从动词的时间性看“不”和“没”的区别
摘要
本文是试图进一步论证时间性与“不”和“没”使用区别的关系的论文。时间性对“不”和“没”的使用有区别作用,而时间性主要体现在谓词内部的时间性和谓词外部的时间性上,这三者有着互相制约的关系。
动词内部的时间性的强弱程度对“不”和“没”的使用有选择作用。动词的时间性表现在动词语义的活跃程度上,按活跃程度可分为静态、动态、完成态,活动程度依次加强,从时间性对应角度上静态近似无时间性,动态和完成态则有较强的时间性。无时间性谓语动词其否定形式用“不”,随时间性加强“不”的使用限制也增强,直至被“没”替代,即无时间性谓语动词的否定要用“不”,动态谓语动词的否定形式可用“不”和“没”,而时间性最强的完成态谓语动词要选择用“没”来否定。
在谓词外部时间性与内部时间性关系对“不”和“没”使用影响方面,主要运用时体理论,考察句中时间名词和体标记词的时间性与谓语动词内部时间性的关系。外部时间词的加入会影响句子整体的时间性,而谓语动词内部的时间性对外部时间词的加入有一定的限制,即动词本身的时间性越强接受外部时间词的能力便越强。“着”“了”“过”是不同时间状态的体标记,当动词附着“着”“了”“过”后,时间性也随之改变,对“不”和“没”的选择也与新的时间性一致。例如一部分只能用“不”来修饰的动词(比如,爱、佩服、爱惜、爱护、放心、恨)进入“V+过”句法槽后强制性地带有了终结性的特点,时间性改变,可以使用“没”来否定,不能再用“不”来否定了。而带补语的动词结构时间性增强,要用“没”来否定,如果使用了“不”,那么句子的否定形式和否定中心会发生改变和转移。
This paper is attempts to further prove timeliness with“bu”and“mei”the use difference relations paper. Timeliness is right“not”and“does not have”the use to have the difference function, but timeliness mainly manifests in the predicate internal timeliness and the predicate exterior timeliness, these three have mutually the restriction relations.
The verb internal timely strong and the weak degree is right“bu”and“mei”the use to have the selective action. Verb timeliness displays in the verb semantics active degree, may divide into the static state according to the active degree, dynamic, completes condition, the activity level strengthens in turn, the static state does not have timeliness approximately from the timely correspondence angle, the tendency and completes condition has the strong timeliness.. Non-timely predicate verb its negative form uses“bu”, strengthens“”the restriction on use along with timeliness also not to strengthen,“does not have”the substitution until the quilt, namely the non-timely predicate verb's denial needs to use“bu”, the dynamic predicate verb's negative form available“bu”and“mei”, but timeliness strongest completes condition the predicate verb to choose uses“mei”denies.
Is right in the predicate exterior timeliness with the internal time sexual relationship“but”and“mei”the use influence aspect, when main utilization the body theory, inspects in the sentence the time noun and body mark word timeliness and the predicate verb interior timely relations. The exterior time-word will join will affect the sentence whole timeliness, but predicate verb internal timeliness will join to the exterior time-word has certain limit, namely verb's timeliness will more accept the exterior time-word ability to be then stronger.。“zhe”“le”“guo”was the different time condition body mark, when after the verb adhered to stick cohere“zhe”“le”“guo”, timeliness along with it change, right“bu”and“mei”the choice is also also consistent with the new timeliness. For example a part can only use the verb which“guo”does not decorate (for instance, likes, to admire, cherishing, loving care, to feel relieved that, to hate) entered“V+guo”the syntax trough, the compulsory region to have the terminating characteristic, the timely change, might use“does not have”denies, could not use“bu”not to deny again. But has the complement verb structure timeliness to strengthen, must use“mei”denies, if has used“bu”, then the sentence negative form and the denial center will have the change and the shift.
动词内部的时间性的强弱程度对“不”和“没”的使用有选择作用。动词的时间性表现在动词语义的活跃程度上,按活跃程度可分为静态、动态、完成态,活动程度依次加强,从时间性对应角度上静态近似无时间性,动态和完成态则有较强的时间性。无时间性谓语动词其否定形式用“不”,随时间性加强“不”的使用限制也增强,直至被“没”替代,即无时间性谓语动词的否定要用“不”,动态谓语动词的否定形式可用“不”和“没”,而时间性最强的完成态谓语动词要选择用“没”来否定。
在谓词外部时间性与内部时间性关系对“不”和“没”使用影响方面,主要运用时体理论,考察句中时间名词和体标记词的时间性与谓语动词内部时间性的关系。外部时间词的加入会影响句子整体的时间性,而谓语动词内部的时间性对外部时间词的加入有一定的限制,即动词本身的时间性越强接受外部时间词的能力便越强。“着”“了”“过”是不同时间状态的体标记,当动词附着“着”“了”“过”后,时间性也随之改变,对“不”和“没”的选择也与新的时间性一致。例如一部分只能用“不”来修饰的动词(比如,爱、佩服、爱惜、爱护、放心、恨)进入“V+过”句法槽后强制性地带有了终结性的特点,时间性改变,可以使用“没”来否定,不能再用“不”来否定了。而带补语的动词结构时间性增强,要用“没”来否定,如果使用了“不”,那么句子的否定形式和否定中心会发生改变和转移。
This paper is attempts to further prove timeliness with“bu”and“mei”the use difference relations paper. Timeliness is right“not”and“does not have”the use to have the difference function, but timeliness mainly manifests in the predicate internal timeliness and the predicate exterior timeliness, these three have mutually the restriction relations.
The verb internal timely strong and the weak degree is right“bu”and“mei”the use to have the selective action. Verb timeliness displays in the verb semantics active degree, may divide into the static state according to the active degree, dynamic, completes condition, the activity level strengthens in turn, the static state does not have timeliness approximately from the timely correspondence angle, the tendency and completes condition has the strong timeliness.. Non-timely predicate verb its negative form uses“bu”, strengthens“”the restriction on use along with timeliness also not to strengthen,“does not have”the substitution until the quilt, namely the non-timely predicate verb's denial needs to use“bu”, the dynamic predicate verb's negative form available“bu”and“mei”, but timeliness strongest completes condition the predicate verb to choose uses“mei”denies.
Is right in the predicate exterior timeliness with the internal time sexual relationship“but”and“mei”the use influence aspect, when main utilization the body theory, inspects in the sentence the time noun and body mark word timeliness and the predicate verb interior timely relations. The exterior time-word will join will affect the sentence whole timeliness, but predicate verb internal timeliness will join to the exterior time-word has certain limit, namely verb's timeliness will more accept the exterior time-word ability to be then stronger.。“zhe”“le”“guo”was the different time condition body mark, when after the verb adhered to stick cohere“zhe”“le”“guo”, timeliness along with it change, right“bu”and“mei”the choice is also also consistent with the new timeliness. For example a part can only use the verb which“guo”does not decorate (for instance, likes, to admire, cherishing, loving care, to feel relieved that, to hate) entered“V+guo”the syntax trough, the compulsory region to have the terminating characteristic, the timely change, might use“does not have”denies, could not use“bu”not to deny again. But has the complement verb structure timeliness to strengthen, must use“mei”denies, if has used“bu”, then the sentence negative form and the denial center will have the change and the shift.
引文
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[13] 张谊生.现代汉语预设否定副词的表义特征[J].世界汉语教学,1996,(2).
[14] 石毓智.李讷.十五世纪前后的句法变化与现代汉语否定标记系统的形成——否定标记“没(有)”产生的句法背景及其语法化过程[J].《语言研究》,2000,(2).41.
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[18]白荃. “不”、“没(有)”教学和研究上的误区——关于“不”、“没(有)”的意义和用法的探讨[J].语言教学与研究,2000,(3) 23.
[19] [24]万莹. 否定副词“不“和“没有”的比较研究[D]. 2001. 3-5 17-21.
[20] 张济卿.论现代汉语的时制与体结构(上)[J].《语文研究》1998,(3)20.
[21]李杰. 试析“挂”类动词静态化的条件[J].语言研究 2003,9.
[22]赵恩芳. 谈“时间副词”和“时间名词” 中国成人教育[J].1998,7.
[23] 苏莉莉.汉语否定标记“不”的体态选择[J].湘潭师范学院学报(社会科学版),2007,(1).
[25]王环宇.谈谈“不”和“没”的语用区别及“不”和“没”的位置[J].首都师范大学学报(社会科学版),2000,增. 36-37.
[26] 许建章.副词“不”和““没”(有)”同谓语词组合所受的条件制约[J].河南科技大学学报(社会科学版),2004,(6).72.
[2]吕叔湘.现代汉语八百词[M] .商务印书馆,2006,6.383
[3]张济卿. 论现代汉语的时制与体结构(上)[J].《语文研究》1998,(3)20.
[4]帅志嵩. 八十年代以来汉语时制研究的新进展[J].汉语学习 2007,8.
[5]Reichenbach.Hans.ElementsofSymbolicLogic[M].NewYork:TheMacMillanCompany,1947.
[6]Andreasen.AndrewJohn.BackgroundingandForegroundingthroughAspectinChineseNarrativLiterature[D].Standford:StandfordUniversity,1981.
[7]Tsang.chui2lim.ASemanticStudyofModalAuxiliaryVerbsinChinese[D].StanfordUniversity,1981.
[8] 靳炎.倪兰.浅谈否定标记“不”和“没(有)” [J].新疆师范大学学报(哲学社会科学版),2002,(7).
[9] 吴艳.“不”与“没”的比较研究[J].渝西学院学报(社会科学版),2005,(3) 93.
[10] 汤玲 现代汉语时间 NP_K 次范畴研究 [J]. 南京航空大学学报(社会科学工作者版)2005,(6) 62.
[11] Charles N. Li and Sandra A. Thompson. Mandarin Grammar [M] . 文鹤出版有限公司,1962.
[12] 李铁根.“不”“没(有)”的用法及其所受的时间制约[J].汉语学习,2003,(4).
[13] 张谊生.现代汉语预设否定副词的表义特征[J].世界汉语教学,1996,(2).
[14] 石毓智.李讷.十五世纪前后的句法变化与现代汉语否定标记系统的形成——否定标记“没(有)”产生的句法背景及其语法化过程[J].《语言研究》,2000,(2).41.
[15] 阮氏黎心.现代汉语副词“不”的研究综述[J].财经界(下半月刊),2006,(1)261.
[16] [17]税昌锡. 动词界性分类试说[J]. 暨南学报(哲学社会科学版)2005,(3).
[18]白荃. “不”、“没(有)”教学和研究上的误区——关于“不”、“没(有)”的意义和用法的探讨[J].语言教学与研究,2000,(3) 23.
[19] [24]万莹. 否定副词“不“和“没有”的比较研究[D]. 2001. 3-5 17-21.
[20] 张济卿.论现代汉语的时制与体结构(上)[J].《语文研究》1998,(3)20.
[21]李杰. 试析“挂”类动词静态化的条件[J].语言研究 2003,9.
[22]赵恩芳. 谈“时间副词”和“时间名词” 中国成人教育[J].1998,7.
[23] 苏莉莉.汉语否定标记“不”的体态选择[J].湘潭师范学院学报(社会科学版),2007,(1).
[25]王环宇.谈谈“不”和“没”的语用区别及“不”和“没”的位置[J].首都师范大学学报(社会科学版),2000,增. 36-37.
[26] 许建章.副词“不”和““没”(有)”同谓语词组合所受的条件制约[J].河南科技大学学报(社会科学版),2004,(6).72.