射频功率放大器前馈线性化技术研究
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摘要
为节约频谱资源,新兴的数字通信技术常具有多载波或者高峰/均功率比等共同特点,对系统的线性化指标提出了更为苛刻的要求。因此,射频功率放大器的线性化技术成为无线通信领域的一个重要课题,也是近年来国内外的一个研究热点。而前馈技术是线性化效果最好,也是目前最热门的线性化技术。
前三章回顾总结了非线性失真的特性以及常用线性化技术的基本原理及其相互之间的异同。
第四章首先提出主放大器的反射信号是造成前馈环路中幅值失配和相位失配的重要原因之一,并分析该反射信号对前馈两个环路中误差信号的幅值和相位的影响及对策,然后推导出误差信号中幅值、相位的变化量与反射信号所引起的幅值、相位失配之间的计算公式。最后针对该反射信号,设计了一个前馈放大电路。结果显示,改进的前馈电路有效减小了前馈环路的幅值失配和相位失配,并且有效降低了输出信号的非线性失真。
第五章先采用相关法和最小功率检测法仿真了一个自适应前馈电路。然后针对其输出功率的不足,并结合第四章关于幅值失配和相位失配的原因分析,通过引入一个反馈电路和一个前馈电路,对该自适应前馈电路进行改进。测试证明,这种改进的自适应前馈电路其三阶交调失真降低了10dB,输出功率增加了约2dB。
For the sake of saving the frequency source, the fashion digital communication technologies always have the common characteristic of multi-carrier and high ratio of apex to average, which bring forward much more strict linearization target to the RF system. So the linearization technology for RF power amplifiers becomes one of the important items in the wireless communication theory. The feedforward technology has the best effect for linearization and becomes the most popular linearization technology.
The characteristics of the nonlinear distortion and the principium of usual linearization technologies have been proposed during the chapter one to chapter three, and so the commons and differences between them.
The chapter 4 first indicates that one of the important causes of amplitude-mismatch and phase-mismatch based on the traditional feedforward circuit is the main PA's echo. The effect on the amplitude and phase of bi-loops' feedforward circuit's error signal brought by the echo and some measures have been analyzed, thus the expressions of variations in amplitude and phase of the error signal against amplitude-mismatch and phase-mismatch have been proposed later. At last, a feedforward circuit against the echo has been designed to decrease the nonlinearization distortion effectively.
At the chapter 5, the merits and disadvantages of the usual bi-loops adaptive feedforward circuit by decreasing the nonlinearity distortion and exporting enough power are discussed first. We introduce another feedforward circuit by coupling some signal from the input of the main power amplifier to the input and output of the auxiliary power amplifier to reduce more IM3 and increase the output power. The results show that the IM3 reaches below -75dBc, which is much more acceptable than before by 10dB, and the output power has increased by 2dB.
前三章回顾总结了非线性失真的特性以及常用线性化技术的基本原理及其相互之间的异同。
第四章首先提出主放大器的反射信号是造成前馈环路中幅值失配和相位失配的重要原因之一,并分析该反射信号对前馈两个环路中误差信号的幅值和相位的影响及对策,然后推导出误差信号中幅值、相位的变化量与反射信号所引起的幅值、相位失配之间的计算公式。最后针对该反射信号,设计了一个前馈放大电路。结果显示,改进的前馈电路有效减小了前馈环路的幅值失配和相位失配,并且有效降低了输出信号的非线性失真。
第五章先采用相关法和最小功率检测法仿真了一个自适应前馈电路。然后针对其输出功率的不足,并结合第四章关于幅值失配和相位失配的原因分析,通过引入一个反馈电路和一个前馈电路,对该自适应前馈电路进行改进。测试证明,这种改进的自适应前馈电路其三阶交调失真降低了10dB,输出功率增加了约2dB。
For the sake of saving the frequency source, the fashion digital communication technologies always have the common characteristic of multi-carrier and high ratio of apex to average, which bring forward much more strict linearization target to the RF system. So the linearization technology for RF power amplifiers becomes one of the important items in the wireless communication theory. The feedforward technology has the best effect for linearization and becomes the most popular linearization technology.
The characteristics of the nonlinear distortion and the principium of usual linearization technologies have been proposed during the chapter one to chapter three, and so the commons and differences between them.
The chapter 4 first indicates that one of the important causes of amplitude-mismatch and phase-mismatch based on the traditional feedforward circuit is the main PA's echo. The effect on the amplitude and phase of bi-loops' feedforward circuit's error signal brought by the echo and some measures have been analyzed, thus the expressions of variations in amplitude and phase of the error signal against amplitude-mismatch and phase-mismatch have been proposed later. At last, a feedforward circuit against the echo has been designed to decrease the nonlinearization distortion effectively.
At the chapter 5, the merits and disadvantages of the usual bi-loops adaptive feedforward circuit by decreasing the nonlinearity distortion and exporting enough power are discussed first. We introduce another feedforward circuit by coupling some signal from the input of the main power amplifier to the input and output of the auxiliary power amplifier to reduce more IM3 and increase the output power. The results show that the IM3 reaches below -75dBc, which is much more acceptable than before by 10dB, and the output power has increased by 2dB.
引文
[1]800MHz数字集群通信频率台(站)管理规定.信息产业部.2007:1-2
[2]张玉兴,赵宏飞,向荣,等.非线性电路与系统.北京:机械工业出版社,Aug.,2007:170-193
[3]CHANG S,POWERS E J,CHUNG J.A Compensation Scheme for Nonlinear Distortion in OFDM Systems.IEEE Trans on Consumer Electronics.vol.2,2000:736-740
[4]吴礼群,钱万成.微波前馈功率放大技术.固体电子学研究与进展.vol.19,no.3,Aug,1999:36-38
[5]Andrei Grebennikov著,张玉兴,赵宏飞,译.射频与微波功率放大器设计.北京:电子工业出版社,Apr.,2006:298-304
[6]罗渝霞,贾建华.自适应前馈射频功率放大器设计.现代电子技术.第17期总第184期,2004:11-13
[7]蔡钟斌,周邦华.射频功率放大器的自适应前馈线性化技术.现代电子技术.第8期总第175期,2004:15-17
[8]胡建学,宋华山,丁德胜.导频前馈功率放大器线性化技术的研究.电子器件.vol.33,no.3,2007:965-967
[9]裴庆斐,姚若河.基于前馈线性化的研究及改进.无线通信.第9期总第224期,2006:11-13,16
[10]Reinhold Ludwig,Pavel Bretchko,著.张肇仪,徐承和,等译.射频电路设计-理论与应用.北京:电子工业出版社,Nov.,2005:334-355
[11]严福兴.射频功率放大器前馈线性化技术研究.仪器与仪表,第4期总第243期,2007:6-8
[12]王亚莉,傅延增,张海林,等.非线性放大器对OFDM信号的影响.西安电子科技大学学报.vol.29,no.4,2002:504-509
[13]毛文杰.基于预失真技术的射频功率放大器线性化研究.浙江大学博士学术论文,2002:1-5
[14]辛琦.功率放大器的前馈线性化研究.西南交通大学硕士学位论文.2006:26-29
[15]Kenington P B.Methods Linearize RF Transmitters and Power Amps.Microwaves & RF. Vol. 37, no. 13, Dec. 1998:102-116
[16] Peter B. Kenington, David W. Bennent. Linear distortion correction using a feedforward system. IEEE Transactions on vehicular technology. Vol. 45, no. 1, Feb. 1996:74-81
[17] David Wills, A Control System of A Feedforward Amplifier. Microwave Journal, vol.41, no.4, Apr. 1998:23-24
[18] Petrovic V. Reduction of Spurious Emission from Radio Transmitters By Means of Modulation Feedback, IEE Conf on Radio Spectrum Conservation Techniques, September 1983:44-49
[19] Johansson, M. and Mattson, T. Transmitter Linearization Using Cartesian feedback for Linear TDMA Modulation, Proceedings 41st IEEE Vehicular Technology Conference, May 1991:439-444
[20] Wilkinson R. J. Kenington P. B. and Marvill J. D. Power amplification techniques for linear TDMA base stations, Proceedings IEEE Global Telecommunications Conference, pp. 7 4-7 8, December 1992
[21] Briffa, M. A. and Faulkner, M. Stability considerations for dynamically biased Cartesian feedback linearization, Proceedings 44th IEEE Vehicular Technology Conference, June 1994:1321-1325
[22] Akaiwa, Y. and Nagata, Y. Highly efficient digital mobile communications with a linear modulation method, IEEE journal on Selected Areas in Communications, vol. SAC-5, no.5, June 1987: 890-895
[23] J. Namiki. An Automatically Controlled Predistorter for Multilevel Quadrature Amplitude Modulation, IEEE Transactions on Communication, vol.COM-31, no. 5, May 1983:26-30
[24] T. Nojima and T. Konno, Cuber Predistortion Linearizer for Relay Equipment in the 800 MHz Band Land Mobile Telephone System, IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, vol.VT-34, Nov 1985:169-177
[25] C. G. Rey and E. Clark, Linearization Performance for a Polar Work Function. Proceedings of Vehicular Technology Conference, 1998:65-68
[26] A.N.Andrea, V. Lottici and R. Reggiannini, RF Power Amplifier Linearization through amplitude and Phase Predistortion, IEEE Transactions on Communications, vol.44,Nov 1999:1477-1484
[27]M.Nannicini,P.Magni and F.Oggioni,Temperature Controlled Predistortion Circuits for 64QAM Microwave Power Amplifiers,IEEE Microwave Theory and Techniques digest,1985,pp.99-102.
[28]S.P.Stapleton and F.C.Costescu,An Adaptive Predistorter for a Power Amplifier based on Adjacent Channel Emissions,IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology,vol.41,no.1,Feb 1992:49-56
[29]H.S.Black,Inventing the feedforward amplifier,IEEE Spectrum,December 1977:55-60
[30]H.Seidel,A microwave feed-forward experiment,Bell Systems Technical Journal,vol.50,no.9,Nov.1971:2879-2981
[31]P.B.Kensington and D.W.Bennett,Linear distortion correction using a feedforward system,IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology,vol.45,no.1,Feb.1996:74-81
[32]林强.射频线性功率放大器研究.华中科技大学博士学术论文.2005:71-75
[33]刘辉.射频功率放大器线性化技术研究.西安电子科技大学博士学术论文.2005:78-82
[34]S.Narahashi and T.Nojima,Extremely low-distortion multi-carrier amplifier Self-adjusting feedforward amplifier,Proceedings of IEEE International Communications Conference,1991:1485-1490
[35]James K.Cavers.Adaptation Behavior of a Feedforward Amplifier Linearizer.IEEE Transaction on vehicular technology,vol.44,no.1,Feb.1995.U.S.Patent 5,051,704,September 24,1991.
[36]Stephen J.Grant,James K.Cavers,A DSP Controlled Adaptive Feedforward Amplifier Linearizer.School of Engineering Science,Simon Fraser University,July 1996.
[37]Sanggee Kang,Unghee Park,Kyunghee Lee.Active Feedforward Amplifier Using Pilot Signal.10th international conference,ICT 2003:677-680
[38]汤仪平,金福江.最速下降法和共轭梯度的混合算法及全局收敛.华侨大学学报.vol.28.no.2,2007:124-126
[39]司捷,周贵安,李函,等.基于梯度监督学习的理论与应有(Ⅱ)——基于算法.清华大学学报.vol.37,no.7,1997:71-73
[40]吴道富,贾振华,刘振宇.前馈自适应线性功率放大器研究.同济大学学报,vol.6,no.2,2002:715-717
[41]S P Stapleton,J K Cavers.A new technique for adaptation of linearizing predistorters.The 41th IEEE Vehicular Technology Conference.1991,753-758
[42]Kenington P B,Gillard S J,New A E.An ultra-broadband power amplifier using dynamically-controlled linearization.IEEE MTT-S International Microwave Symposium Digest.June 1999:355-358
[43]Presa J,Legarda J,Solar H,etal.An adaptive feedforward power amplifier for UMTS transmitters.Personal,Indoor and Mobile Radio Communications,vol.4,2004:2715-2719
[2]张玉兴,赵宏飞,向荣,等.非线性电路与系统.北京:机械工业出版社,Aug.,2007:170-193
[3]CHANG S,POWERS E J,CHUNG J.A Compensation Scheme for Nonlinear Distortion in OFDM Systems.IEEE Trans on Consumer Electronics.vol.2,2000:736-740
[4]吴礼群,钱万成.微波前馈功率放大技术.固体电子学研究与进展.vol.19,no.3,Aug,1999:36-38
[5]Andrei Grebennikov著,张玉兴,赵宏飞,译.射频与微波功率放大器设计.北京:电子工业出版社,Apr.,2006:298-304
[6]罗渝霞,贾建华.自适应前馈射频功率放大器设计.现代电子技术.第17期总第184期,2004:11-13
[7]蔡钟斌,周邦华.射频功率放大器的自适应前馈线性化技术.现代电子技术.第8期总第175期,2004:15-17
[8]胡建学,宋华山,丁德胜.导频前馈功率放大器线性化技术的研究.电子器件.vol.33,no.3,2007:965-967
[9]裴庆斐,姚若河.基于前馈线性化的研究及改进.无线通信.第9期总第224期,2006:11-13,16
[10]Reinhold Ludwig,Pavel Bretchko,著.张肇仪,徐承和,等译.射频电路设计-理论与应用.北京:电子工业出版社,Nov.,2005:334-355
[11]严福兴.射频功率放大器前馈线性化技术研究.仪器与仪表,第4期总第243期,2007:6-8
[12]王亚莉,傅延增,张海林,等.非线性放大器对OFDM信号的影响.西安电子科技大学学报.vol.29,no.4,2002:504-509
[13]毛文杰.基于预失真技术的射频功率放大器线性化研究.浙江大学博士学术论文,2002:1-5
[14]辛琦.功率放大器的前馈线性化研究.西南交通大学硕士学位论文.2006:26-29
[15]Kenington P B.Methods Linearize RF Transmitters and Power Amps.Microwaves & RF. Vol. 37, no. 13, Dec. 1998:102-116
[16] Peter B. Kenington, David W. Bennent. Linear distortion correction using a feedforward system. IEEE Transactions on vehicular technology. Vol. 45, no. 1, Feb. 1996:74-81
[17] David Wills, A Control System of A Feedforward Amplifier. Microwave Journal, vol.41, no.4, Apr. 1998:23-24
[18] Petrovic V. Reduction of Spurious Emission from Radio Transmitters By Means of Modulation Feedback, IEE Conf on Radio Spectrum Conservation Techniques, September 1983:44-49
[19] Johansson, M. and Mattson, T. Transmitter Linearization Using Cartesian feedback for Linear TDMA Modulation, Proceedings 41st IEEE Vehicular Technology Conference, May 1991:439-444
[20] Wilkinson R. J. Kenington P. B. and Marvill J. D. Power amplification techniques for linear TDMA base stations, Proceedings IEEE Global Telecommunications Conference, pp. 7 4-7 8, December 1992
[21] Briffa, M. A. and Faulkner, M. Stability considerations for dynamically biased Cartesian feedback linearization, Proceedings 44th IEEE Vehicular Technology Conference, June 1994:1321-1325
[22] Akaiwa, Y. and Nagata, Y. Highly efficient digital mobile communications with a linear modulation method, IEEE journal on Selected Areas in Communications, vol. SAC-5, no.5, June 1987: 890-895
[23] J. Namiki. An Automatically Controlled Predistorter for Multilevel Quadrature Amplitude Modulation, IEEE Transactions on Communication, vol.COM-31, no. 5, May 1983:26-30
[24] T. Nojima and T. Konno, Cuber Predistortion Linearizer for Relay Equipment in the 800 MHz Band Land Mobile Telephone System, IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, vol.VT-34, Nov 1985:169-177
[25] C. G. Rey and E. Clark, Linearization Performance for a Polar Work Function. Proceedings of Vehicular Technology Conference, 1998:65-68
[26] A.N.Andrea, V. Lottici and R. Reggiannini, RF Power Amplifier Linearization through amplitude and Phase Predistortion, IEEE Transactions on Communications, vol.44,Nov 1999:1477-1484
[27]M.Nannicini,P.Magni and F.Oggioni,Temperature Controlled Predistortion Circuits for 64QAM Microwave Power Amplifiers,IEEE Microwave Theory and Techniques digest,1985,pp.99-102.
[28]S.P.Stapleton and F.C.Costescu,An Adaptive Predistorter for a Power Amplifier based on Adjacent Channel Emissions,IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology,vol.41,no.1,Feb 1992:49-56
[29]H.S.Black,Inventing the feedforward amplifier,IEEE Spectrum,December 1977:55-60
[30]H.Seidel,A microwave feed-forward experiment,Bell Systems Technical Journal,vol.50,no.9,Nov.1971:2879-2981
[31]P.B.Kensington and D.W.Bennett,Linear distortion correction using a feedforward system,IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology,vol.45,no.1,Feb.1996:74-81
[32]林强.射频线性功率放大器研究.华中科技大学博士学术论文.2005:71-75
[33]刘辉.射频功率放大器线性化技术研究.西安电子科技大学博士学术论文.2005:78-82
[34]S.Narahashi and T.Nojima,Extremely low-distortion multi-carrier amplifier Self-adjusting feedforward amplifier,Proceedings of IEEE International Communications Conference,1991:1485-1490
[35]James K.Cavers.Adaptation Behavior of a Feedforward Amplifier Linearizer.IEEE Transaction on vehicular technology,vol.44,no.1,Feb.1995.U.S.Patent 5,051,704,September 24,1991.
[36]Stephen J.Grant,James K.Cavers,A DSP Controlled Adaptive Feedforward Amplifier Linearizer.School of Engineering Science,Simon Fraser University,July 1996.
[37]Sanggee Kang,Unghee Park,Kyunghee Lee.Active Feedforward Amplifier Using Pilot Signal.10th international conference,ICT 2003:677-680
[38]汤仪平,金福江.最速下降法和共轭梯度的混合算法及全局收敛.华侨大学学报.vol.28.no.2,2007:124-126
[39]司捷,周贵安,李函,等.基于梯度监督学习的理论与应有(Ⅱ)——基于算法.清华大学学报.vol.37,no.7,1997:71-73
[40]吴道富,贾振华,刘振宇.前馈自适应线性功率放大器研究.同济大学学报,vol.6,no.2,2002:715-717
[41]S P Stapleton,J K Cavers.A new technique for adaptation of linearizing predistorters.The 41th IEEE Vehicular Technology Conference.1991,753-758
[42]Kenington P B,Gillard S J,New A E.An ultra-broadband power amplifier using dynamically-controlled linearization.IEEE MTT-S International Microwave Symposium Digest.June 1999:355-358
[43]Presa J,Legarda J,Solar H,etal.An adaptive feedforward power amplifier for UMTS transmitters.Personal,Indoor and Mobile Radio Communications,vol.4,2004:2715-2719