嘉陵江（四川段）梯级开发的多尺度健康评价研究
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摘要
嘉陵江是长江上游流域面积最大的支流，西南地区生态安全屏障的重要组成部分，是影响三峡库区水环境安全的重要因素之一。嘉陵江梯级水电开发促进了当地的经济发展，但工程的建设和营运给当地的生态环境、生物多样性和水质带来较大的影响，伴随人类过度排污和水土流失等环境压力，嘉陵江的环境安全问题不容忽视。为此，论文调研总结河流梯级水电开发的环境影响，采用健康评价的管理方法，以“压力→状态→响应”模式对嘉陵江四川段梯级开发进行了多尺度健康评价，系统的研究了嘉陵江梯级开发的可持续发展，为提升河流综合管理水平提供理论支持。主要研究成果如下：
界定河流系统的多个时空尺度，剖析各尺度健康评价的基本特征，根据嘉陵江梯级开发后的时空关系，选择浮游生物多样性指数、鱼类生物完整性指数(fish-index of biotic integrity FIBI)和多指标模糊综合评价方法作为嘉陵江健康评价的多尺度方法，并建构适合嘉陵江健康评价的鱼类生物完整性指数体系和多指标模糊综合评价模型。
通过对嘉陵江梯级开发河段浮游生物的野外采集和分析，共采集到浮游植物8门42科95属171种（包括变种），其中硅藻、绿藻和蓝藻为各样点的优势类群，浮游植物平均细胞密度为12.9×10~4ind/L。采集到浮游动物共4纲9目21科30属62种，分别隶属于原生动物门、假体腔动物门和节肢动物门，浮游动物平均密度为2854.4ind/L，平均生物量为2.331mg/L，优势种类有21种。采用Shannon多样性指数、Margalef丰富度指数、Pielou均匀度指数，结合指示物种对水质状况进行评估。评价结果表明，该河段水质处于中度污染状态，嘉陵江渠化后，水体自净能力下降，四川段水体受到一定程度污染。采用浮游生物多样性指数评价该水体具有较强的诊断性和准确性。
调研显示嘉陵江中游鱼类分布有129种（包含此次收集的银鱼）。本次调查，获得鱼类标本263号，分属于26种7科4目；访问21种。其中以经济鱼类的种类居多；长江上游特有鱼类和珍稀保护鱼类已不再是该江段的优势种；因急流水、流水滩等环境的减少和消失，鳍鳅类和鮡类等典型急流、流水环境的适应者、特化者在库区几乎消失。嘉陵江鱼类生物完整性指数评价结果显示，嘉陵江梯级开发段生物完整性评价等级为中等偏差，生态环境受人为活动干扰严重。本研究构建的鱼类生物完整性评价体系能较好地表达嘉陵江梯级开发段鱼类群聚状况和河流生态的连续性及整体性特征。
选取基于模糊综合评判模型的方法，对嘉陵江健康状况进行综合评价。评价结果表明，嘉陵江（四川段）梯级开发总体健康状态为亚健康。其中，其上段和丰水期情况较好，为健康状态；梯级库区、枯水期、中段和下段都为亚健康状态。分析表明影响嘉陵江健康状况的主要指标是水土流失率和鱼类FIBI。嘉陵江多指标评价结果与实际相符合，较好地反映了嘉陵江梯级开发四川段的健康状况；构建的多指标模糊综合评价模型适合对梯级开发河流的健康评价。
综上所述，嘉陵江主要环境压力为干流地质环境问题、梯级航电工程和过度排污，其健康状况为亚健康，应积极采取相应的针对性管理措施。本研究成果对相关河流的健康评价具有一定的示范和指导作用。
The Jialing River, which is the largest tributary of the upper reaches of the YangtzeRiver Valley is an important part of the ecological security barrier of southwest China,meanwhile, it is one of the important factors influencing the water environmentalsecurity of the Three Gorges Reservoir Area. The cascade hydropower development ofthe Jialing River promotes the local economic development, however, the constructionand operation of the project bring greater influence to the local ecological environment,biodiversity and water quality, accompanying by excessive pollution discharge ofhuman and soil erosion as well as other environmental pressures, the environmentalsecurity issues of the Jialing River cannot be ignored. The environmental influence ofthe river cascade hydropower development is investigated and summarized in this paper,and the health evaluation management method is adopted to carry out multi-scale healthevaluation of the cascade development on the Jialing River in Sichuan following themodel of “pressure→state→response”. Sustainable development of the cascadedevelopment on the Jialing River is also systematically studied in this paper, whichprovides a theoretical support to enhance the river's level of integrated management.The main findings are as follows:
Define multiple space-time scales of the river system, analyze the basiccharacteristics of the health evaluation of each scale, according to the space-timerelationship after the cascade development on the Jialing River to select the planktondiversity index and fish-index of biotic integrity as well as multi-index comprehensiveevaluation method as the multi-scale health evaluation method of the Jialing River.Construct the fish-index of biotic integrity system and multi-index evaluation modelsuitable for the Jialing River’s health evaluation.
Through the field collection and analysis of plankton in the reaches of the cascadedevelopment on the Jialing River, phytoplankton is collected with a total number of8divisions,42familiae,95genera and171species (including varieties),The numbers ofspecies in Bacillariophyta, Chlorophyta and Cyanophyta were richer than others. andthe average cell density of phytoplankton is12.9×10~4ind/L. The collectedzooplankton includes a total of4classes,9orders,21families,30genera and62species,which respectively belong to the protozoa, pseudocoelomata and arthropoda, theaverage density of zooplankton is2854.4ind/L, and the average biomass is2.331mg/L, there are21kinds of dominant groups. The shannon diversity index, Margalef richnessindex, Pielou evenness and other indexes are adopted, with the combination of indicatorspecies to assess the water quality. The evaluation results show that the water quality inthis reach is moderately polluted, after channelizing; the self-purification capacity of theJialing River declines and the water body in Sichuan is polluted to a certain extent. Themethod of using plankton to evaluate the water body has a strong diagnostic ability,sensitivity and accuracy.
The investigation shows that there are129kinds of fish distributed in the middlereaches of the Jialing River (including the whitebait collected this time).263fishspecimens are collected in this investigation, which respectively belonging to26species,7familiae and4ordines;21kinds of fish are investigated by visiting. Most of which isthe economic fish; The endemic and rare fish in the upper reaches of Yangtze River arenot dominant anymore; Due to the reduction and disappearance of environments such asrush water and running water, typical accommodators and specializations fit for rushand running water such as Homalopteridae and Sisoridae as well as others are almostdisappeared in the reservoir area. The integrity evaluation results of fish in the JialingRiver show that, the rating of biological integrity evaluation in the reaches of thecascade development on the Jialing River is worse than medium, and the ecologicalenvironment is seriously disturbed by human activities; Fish integrity evaluation systemconstructed in this study can better express the cybotaxis condition of fish and thecontinuity and integrity characteristics of ecology in the reaches of cascadedevelopment on the Jialing River.
Select the method based on fuzzy comprehensive evaluation model to carry out acomprehensive evaluation of the health state of the Jialing River. The evaluation showsthat the overall health state of the cascade development on the Jialing River (Sichuan) issub-health. The health state in the upper reaches and the high water period is in a bettersituation of health; The health state in the Cascade Reservoir area, the rainless period,the middle and lower reaches is in a state of sub-health. The analysis shows the mainindicators influencing the health state of the Jialing River are soil erosion rate and fishFIBI. The multi-index evaluation results of the Jialing River are consonant with thepractical situation, and better reflect the health state of the cascade development on theJialing River (Sichuan); The model and method of multi-index health evaluationconstructed in this paper are suitable for the health evaluation of rivers in process ofcascade development.
In summary, main environmental pressures of the Jialing River include themainstream’s geological and environmental problems, cascade navigation engineeringand excessive pollution discharge of human, it is now in a state of sub-health, thusappropriately targeted management strategies should be taken. The results of this studyplay a role of demonstration and guidance in the health evaluation of rivers concerned.
界定河流系统的多个时空尺度，剖析各尺度健康评价的基本特征，根据嘉陵江梯级开发后的时空关系，选择浮游生物多样性指数、鱼类生物完整性指数(fish-index of biotic integrity FIBI)和多指标模糊综合评价方法作为嘉陵江健康评价的多尺度方法，并建构适合嘉陵江健康评价的鱼类生物完整性指数体系和多指标模糊综合评价模型。
通过对嘉陵江梯级开发河段浮游生物的野外采集和分析，共采集到浮游植物8门42科95属171种（包括变种），其中硅藻、绿藻和蓝藻为各样点的优势类群，浮游植物平均细胞密度为12.9×10~4ind/L。采集到浮游动物共4纲9目21科30属62种，分别隶属于原生动物门、假体腔动物门和节肢动物门，浮游动物平均密度为2854.4ind/L，平均生物量为2.331mg/L，优势种类有21种。采用Shannon多样性指数、Margalef丰富度指数、Pielou均匀度指数，结合指示物种对水质状况进行评估。评价结果表明，该河段水质处于中度污染状态，嘉陵江渠化后，水体自净能力下降，四川段水体受到一定程度污染。采用浮游生物多样性指数评价该水体具有较强的诊断性和准确性。
调研显示嘉陵江中游鱼类分布有129种（包含此次收集的银鱼）。本次调查，获得鱼类标本263号，分属于26种7科4目；访问21种。其中以经济鱼类的种类居多；长江上游特有鱼类和珍稀保护鱼类已不再是该江段的优势种；因急流水、流水滩等环境的减少和消失，鳍鳅类和鮡类等典型急流、流水环境的适应者、特化者在库区几乎消失。嘉陵江鱼类生物完整性指数评价结果显示，嘉陵江梯级开发段生物完整性评价等级为中等偏差，生态环境受人为活动干扰严重。本研究构建的鱼类生物完整性评价体系能较好地表达嘉陵江梯级开发段鱼类群聚状况和河流生态的连续性及整体性特征。
选取基于模糊综合评判模型的方法，对嘉陵江健康状况进行综合评价。评价结果表明，嘉陵江（四川段）梯级开发总体健康状态为亚健康。其中，其上段和丰水期情况较好，为健康状态；梯级库区、枯水期、中段和下段都为亚健康状态。分析表明影响嘉陵江健康状况的主要指标是水土流失率和鱼类FIBI。嘉陵江多指标评价结果与实际相符合，较好地反映了嘉陵江梯级开发四川段的健康状况；构建的多指标模糊综合评价模型适合对梯级开发河流的健康评价。
综上所述，嘉陵江主要环境压力为干流地质环境问题、梯级航电工程和过度排污，其健康状况为亚健康，应积极采取相应的针对性管理措施。本研究成果对相关河流的健康评价具有一定的示范和指导作用。
The Jialing River, which is the largest tributary of the upper reaches of the YangtzeRiver Valley is an important part of the ecological security barrier of southwest China,meanwhile, it is one of the important factors influencing the water environmentalsecurity of the Three Gorges Reservoir Area. The cascade hydropower development ofthe Jialing River promotes the local economic development, however, the constructionand operation of the project bring greater influence to the local ecological environment,biodiversity and water quality, accompanying by excessive pollution discharge ofhuman and soil erosion as well as other environmental pressures, the environmentalsecurity issues of the Jialing River cannot be ignored. The environmental influence ofthe river cascade hydropower development is investigated and summarized in this paper,and the health evaluation management method is adopted to carry out multi-scale healthevaluation of the cascade development on the Jialing River in Sichuan following themodel of “pressure→state→response”. Sustainable development of the cascadedevelopment on the Jialing River is also systematically studied in this paper, whichprovides a theoretical support to enhance the river's level of integrated management.The main findings are as follows:
Define multiple space-time scales of the river system, analyze the basiccharacteristics of the health evaluation of each scale, according to the space-timerelationship after the cascade development on the Jialing River to select the planktondiversity index and fish-index of biotic integrity as well as multi-index comprehensiveevaluation method as the multi-scale health evaluation method of the Jialing River.Construct the fish-index of biotic integrity system and multi-index evaluation modelsuitable for the Jialing River’s health evaluation.
Through the field collection and analysis of plankton in the reaches of the cascadedevelopment on the Jialing River, phytoplankton is collected with a total number of8divisions,42familiae,95genera and171species (including varieties),The numbers ofspecies in Bacillariophyta, Chlorophyta and Cyanophyta were richer than others. andthe average cell density of phytoplankton is12.9×10~4ind/L. The collectedzooplankton includes a total of4classes,9orders,21families,30genera and62species,which respectively belong to the protozoa, pseudocoelomata and arthropoda, theaverage density of zooplankton is2854.4ind/L, and the average biomass is2.331mg/L, there are21kinds of dominant groups. The shannon diversity index, Margalef richnessindex, Pielou evenness and other indexes are adopted, with the combination of indicatorspecies to assess the water quality. The evaluation results show that the water quality inthis reach is moderately polluted, after channelizing; the self-purification capacity of theJialing River declines and the water body in Sichuan is polluted to a certain extent. Themethod of using plankton to evaluate the water body has a strong diagnostic ability,sensitivity and accuracy.
The investigation shows that there are129kinds of fish distributed in the middlereaches of the Jialing River (including the whitebait collected this time).263fishspecimens are collected in this investigation, which respectively belonging to26species,7familiae and4ordines;21kinds of fish are investigated by visiting. Most of which isthe economic fish; The endemic and rare fish in the upper reaches of Yangtze River arenot dominant anymore; Due to the reduction and disappearance of environments such asrush water and running water, typical accommodators and specializations fit for rushand running water such as Homalopteridae and Sisoridae as well as others are almostdisappeared in the reservoir area. The integrity evaluation results of fish in the JialingRiver show that, the rating of biological integrity evaluation in the reaches of thecascade development on the Jialing River is worse than medium, and the ecologicalenvironment is seriously disturbed by human activities; Fish integrity evaluation systemconstructed in this study can better express the cybotaxis condition of fish and thecontinuity and integrity characteristics of ecology in the reaches of cascadedevelopment on the Jialing River.
Select the method based on fuzzy comprehensive evaluation model to carry out acomprehensive evaluation of the health state of the Jialing River. The evaluation showsthat the overall health state of the cascade development on the Jialing River (Sichuan) issub-health. The health state in the upper reaches and the high water period is in a bettersituation of health; The health state in the Cascade Reservoir area, the rainless period,the middle and lower reaches is in a state of sub-health. The analysis shows the mainindicators influencing the health state of the Jialing River are soil erosion rate and fishFIBI. The multi-index evaluation results of the Jialing River are consonant with thepractical situation, and better reflect the health state of the cascade development on theJialing River (Sichuan); The model and method of multi-index health evaluationconstructed in this paper are suitable for the health evaluation of rivers in process ofcascade development.
In summary, main environmental pressures of the Jialing River include themainstream’s geological and environmental problems, cascade navigation engineeringand excessive pollution discharge of human, it is now in a state of sub-health, thusappropriately targeted management strategies should be taken. The results of this studyplay a role of demonstration and guidance in the health evaluation of rivers concerned.
引文
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