九寨沟马脑壳金矿露天矿山生态恢复研究
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摘要
矿山生态恢复研究起始于20世纪上半叶,其主要内容是对采矿业和开采地下水造成的塌陷、地形地貌变化等环境进行生态恢复研究。工业革命使得人类对资源的要求和开发的规模急剧增长,在轻率地进行开发和获得直接效益中,基本没考虑对土地的破坏,致使土地污染破坏程度由个别发展现象为普遍现象。这一现象最早出现在欧洲,尽管有些有识之士提出,但并未引起重视。直至1966年,英国南威尔士阿贝芬发生了一场灾难才引起了人们的极大关注；它使人们更清晰地认识到对矿业废弃地进行生态恢复的重要性,为恢复生态学的诞生奠定了坚实的应用基础。20世纪70年代,学术界已经开始对受损生态系统的改良(恢复、重建、改建)做较为系统的研究；80年代之后,有关恢复生态学的研究迅速兴起,成为现代生态学研究的热点之一。总体上看,世界各国对生态恢复各有侧重,表现为：欧洲侧重于矿地恢复、北美洲则强调水体和林地恢复,而新西兰、澳洲则侧重于草原管理与恢复。
我国矿山生态环境恢复工作的萌芽始于20世纪50年代,前期主要是以土地退化,尤其是土壤退化为主,并且多为土地、土壤退化交织。起初是个别矿山自发进行的小规模恢复治理工作。恢复生态学研究最早是1959年中国科学院华南植物研究所余作岳等人在广东的热带沿海侵蚀台地上开展的退化生态系统的植被恢复技术与机理研究。20世纪50～70年代,该项工作还处于自发探索阶段；进入20世纪80年代,才被真正得到重视,从自发、零散状态转变为有组织的恢复治理阶段。各大研究机构先后对不同退化生态系统作了研究。到20世纪90年代,对矿山废弃地生态恢复的研究逐渐增多。一些矿山开展不同程度生态恢复工作和科研工作,如加强矿山生态恢复工艺技术研究、基质改良研究、生态恢复经济分析、土地复垦专家系统模型研究等。特别是1988年颁布《土地复垦规定》和1989年颁布《中国人民共和国环境保护法》,标志着矿山生态环境修复走上了法制化的轨道。这项工作在我国尽管起步较晚,但发展十分迅速。
总的来看,中国由于人口众多,土地压力大,更强调农业综合利用,矿地复垦率呈逐年上升的趋势。
当前,世界各国,特别是主要的采矿工业国家都很重视恢复采矿工业破坏的土地,并取得十分可观的成绩。
本论文根据恢复生态学自我设计理论和人为设计理论思想,坚持自然恢复与人工辅助恢复相结合的原则,分别对矿山土壤理化性质、生物多样性、生物量及优势物种糙野青茅的发芽力、生产力的角度进行了较为深入、系统的研究。其主要结论如下：
(1)土壤理化性质是植被生长的前提条件；通过对比矿山原生草地及边排坡土壤理化性质发现,矿山原生草地各层土壤总孔隙度、毛管孔隙度随着海拔的升高先升高而后降低,土壤自然持水量也具有同样的空间分布规律；边排坡土壤孔隙度小,自然含水量小,土壤粒度不均匀及土壤肥力低下等因素是导致边排坡植被恢复过程中植物种子发芽率降低、植物生长缓慢、发育不健全、易于死亡、甚至无法恢复等问题的主要因素。在矿山生态恢复过程中,应通过混合有机土、施加有机复合肥及农作物秸秆等措施,加速矿山形成一层有利于植被生长的土壤环境,改良矿山边排坡地的土壤理化性质。
(2)矿山草本植物多样性指数、丰富度指数等随海拔的升高先升高而后降低,在海拔3200 m左右达到峰值。这是由于放牧、采药、刈割等干扰和矿山自身的地理、气候条件共同作用的结果；建议矿山生态恢复中,在充分利用矿山自身地理气候的有利条件下,应加强矿山生态恢复过程中各类干扰管理和控制。
(3)矿山植被多样性调查研究发现,在同一生长期不同的海拔高度范围,物种组成及分布各不相同；同一海拔高度,不同的季节物种优势也有一定的变化。从总体上看,各个生长时期矿区原生草地的主要优势物种有糙野青茅、羊茅、垂穗披碱草、四川嵩草、早熟禾等。但在不同的生长季节,各草本优势表现不尽相同。有少部分草本植物,如白顶早熟禾、珠芽蓼、地榆、华北翦股颖、白花刺参、掌裂蟹甲草等在不同的海拔范围成熟期较早,7月份这些植物分布面积较大,盖度较高,植被最高,处于成熟期,生物量至其最高,占有较大比例；此期间其它多数草本物种正处于生长旺盛期,但生物量却相对较小；矿山雨季前期(6月底7月初),这些早熟种对防止雨水冲刷和提高水土保持起着重要作用。因此,在矿山生态恢复的物种选择上,应根据原生草地草本植物海拔分布特征和季节分布特征,在不同的海拔高度选择不同的优势物种组合,使矿山在恢复过程中各个海拔高度各个生长季节均有较多的植被覆盖,增加恢复过程中物种多样性和系统稳定性；促进矿山植被的蓄水功能、保土功能及保持养分的功能等等；促进矿山生态系统持续、健康、稳定的发展。
(4)矿山优势草本生物量在垂直梯度上差异性较大,不同的优势物种变化规律不尽一致,在低海拔区(2900～3000 m),是以垂穗披碱草、糙野青茅等为优势的草本群落组成；中海拔区(3100～3300 m),则是以糙野青茅、白顶早熟禾、羊茅等为优势的草本群落组成；高海拔区(3400～3500 m),以羊茅、四川嵩草、糙野青茅为优势种的草本群落组成。
除海拔高度对矿山草本植物生物量影响显著外,坡度、干扰等环境因素对草本生物量也造成一定的影响。表现为坡度小、干扰小的区域植被生长良好、植被覆盖高、生物量大。因此,在矿山生态恢复过程中,应注意对陡坡的处理和干扰的控制。
(5)矿山土壤有机质含量多少直接影响土壤理化性质,从而影响植被生长的速率。土壤有机质含量越高,糙野青茅的发芽率、发芽势及发芽速均相应地提高；当矿山土壤中有机质含量达到3/4时,糙野青茅发芽力各项指标均接近峰值；其后,随着有机土的增加,草本发芽力各项指标增加不明显,对于糙野青茅的生产力也有同样的规律。同时,采取浸种措施有利于种子发芽,促进发芽时间提前,提高种子发芽率和发芽势。在矿山生态恢复前应对不同草本种子采用不同的浸种措施,促进草本种子的发芽,提高恢复效率。
有机土含量对糙野青茅幼苗生产力的影响十分显著,试验表明,糙野青茅幼苗的生产力随恢复土壤中有机土含量的增加而升高。有机土含量几乎为零的矿山排渣边坡其草本生产力极为低下。
(6)根据研究和观察结果,提出建议：矿山生态恢复应以生物措施和工程措施相结合；在生物措施的恢复物种选择上,应注意物种的空间分布特征、季节特征,根据矿山气候条件,选择根系发达、生长迅速、耐干旱、耐贫瘠、耐高温的土著优势物种作为矿山生态恢复的先锋物种。在矿山生态恢复过程种,应采取搬运客土、播种、施肥等辅助措施,加速、缩短矿山生态恢复进程。
(7)矿山生态恢复是一项综合工程,不能简单地、一味地追求矿山生态恢复速度,而应以系统的观点,从生物多样性、矿山生态系统稳定性以及矿山生态恢复经济效益、社会效益、生态效益及美学效益等多方面的综合考虑矿山整个生态系统。
Mining ecological restoration research began in the first half of the 20th century, the main contents is the ecological restoration of environment about the collapse of mining and groundwater exploiting. The industrial revolution made to the scale of the resources requirements and development has increased dramatically. For development and gaining direct benefit hastily, it neglected land damages completely. The scale of the land pollution damage developed from individual phenomena to common phenomenon. This phenomenon appear first in Europe, although some brains puts forward, but did not pay attention. Until 1966, Britain south wales BeiFen O a disaster just drawn people's attention; It made people more clearly realize the importance of mining restoration, and laid a solid application foundation for the birth of mining ecological restoration. In the 1970s, scholars have started to improvement of damaged ecosystem restoration; After the 1980s, the recovery of ecology research developed rapidly and become the hot spot of modern ecology. In general speaking, the world ecological recovery researches have different records. European focused on mining recovery, North America emphasized water and forest restoration, while New Zealand and Australia are focused on grassland management and recovery.
The mine ecological environment restoration work began in the 1950s, the prophase work is mainly land degradation study, especially soil degradation and more for land, soil degradation intertwined. At first is the individual mining spontaneous small-scale to restore the government work. For such the researchers as Yu Zuo-yue in Chinese academy of sciences, the south institute of botany began to study on vegetation technology and its mechanism of degraded ecosystem restoration in Guangdong tropical coastal erosion stage in 1949. This is the earliest restoration ecology research in China. The 1950s～1970s. the work is still in the spontaneous exploration stage; Enter in the 1980s, it was really get attention, began from spontaneous, scattered state transition to organized stage of restoration and government. Many research institutions study successively on different degraded ecosystem. During the 1990s, the ecological restoration research of abandoned mine lands have increased gradually. Some mines began to ecological restoration work and the scientific research work in different extents, such as strengthening the mine ecological recovery technology research, substrates modified research, ecological restoration economic analysis, land reclamation and expert system model research, etc. Especially promulgated the land reclamation regulations in 1988 and promulgated the environmental protection law of the People's Republic of China in1989, marked the mine ecological environment restoration on the institutionalized. Restoration work started late in our country, but it is developing very rapidly.
Overall, Chinese mine restoration stressed on agricultural comprehensive utilization because of its more population. Mines reclamation rates show ascendant trend.
At present, the world, especially the main mining industrial countries attach importance to restore mining industry lands, and obtain some remarkable achievement.
This paper according to self- design theory and human design theory design theory, insist on combining natural restoration with assisted restoration, study on the mine soil physical and chemical properties, biodiversity, biomass and representative dominents species (ie. Deyeusla bcabrescens) germinated force (including germination rate, germination potential and permination speed, etc.) and productivity respectively with more intensive and systematic research. The main conclusions are as follows:
(Ⅰ) The soil physical and chemical properties is the prerequisite of the vegetation grows; Through comparing soil physical and chemical properties of the mining native grassland and side row slope, found that small soil porosity and natural water content of small, uneven soil particle size and poor soil fertility of edge/row slope is the main factors that lead to lower plant seed germination rate and stunted plants, insufficiently developed, easy to death, even not restoration etc. in the course of mining restoration. In mine ecological recovery process, we should mix some organic soils, organic compound fertilizers and crop straw and other measures, to accelerate mining form a layer of soil environment conducive to vegetation growth, improving mining soil physical and chemical properties.
(II) Due to the disturbances such as grazing, collecting herbs and cutting, and others, mining native herbecious diversity and abundance index is rise with the increasing elevations rise at first, and then reduce after the 3200m or so. Mining restoration should strengthen mining managements of interference and it is healthy for the development of mine restoration.
(Ⅲ) Vegetation diversity investigation found that species composition is different with the different altitudes in the same growth terms; different season also has certain species dominent at the same altitude. Generally speaking, each growth period the main advanced species of mining native grass is Deyeusla bcabrescens, Festuca ovina, Elymus nutans, Kobresia setchwadensis, Poa acroleuca, and so on. In different growth season, each herb dominent performance is not the same. There were pockets of herbaceous plants, such as Poa acroleuca, Polylgonum viviparum, Sanguisorba oftcinalis, and so on, mature earlier at different elevations range. July these plant distribution area is larger, and have higher coverand height, and have arrived in their maturity; their biomass to the top and have higher proportion; This period while most other herb species are in rapid growth times, but biomass is comparatively small; At the beginning of the mining rains'season, that is the period between June and July, these early matures play an important role that to prevent rain erosion of soil and water-conservation. Therefore, in the mine ecological recovery, different pioneer species should be selected by the different altitudes and seasons. This will increase the eco-system species diversity and system-stability and promote mine vegetation water-conservation function, soil conservation function and nutrient function, and so forth, because of high vegetations'coverage in different altitudes.
(Ⅳ) The dominant herb's biomass of mining is significantly different with vertical gradient. Different dominant species have different law with elevations. In the low-altitude regions (2 900～3 000 m), Elymus nutans, Deyeusla bcabrescens, etc. are the dominant species; in the mid-altitude(3 100～3 300 m) regions, the dominant species are Deyeusla bcabrescens, Poa acroleuca, Festuca ovina, and so on; while Elymus nutans, Kobresia setchwadensis, Deyeusla bcabrescens are the dominant species in the high-altitude(3 400～3 500 m).
In addition to altitude significant influence on the herb biomass, slope and disturbances and other environmental factors also caused certain effect on it. The study shows that the places of slow slope and slight interference are the high coverage, high biomass and healthy growth vegetation regions. Therefore, we should enhance the treatment of steep slope and the control of the disturbances.
(Ⅴ) Mining contents of soil organic matter influence immediately soil physical and chemical properties, and affect the rate of growth of vegetation. The higher the soil organic matters are, the higher the germination rate and germination potential and germination speed of Deyeusla bcabrescens are. When mining soil organic matter content of soil to 75%, the index of germination of Deyeusla bcabrescens close to the peak; after that, with the increase of the contents of organic matter, the changes of the index are not obvious. Its productivity also has the same law. Meanwhile, seed measures adopted to improve seed germination in the former terms of mine ecological restoration, deal with different seed measures to improve the seed sprouts force and enhance recovery efficiency.
The soil organic matters have remarkable influence on seedling production; the increase of the content of organic soil would promote and improve seedlings productivity.
(Ⅵ) According to the research and observations results, this articles put forward the suggestions:The mine ecological restoration in biological measures should be combined with engineering measures; In the species-selection of the biological measures, the recovery should be paid attention to the spatial distribution patterns of the species and seasonal feature; According to the mining climatic conditions, ecological restoration should choose the root developed, rapidly growing, drought resistant, barren resistant, high temperature resistance of native dominents as pioneer species in mining ecological restoration. In the mine ecological restoration process, should adopt handling replace with out-soil, sowing, fertilization, and other the auxiliary measures, to accelerate and shorten the mine ecological recovery process.
(VII) Mining ecological restoration is a comprehensive engineering. So we cannot pursuit the ecological restoration speed simply and blindly, and should all-round consider the whole mining eco-system from bio-diversity, the eco-system stability and economic, social, ecological, aesthetical benefits, and so on.
我国矿山生态环境恢复工作的萌芽始于20世纪50年代,前期主要是以土地退化,尤其是土壤退化为主,并且多为土地、土壤退化交织。起初是个别矿山自发进行的小规模恢复治理工作。恢复生态学研究最早是1959年中国科学院华南植物研究所余作岳等人在广东的热带沿海侵蚀台地上开展的退化生态系统的植被恢复技术与机理研究。20世纪50～70年代,该项工作还处于自发探索阶段；进入20世纪80年代,才被真正得到重视,从自发、零散状态转变为有组织的恢复治理阶段。各大研究机构先后对不同退化生态系统作了研究。到20世纪90年代,对矿山废弃地生态恢复的研究逐渐增多。一些矿山开展不同程度生态恢复工作和科研工作,如加强矿山生态恢复工艺技术研究、基质改良研究、生态恢复经济分析、土地复垦专家系统模型研究等。特别是1988年颁布《土地复垦规定》和1989年颁布《中国人民共和国环境保护法》,标志着矿山生态环境修复走上了法制化的轨道。这项工作在我国尽管起步较晚,但发展十分迅速。
总的来看,中国由于人口众多,土地压力大,更强调农业综合利用,矿地复垦率呈逐年上升的趋势。
当前,世界各国,特别是主要的采矿工业国家都很重视恢复采矿工业破坏的土地,并取得十分可观的成绩。
本论文根据恢复生态学自我设计理论和人为设计理论思想,坚持自然恢复与人工辅助恢复相结合的原则,分别对矿山土壤理化性质、生物多样性、生物量及优势物种糙野青茅的发芽力、生产力的角度进行了较为深入、系统的研究。其主要结论如下：
(1)土壤理化性质是植被生长的前提条件；通过对比矿山原生草地及边排坡土壤理化性质发现,矿山原生草地各层土壤总孔隙度、毛管孔隙度随着海拔的升高先升高而后降低,土壤自然持水量也具有同样的空间分布规律；边排坡土壤孔隙度小,自然含水量小,土壤粒度不均匀及土壤肥力低下等因素是导致边排坡植被恢复过程中植物种子发芽率降低、植物生长缓慢、发育不健全、易于死亡、甚至无法恢复等问题的主要因素。在矿山生态恢复过程中,应通过混合有机土、施加有机复合肥及农作物秸秆等措施,加速矿山形成一层有利于植被生长的土壤环境,改良矿山边排坡地的土壤理化性质。
(2)矿山草本植物多样性指数、丰富度指数等随海拔的升高先升高而后降低,在海拔3200 m左右达到峰值。这是由于放牧、采药、刈割等干扰和矿山自身的地理、气候条件共同作用的结果；建议矿山生态恢复中,在充分利用矿山自身地理气候的有利条件下,应加强矿山生态恢复过程中各类干扰管理和控制。
(3)矿山植被多样性调查研究发现,在同一生长期不同的海拔高度范围,物种组成及分布各不相同；同一海拔高度,不同的季节物种优势也有一定的变化。从总体上看,各个生长时期矿区原生草地的主要优势物种有糙野青茅、羊茅、垂穗披碱草、四川嵩草、早熟禾等。但在不同的生长季节,各草本优势表现不尽相同。有少部分草本植物,如白顶早熟禾、珠芽蓼、地榆、华北翦股颖、白花刺参、掌裂蟹甲草等在不同的海拔范围成熟期较早,7月份这些植物分布面积较大,盖度较高,植被最高,处于成熟期,生物量至其最高,占有较大比例；此期间其它多数草本物种正处于生长旺盛期,但生物量却相对较小；矿山雨季前期(6月底7月初),这些早熟种对防止雨水冲刷和提高水土保持起着重要作用。因此,在矿山生态恢复的物种选择上,应根据原生草地草本植物海拔分布特征和季节分布特征,在不同的海拔高度选择不同的优势物种组合,使矿山在恢复过程中各个海拔高度各个生长季节均有较多的植被覆盖,增加恢复过程中物种多样性和系统稳定性；促进矿山植被的蓄水功能、保土功能及保持养分的功能等等；促进矿山生态系统持续、健康、稳定的发展。
(4)矿山优势草本生物量在垂直梯度上差异性较大,不同的优势物种变化规律不尽一致,在低海拔区(2900～3000 m),是以垂穗披碱草、糙野青茅等为优势的草本群落组成；中海拔区(3100～3300 m),则是以糙野青茅、白顶早熟禾、羊茅等为优势的草本群落组成；高海拔区(3400～3500 m),以羊茅、四川嵩草、糙野青茅为优势种的草本群落组成。
除海拔高度对矿山草本植物生物量影响显著外,坡度、干扰等环境因素对草本生物量也造成一定的影响。表现为坡度小、干扰小的区域植被生长良好、植被覆盖高、生物量大。因此,在矿山生态恢复过程中,应注意对陡坡的处理和干扰的控制。
(5)矿山土壤有机质含量多少直接影响土壤理化性质,从而影响植被生长的速率。土壤有机质含量越高,糙野青茅的发芽率、发芽势及发芽速均相应地提高；当矿山土壤中有机质含量达到3/4时,糙野青茅发芽力各项指标均接近峰值；其后,随着有机土的增加,草本发芽力各项指标增加不明显,对于糙野青茅的生产力也有同样的规律。同时,采取浸种措施有利于种子发芽,促进发芽时间提前,提高种子发芽率和发芽势。在矿山生态恢复前应对不同草本种子采用不同的浸种措施,促进草本种子的发芽,提高恢复效率。
有机土含量对糙野青茅幼苗生产力的影响十分显著,试验表明,糙野青茅幼苗的生产力随恢复土壤中有机土含量的增加而升高。有机土含量几乎为零的矿山排渣边坡其草本生产力极为低下。
(6)根据研究和观察结果,提出建议：矿山生态恢复应以生物措施和工程措施相结合；在生物措施的恢复物种选择上,应注意物种的空间分布特征、季节特征,根据矿山气候条件,选择根系发达、生长迅速、耐干旱、耐贫瘠、耐高温的土著优势物种作为矿山生态恢复的先锋物种。在矿山生态恢复过程种,应采取搬运客土、播种、施肥等辅助措施,加速、缩短矿山生态恢复进程。
(7)矿山生态恢复是一项综合工程,不能简单地、一味地追求矿山生态恢复速度,而应以系统的观点,从生物多样性、矿山生态系统稳定性以及矿山生态恢复经济效益、社会效益、生态效益及美学效益等多方面的综合考虑矿山整个生态系统。
Mining ecological restoration research began in the first half of the 20th century, the main contents is the ecological restoration of environment about the collapse of mining and groundwater exploiting. The industrial revolution made to the scale of the resources requirements and development has increased dramatically. For development and gaining direct benefit hastily, it neglected land damages completely. The scale of the land pollution damage developed from individual phenomena to common phenomenon. This phenomenon appear first in Europe, although some brains puts forward, but did not pay attention. Until 1966, Britain south wales BeiFen O a disaster just drawn people's attention; It made people more clearly realize the importance of mining restoration, and laid a solid application foundation for the birth of mining ecological restoration. In the 1970s, scholars have started to improvement of damaged ecosystem restoration; After the 1980s, the recovery of ecology research developed rapidly and become the hot spot of modern ecology. In general speaking, the world ecological recovery researches have different records. European focused on mining recovery, North America emphasized water and forest restoration, while New Zealand and Australia are focused on grassland management and recovery.
The mine ecological environment restoration work began in the 1950s, the prophase work is mainly land degradation study, especially soil degradation and more for land, soil degradation intertwined. At first is the individual mining spontaneous small-scale to restore the government work. For such the researchers as Yu Zuo-yue in Chinese academy of sciences, the south institute of botany began to study on vegetation technology and its mechanism of degraded ecosystem restoration in Guangdong tropical coastal erosion stage in 1949. This is the earliest restoration ecology research in China. The 1950s～1970s. the work is still in the spontaneous exploration stage; Enter in the 1980s, it was really get attention, began from spontaneous, scattered state transition to organized stage of restoration and government. Many research institutions study successively on different degraded ecosystem. During the 1990s, the ecological restoration research of abandoned mine lands have increased gradually. Some mines began to ecological restoration work and the scientific research work in different extents, such as strengthening the mine ecological recovery technology research, substrates modified research, ecological restoration economic analysis, land reclamation and expert system model research, etc. Especially promulgated the land reclamation regulations in 1988 and promulgated the environmental protection law of the People's Republic of China in1989, marked the mine ecological environment restoration on the institutionalized. Restoration work started late in our country, but it is developing very rapidly.
Overall, Chinese mine restoration stressed on agricultural comprehensive utilization because of its more population. Mines reclamation rates show ascendant trend.
At present, the world, especially the main mining industrial countries attach importance to restore mining industry lands, and obtain some remarkable achievement.
This paper according to self- design theory and human design theory design theory, insist on combining natural restoration with assisted restoration, study on the mine soil physical and chemical properties, biodiversity, biomass and representative dominents species (ie. Deyeusla bcabrescens) germinated force (including germination rate, germination potential and permination speed, etc.) and productivity respectively with more intensive and systematic research. The main conclusions are as follows:
(Ⅰ) The soil physical and chemical properties is the prerequisite of the vegetation grows; Through comparing soil physical and chemical properties of the mining native grassland and side row slope, found that small soil porosity and natural water content of small, uneven soil particle size and poor soil fertility of edge/row slope is the main factors that lead to lower plant seed germination rate and stunted plants, insufficiently developed, easy to death, even not restoration etc. in the course of mining restoration. In mine ecological recovery process, we should mix some organic soils, organic compound fertilizers and crop straw and other measures, to accelerate mining form a layer of soil environment conducive to vegetation growth, improving mining soil physical and chemical properties.
(II) Due to the disturbances such as grazing, collecting herbs and cutting, and others, mining native herbecious diversity and abundance index is rise with the increasing elevations rise at first, and then reduce after the 3200m or so. Mining restoration should strengthen mining managements of interference and it is healthy for the development of mine restoration.
(Ⅲ) Vegetation diversity investigation found that species composition is different with the different altitudes in the same growth terms; different season also has certain species dominent at the same altitude. Generally speaking, each growth period the main advanced species of mining native grass is Deyeusla bcabrescens, Festuca ovina, Elymus nutans, Kobresia setchwadensis, Poa acroleuca, and so on. In different growth season, each herb dominent performance is not the same. There were pockets of herbaceous plants, such as Poa acroleuca, Polylgonum viviparum, Sanguisorba oftcinalis, and so on, mature earlier at different elevations range. July these plant distribution area is larger, and have higher coverand height, and have arrived in their maturity; their biomass to the top and have higher proportion; This period while most other herb species are in rapid growth times, but biomass is comparatively small; At the beginning of the mining rains'season, that is the period between June and July, these early matures play an important role that to prevent rain erosion of soil and water-conservation. Therefore, in the mine ecological recovery, different pioneer species should be selected by the different altitudes and seasons. This will increase the eco-system species diversity and system-stability and promote mine vegetation water-conservation function, soil conservation function and nutrient function, and so forth, because of high vegetations'coverage in different altitudes.
(Ⅳ) The dominant herb's biomass of mining is significantly different with vertical gradient. Different dominant species have different law with elevations. In the low-altitude regions (2 900～3 000 m), Elymus nutans, Deyeusla bcabrescens, etc. are the dominant species; in the mid-altitude(3 100～3 300 m) regions, the dominant species are Deyeusla bcabrescens, Poa acroleuca, Festuca ovina, and so on; while Elymus nutans, Kobresia setchwadensis, Deyeusla bcabrescens are the dominant species in the high-altitude(3 400～3 500 m).
In addition to altitude significant influence on the herb biomass, slope and disturbances and other environmental factors also caused certain effect on it. The study shows that the places of slow slope and slight interference are the high coverage, high biomass and healthy growth vegetation regions. Therefore, we should enhance the treatment of steep slope and the control of the disturbances.
(Ⅴ) Mining contents of soil organic matter influence immediately soil physical and chemical properties, and affect the rate of growth of vegetation. The higher the soil organic matters are, the higher the germination rate and germination potential and germination speed of Deyeusla bcabrescens are. When mining soil organic matter content of soil to 75%, the index of germination of Deyeusla bcabrescens close to the peak; after that, with the increase of the contents of organic matter, the changes of the index are not obvious. Its productivity also has the same law. Meanwhile, seed measures adopted to improve seed germination in the former terms of mine ecological restoration, deal with different seed measures to improve the seed sprouts force and enhance recovery efficiency.
The soil organic matters have remarkable influence on seedling production; the increase of the content of organic soil would promote and improve seedlings productivity.
(Ⅵ) According to the research and observations results, this articles put forward the suggestions:The mine ecological restoration in biological measures should be combined with engineering measures; In the species-selection of the biological measures, the recovery should be paid attention to the spatial distribution patterns of the species and seasonal feature; According to the mining climatic conditions, ecological restoration should choose the root developed, rapidly growing, drought resistant, barren resistant, high temperature resistance of native dominents as pioneer species in mining ecological restoration. In the mine ecological restoration process, should adopt handling replace with out-soil, sowing, fertilization, and other the auxiliary measures, to accelerate and shorten the mine ecological recovery process.
(VII) Mining ecological restoration is a comprehensive engineering. So we cannot pursuit the ecological restoration speed simply and blindly, and should all-round consider the whole mining eco-system from bio-diversity, the eco-system stability and economic, social, ecological, aesthetical benefits, and so on.
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