湖泊流域纳污能力及污染负荷分配研究
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摘要
湖泊作为一种宝贵的自然资源,在调节气候、供应水源等方面具有不可替代的价值,其健康发展是经济社会稳定发展的重要保障。然而,由于过度追求经济效益,湖泊资源受到严重威胁,出现湖面萎缩、水质恶化等问题,制约了经济的发展。水污染物总量控制技术可以缓解水环境问题,促进水环境的改善,尤其是相对封闭的湖泊流域。然而,在该技术实施过程中,总量目标的合理确定、可行性方案的制定等方面尚存在一定的缺陷,因此,亟需结合湖泊流域的现状,建立水环境模拟模型,探讨水污染物总量控制中的关键技术。
本文在分析湖泊流域水污染物总量控制实践需求的基础上,针对存在的问题,以武汉市汤逊湖为例,开展湖泊流域纳污能力及污染负荷分配方案研究,主要包括以下几个方面：
(1)总结湖泊流域的特点,阐述污染物来源及污染特征,探讨水污染物总量控制理论和总量分配方法,并提出湖泊流域水污染物总量分配层次模型；
(2)结合汤逊湖流域实际,构建汤逊湖流域水环境模型,包括二维水流模型和水质模型,采用监测资料率定并验证模型。结果表明,CODMn、NH3-N、TN和TP的平均误差范围为10%-40%,且年内月变化趋势与实测资料基本一致；
(3)在计算流域内污染负荷的基础上,计算现状年和规划水平年不同降水频率下水体的动态纳污能力,并分析影响汤逊湖流域纳污能力的因素,包括湖泊水质保护目标、湖泊水体特征、入湖污染物特性、污水排放口布置与排放方式以及湖泊调度规则；
(4)应用水污染物总量分配层次模型对汤逊湖污染总量控制目标进行分配。结果表明,分配结果较合理,有助于管理部门的实施。为使水污染物总量控制方案顺利实施,并提出了各污染源的水环境防治措施。
本研究通过深入分析湖泊流域水污染物总量控制技术中纳污能力和污染负荷分配的关键问题,探讨水污染物总量分配方法,完善了湖泊流域水环境管理体系,并将研究内容成功应用于汤逊湖流域。研究成果可为湖泊流域的水环境管理提供技术支撑,对于推动湖泊流域水资源保护工作具有重要意义。
Lakes are the most precious nutural resources, and offer important values in regulating climate and supplying water resource. They also must develop healthily that are the guarantee for economic society development. However, in the process of pursuing economical benefits excessively, lakes basin resources are threatened seriously and emerged some problems such as lake area shrinking and water quality deterioration that can restrict economical development. Water pollution total amount control technique can relieve water environment problems and improve water environment quality, especially for relatively closed lakes basin. However, in the process of implementing this technique, there are also some problems in the reasonable determination of a total amount control goal and the creatment of the feasible control programs. Therefore, it is urgent need to construct water quality model combined with the situation of lakes basin, and study water pollution total amount control technique.
Based on the analysis of the practice demand of water pollution total amount control in lakes basin, the paper takes Tangxunhu lake basin in wuhan city as an exmple to research permissible pollution bearing capacity and wasteload allocation in lakes basin, according to the exiting problems. The main contents include some aspects as follows:
①Summarize the characteristics of lakes basin, identify the pollution sources, illustrate pollution features in different stage, discuss the total amount control theory and distribution methods and establish a total amount distribution hierarchical structure model of lakes basin;
②Construct water environment model combined with the general situation of Tangxunhu lake basin, which contains two-dimensional flow model and water quality model, and use the monitoring data and experience data to calibrate and verificate it. The simulated results show that the average error of CODMn、NH3-N、TN and TP are between the ranges from 10 percent to 40 percent, and the monthly change tendency in years is similar to the monitoring data;
③Estimate pollution load in lakes basin and calculate water body permissible pollution bearing capacity in current year and planned years in various frequency of precipitation. Based on the results, analyze the influent factors, including target of water quality protection in lakes basin, water body features, pollutant characteristic input to lake, arrangement and discharge way of the layout of sewage outfall and scheduling rules;
④Apply the total amount distribution hierarchical structure model to allocate wasteload in Tangxunhu lake basin. The results indicate that the program is rational and can help the administration department to implement. In order to gruantee the implementation of total amount control programs, water environment measures of each pollution source are designed.
This paper analyzes the key problems of permissible pollution bearing capacity and wasteload allocation in water pollution total amount control technique, discusses the total amount allocation methods, enriches the water quality management system of lakes basin, and applies the method to Tangxunhu lake basin. The researches results can offer technical support for water quality management and have an important significance to water resource protect work in lakes basin.
本文在分析湖泊流域水污染物总量控制实践需求的基础上,针对存在的问题,以武汉市汤逊湖为例,开展湖泊流域纳污能力及污染负荷分配方案研究,主要包括以下几个方面：
(1)总结湖泊流域的特点,阐述污染物来源及污染特征,探讨水污染物总量控制理论和总量分配方法,并提出湖泊流域水污染物总量分配层次模型；
(2)结合汤逊湖流域实际,构建汤逊湖流域水环境模型,包括二维水流模型和水质模型,采用监测资料率定并验证模型。结果表明,CODMn、NH3-N、TN和TP的平均误差范围为10%-40%,且年内月变化趋势与实测资料基本一致；
(3)在计算流域内污染负荷的基础上,计算现状年和规划水平年不同降水频率下水体的动态纳污能力,并分析影响汤逊湖流域纳污能力的因素,包括湖泊水质保护目标、湖泊水体特征、入湖污染物特性、污水排放口布置与排放方式以及湖泊调度规则；
(4)应用水污染物总量分配层次模型对汤逊湖污染总量控制目标进行分配。结果表明,分配结果较合理,有助于管理部门的实施。为使水污染物总量控制方案顺利实施,并提出了各污染源的水环境防治措施。
本研究通过深入分析湖泊流域水污染物总量控制技术中纳污能力和污染负荷分配的关键问题,探讨水污染物总量分配方法,完善了湖泊流域水环境管理体系,并将研究内容成功应用于汤逊湖流域。研究成果可为湖泊流域的水环境管理提供技术支撑,对于推动湖泊流域水资源保护工作具有重要意义。
Lakes are the most precious nutural resources, and offer important values in regulating climate and supplying water resource. They also must develop healthily that are the guarantee for economic society development. However, in the process of pursuing economical benefits excessively, lakes basin resources are threatened seriously and emerged some problems such as lake area shrinking and water quality deterioration that can restrict economical development. Water pollution total amount control technique can relieve water environment problems and improve water environment quality, especially for relatively closed lakes basin. However, in the process of implementing this technique, there are also some problems in the reasonable determination of a total amount control goal and the creatment of the feasible control programs. Therefore, it is urgent need to construct water quality model combined with the situation of lakes basin, and study water pollution total amount control technique.
Based on the analysis of the practice demand of water pollution total amount control in lakes basin, the paper takes Tangxunhu lake basin in wuhan city as an exmple to research permissible pollution bearing capacity and wasteload allocation in lakes basin, according to the exiting problems. The main contents include some aspects as follows:
①Summarize the characteristics of lakes basin, identify the pollution sources, illustrate pollution features in different stage, discuss the total amount control theory and distribution methods and establish a total amount distribution hierarchical structure model of lakes basin;
②Construct water environment model combined with the general situation of Tangxunhu lake basin, which contains two-dimensional flow model and water quality model, and use the monitoring data and experience data to calibrate and verificate it. The simulated results show that the average error of CODMn、NH3-N、TN and TP are between the ranges from 10 percent to 40 percent, and the monthly change tendency in years is similar to the monitoring data;
③Estimate pollution load in lakes basin and calculate water body permissible pollution bearing capacity in current year and planned years in various frequency of precipitation. Based on the results, analyze the influent factors, including target of water quality protection in lakes basin, water body features, pollutant characteristic input to lake, arrangement and discharge way of the layout of sewage outfall and scheduling rules;
④Apply the total amount distribution hierarchical structure model to allocate wasteload in Tangxunhu lake basin. The results indicate that the program is rational and can help the administration department to implement. In order to gruantee the implementation of total amount control programs, water environment measures of each pollution source are designed.
This paper analyzes the key problems of permissible pollution bearing capacity and wasteload allocation in water pollution total amount control technique, discusses the total amount allocation methods, enriches the water quality management system of lakes basin, and applies the method to Tangxunhu lake basin. The researches results can offer technical support for water quality management and have an important significance to water resource protect work in lakes basin.
引文
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