nonlinear regression models,fits spatial and temporal dynamic curves of the three subsystems of marineecological-economic system, confirming the interactive stress relationship betweenthe subsystems; finally, in the use of the coupling model to calculate the spatial andtemporal coordination degree between the subsystems, distinguishes the developmentstages and the respective types which the11provinces and cities’ marine ecological-economic systems belong to.
     (4)Exploration on formation mechanism of non-coordination state of China's marine ecological-economic system. First of all, on the basis of (3) measurementresults, summarizes and cites the non-coordination state and its concrete manifestationof the current marine ecological-economic system; then, in the application ofstructural equation model, through the steps of raising hypothesis, building model,fitting evaluation, adjusting and amending the results of inspection, launches aquantitative simulation of the formation mechanism of the typical non-coordinative(the marine ecosystem is rapidly deteriorating) state of China's marineecological-economic system; then, in the use of the causal chain analysis method tofind out the main causes of non-coordinative state, summarizes the key factors and theconduction path which lead to the typical non-coordinative state, builds a structuralmodel of formation mechanism of non-coordinative state; finally, based on thebuilding up of warning boundaries of the key factors, establishes the early warningmechanism of non-coordinative state for China’s marine ecological-economic system.
     (5)Selection of objectives and modes for marine ecological-economic systemcoordinative development. First, on the basis of the conclusions of the first threechapters study, combining with the relevant theoretical results, straightenes out thebasic ideas and guiding ideologies of the coordinative development of China's marineecological-economic system, and develops the overall, efficiency and phases targetsystems for the coordinative development of China's marine ecological-economicsystem; and then, explores the structural, functional, spatial and temporal contents forthe coordinative development of China's marine ecological-economic system; finally,according to the practical experience in the relevant field, builds theeconomy-oriented, ecology-oriented, saving community three modes for China'smarine ecological-economic system coordinative development to choose.
     (6)Establishment of the optimization mechanism for China's marineecological-economic system coordinative development. First, according to thedevelopment status, coordinative evolution law, non-coordinative state formationmechanism of marine ecological-economic system in China, establishes the power,innovation and safeguard mechanism for the coordinative operation of marineecological-economic system; then, from industry regulation, market regulation, socialregulation and government regulation further refines the specific operational measuresfor coordinative development of China’s marine ecological-economic system.
引文
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