电力系统新型协调电压控制方法研究
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摘要
目前全球电力工业的发展已步入大电网、大机组、超高压、重负荷、远距离输电时代,电网运行越来越接近稳定极限,电压稳定问题日益突出。采取实时、自动以及协调的电压控制以维护电压稳定一直是重要的研究和实践方向,本文立足现有的协调电压控制提出了一系列新型的协调电压控制的实现方法及其算法。
提出了一种将传统三级电压控制中的二次和三次电压控制合并的电压控制方案,其基于实时循环执行的区域最优潮流计算得到控制指令,以实现如发电机自动电压调节器等的参考值刷新。所提方案具如下优势:①无需先导节点的选择,并且相对于利用PI控制器实现的二次电压控制种类来说,由于所提方法基于软件实现,控制分区的重新定义相对容易;②控制后的节点电压波形,特别是发电机端电压波形较好,并且严格处于运行约束范围内;③通过区域最优潮流的解算,简化了三次电压控制的执行,虽然所提方法带来的是次优计算结果,但是由于计算规模的降低,带来的计算稳定性以及计算效率的提高是可以预期的。
针对长期电压稳定场景,根据准稳态假设建立了一种含连续–离散时间微分–代数方程约束的最优协调电压控制模型。该模型综合考虑长期电压稳定性和控制成本,能够协调不同种类的控制手段,利用基于拉道排列的间接法算法来求解。该算法具有计算精度高、数值稳定性好的特点。控制模型中引入了二次罚函数的处理方法,使得所提模型具备了解决离散控制变量归整问题的能力。
在长期电压稳定的场景下,基于准稳态假设,还提出保留二次电压控制器的动态最优协调电压控制模型。该模型旨在协调扰动后先导节点电压参考值和其他电压控制手段维护长期电压稳定。其目标函数考虑电压稳定和控制成本;等式约束条件为连续–离散时间微分–代数方程组。基于直接法算法,并结合切换技术求解这个动态优化问题。所提模型及其算法具有如下优势:①保留了二次电压控制器,更符合分层电压控制电力系统的实际;②计算时间明显小于二次电压控制分钟级动作时间,具备在线计算速度;③结合切换技术提高了线搜索内点法的迭代稳定性,提高了对系统运行条件的适应性;④由于协调不同的控制手段,并考虑系统动态过程,具备了比二次电压控制更强的电压控制能力。
At present, the electric power industries of the whole world have entered into a new times which can be characterized as very large grid, generator units with huge capacity, ultrahigh voltage level, heavy loading condition and very long transmission line. Because of those mentioned points, power grids are operated closing to their stability margin increasingly, and the problems of voltage stability get the focus much more. Keeping the voltage stability by using real-time, automatic and coordinated voltage control is always an important direction of research and practice. Based on the existing coordinated voltage controls, in this work, a series of new scheme and its algorithm are proposed.
A new voltage control scheme that combines the secondary voltage control (SVC) and tertiary voltage control (TVC) of the triditional three-level voltage control is presented here. This scheme is based on regional optimal power flows which implemented periodically in real time, and its objective is to update the set-points of generators' automatic voltage regulators etc. Comparing to the traditional secondary and tertiary voltage control, the advantages of the proposed method are listed below:①no need for the selection of pilot bus, and because the proposed method is software-based, the redefinition of voltage control areas is easier than that for the kind of secondary voltage control that implemented by PI controllers.②the voltage profiles at all buses, particularly generator terminal voltages, are better overall, with all voltages being maintained within required steady-state limits.③the implementation of TVC is simplified by the regional division of the associated OPF problem, since the corresponding optimization sub-problems are numerically and computationally significantly less demanding.
Under the scenarino of long-term voltage stability, and based on quasi steady-state (QSS) approximation, an optimal coordinated voltage control (OCVC) model including continuous and discrete time differential-algebraic equations (DAEs) is established. This model considers long-term voltage stability and costs of controls synthetically,which can coordinate different kinds of controls. This OCVC problem can be solved by using indirect method with radau collocation. The algorithm has high accuracy and good numerical stability. To handle the discrete control variables, a quadratic penalty function mechanism was incorporated to the OCVC control model.
For the long-term voltage stability, and based on the QSS approximation, an OCVC model is proposed in which secondary voltage controllers are embedded. This model designed control strategies from dynamic view, and its control goal was to keep long-term voltage stability by coordinating the reference voltage of pilot buses and other control means. Its objective function considered voltage stability and control-costs, and its equality constraints were continuous and discrete time DAEs. Direct method with switching technique is applied to solve the proposed models. The advantages of the proposed models and algorithm have advantages as:①the proposed models accord with hierarchical coordinated voltage control well because of the embedded secondary voltage controllers;②the time cost for calculation is less than the response time of SVC which typically set as 1min, and so on-line computation speed is realized;③the switching technique enhances the iteration stability of line search interior method, then the better robustness for system’s operation condition;④because of the coordination between different kinds of voltage control means and the consideration of system’s dynamic procedure, the proposed control scheme has better control ability than traditional SVC.
提出了一种将传统三级电压控制中的二次和三次电压控制合并的电压控制方案,其基于实时循环执行的区域最优潮流计算得到控制指令,以实现如发电机自动电压调节器等的参考值刷新。所提方案具如下优势:①无需先导节点的选择,并且相对于利用PI控制器实现的二次电压控制种类来说,由于所提方法基于软件实现,控制分区的重新定义相对容易;②控制后的节点电压波形,特别是发电机端电压波形较好,并且严格处于运行约束范围内;③通过区域最优潮流的解算,简化了三次电压控制的执行,虽然所提方法带来的是次优计算结果,但是由于计算规模的降低,带来的计算稳定性以及计算效率的提高是可以预期的。
针对长期电压稳定场景,根据准稳态假设建立了一种含连续–离散时间微分–代数方程约束的最优协调电压控制模型。该模型综合考虑长期电压稳定性和控制成本,能够协调不同种类的控制手段,利用基于拉道排列的间接法算法来求解。该算法具有计算精度高、数值稳定性好的特点。控制模型中引入了二次罚函数的处理方法,使得所提模型具备了解决离散控制变量归整问题的能力。
在长期电压稳定的场景下,基于准稳态假设,还提出保留二次电压控制器的动态最优协调电压控制模型。该模型旨在协调扰动后先导节点电压参考值和其他电压控制手段维护长期电压稳定。其目标函数考虑电压稳定和控制成本;等式约束条件为连续–离散时间微分–代数方程组。基于直接法算法,并结合切换技术求解这个动态优化问题。所提模型及其算法具有如下优势:①保留了二次电压控制器,更符合分层电压控制电力系统的实际;②计算时间明显小于二次电压控制分钟级动作时间,具备在线计算速度;③结合切换技术提高了线搜索内点法的迭代稳定性,提高了对系统运行条件的适应性;④由于协调不同的控制手段,并考虑系统动态过程,具备了比二次电压控制更强的电压控制能力。
At present, the electric power industries of the whole world have entered into a new times which can be characterized as very large grid, generator units with huge capacity, ultrahigh voltage level, heavy loading condition and very long transmission line. Because of those mentioned points, power grids are operated closing to their stability margin increasingly, and the problems of voltage stability get the focus much more. Keeping the voltage stability by using real-time, automatic and coordinated voltage control is always an important direction of research and practice. Based on the existing coordinated voltage controls, in this work, a series of new scheme and its algorithm are proposed.
A new voltage control scheme that combines the secondary voltage control (SVC) and tertiary voltage control (TVC) of the triditional three-level voltage control is presented here. This scheme is based on regional optimal power flows which implemented periodically in real time, and its objective is to update the set-points of generators' automatic voltage regulators etc. Comparing to the traditional secondary and tertiary voltage control, the advantages of the proposed method are listed below:①no need for the selection of pilot bus, and because the proposed method is software-based, the redefinition of voltage control areas is easier than that for the kind of secondary voltage control that implemented by PI controllers.②the voltage profiles at all buses, particularly generator terminal voltages, are better overall, with all voltages being maintained within required steady-state limits.③the implementation of TVC is simplified by the regional division of the associated OPF problem, since the corresponding optimization sub-problems are numerically and computationally significantly less demanding.
Under the scenarino of long-term voltage stability, and based on quasi steady-state (QSS) approximation, an optimal coordinated voltage control (OCVC) model including continuous and discrete time differential-algebraic equations (DAEs) is established. This model considers long-term voltage stability and costs of controls synthetically,which can coordinate different kinds of controls. This OCVC problem can be solved by using indirect method with radau collocation. The algorithm has high accuracy and good numerical stability. To handle the discrete control variables, a quadratic penalty function mechanism was incorporated to the OCVC control model.
For the long-term voltage stability, and based on the QSS approximation, an OCVC model is proposed in which secondary voltage controllers are embedded. This model designed control strategies from dynamic view, and its control goal was to keep long-term voltage stability by coordinating the reference voltage of pilot buses and other control means. Its objective function considered voltage stability and control-costs, and its equality constraints were continuous and discrete time DAEs. Direct method with switching technique is applied to solve the proposed models. The advantages of the proposed models and algorithm have advantages as:①the proposed models accord with hierarchical coordinated voltage control well because of the embedded secondary voltage controllers;②the time cost for calculation is less than the response time of SVC which typically set as 1min, and so on-line computation speed is realized;③the switching technique enhances the iteration stability of line search interior method, then the better robustness for system’s operation condition;④because of the coordination between different kinds of voltage control means and the consideration of system’s dynamic procedure, the proposed control scheme has better control ability than traditional SVC.
引文
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