伞裙追寄蝇生物学特性及寄主选择性研究
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摘要
草地螟Loxostege sticticalis L.属鳞翅目Lepidoptera类昆虫，是一种世界性分布的农牧业害虫，由于其寄主植物种类繁多，是一种间歇性暴发和具有毁灭性的迁飞性害虫。建国以来先后在我国有4次大的发生，每次都给我国的农牧业生产造成了巨大的经济损失。伞裙追寄蝇（Exorista civilis Rond.）属双翅目寄蝇科（Diptera: Tachinidae），是我国草地螟幼虫上的重要优势寄生性天敌之一。为了利用伞裙追寄蝇控制草地螟的危害及为其繁殖选择适宜的替代寄主，本文较为系统的研究了该蝇的生物学特性和对不同寄主的选择性，研究结果如下：
1.伞裙追寄蝇的基本生物学特性
伞裙追寄蝇属大卵生型寄蝇，其幼虫随草地螟幼虫在土茧内越冬，在内蒙古呼市市郊一年发生两代。在田间成蝇一般在6月上旬和8月上旬开始羽化。羽化的时间主要集中在一天的8:00-10:00，14:00-16:00两个时间段，羽化的／比为1.26:1；6:00-8:00的雌雄性比为1.45:1，是一天中羽化性比的高峰。羽化后要先补充营养才会有交尾现象，交尾一般在晴天8:00-10:00时较多，交尾持续时间一般在5-30min。伞裙追寄蝇平均产卵量为159.8粒，产卵量最多可达212粒，其产卵的平均历期为16.7d，产卵高峰主要集中在第3-9d。
补充含糖的营养物质能显著延长伞裙追寄蝇成虫的寿命，且20%的蜂蜜水为最佳补充营养，最长寿命可达44d。适宜的温度条件有利于伞裙追寄蝇成虫生存，最适温度为（23±1）℃。将虫茧储存在4℃、16L:8D、RH60%-70%条件下，羽化率从未储存的9.30%降低到储存至150d的0.73%，随着储存时间延长羽化率降低越显著，但储存到110d后，其羽化率降低不显著。
2.伞裙追寄蝇和草地螟幼虫密度之间的相互影响
伞裙追寄蝇的寄生率随着寄主幼虫密度的增加而降低，而羽化率随寄主幼虫密度的增加而增大，但到寄生比例为1:15时羽化率达到最大值，随后降低，因此该寄生比例寄生效果最好，为最佳益害比。当寄蝇与寄主的益害比为1:10，在改变寄蝇与寄主幼虫密度时益害比不变。寄生比例1:10，2:20，3:30，4:40的寄生率间没有显著差异，但各比例的羽化率间均有差异，其中2:20的寄生率和羽化率均是最高，分别为55.8%和51.6%。
3.草地螟幼虫密度对伞裙追寄蝇的寄生功能反应
伞裙追寄蝇对草地螟幼虫的寄生量随着草地螟幼虫密度的增加而增大，但当数量达到一定水平时，寄生量会趋于稳定，符合HollingⅡ型圆盘方程，由此可得到伞裙追寄蝇功能反应数学模型为：Na=3×0.4276N0／(1+0.4276×0.3239N0)；伞裙追寄蝇寻找效应随着草地螟幼虫密度的增加而降低，其数学模型为：E=0.4276／(1+0.4276×0.0.3239N0)，每个草地螟遭遇伞裙追寄蝇的概率也随草地螟密度的增加而降低，其数学模型为：π(t)=0.4276／(1+0.4276×0.3239N0)，未被攻击的草地螟幼虫概率也随着草地螟幼虫密度的增加而增大，其数学模型为：P(t)=exp[-0.4276×3／(1+0.4276×0.3239N0)]。
4.伞裙追寄蝇对不同寄主的选择性
利用Y型嗅觉仪对雌蝇选择性行为测定结果表明：伞裙追寄蝇对几种鳞翅目昆虫幼虫和幼虫粪便的趋性顺序相同，依次为：草地螟＞粘虫＞斜纹夜蛾＞甜菜夜蛾＞玉米螟＞苜蓿夜蛾；对不同寄主的羽化率测定结果为粘虫的羽化率最高为70.2%。伞裙追寄蝇对寄主的选择性行为可能与寄主昆虫的活跃程度和其释放的化学信息物质有关。
The meadow moth, Loxostege sticticalis L.(Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) is one of the majormigratory pests periodically occurring and resulting devastating damages on various host inmany parts of the world, which caused four outbreaks since the foundation of P.R. China, andled to great ecnomic losses each time. Exorista civilis R.(Diptera: Tachinidae) was one ofdominate species of tachinid on meadow moth larva. In order to use Exorista civilis to pertectagaist meadow moth and to select the suitable breeding host, this paper systemicallyinvestigated the biology characristics of Exorista civilis and its selective responses to differenthosts. The results were as follows:
1. The basic biology characristics of Exorista civilis Rond.
Exorista civilis was the member of macroovipar tachinids appeared two generations peryear in suburbs of Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, and the larva of which overwintered within thecocoon of its host in the soil. The pupa of tachinid began to emerge in early June and in lateAugust and the emergence mainly happened on the day of08:00-10:00and16:00-18:00,the sex ratio was1.26:1, especially sex ratio reached reached its peak,1.45:1, on08:00-10:00.After emergence, the tachinid necessarily feed some food and then mating happened.Normally, mating lasted5-30min during the day of08:00-10:00. The mean number of eggslaid by one female was159.8and the maximum was212. The average ovipositional timelasted for16.7days, and spawning peak appeared between the third day and the nineth dayafter emergence.
Result showed supplementary nutrients with sugar would significantly gain the tachinichlongevity, especially20%honey solutions, which can increase the maximal life span to44d.Proper temperatures was conducive to survive of the tachinid, and the optimum temperaturefor survival was (23±1)℃. The parasitized meadow moth cocoon was exposed to4℃、16L:8D、RH60%-70%, its emergence rate reduced from9.30%to0.73%after storage150d,which reduced with the increasing of storage time. But after110d, the emergence ratebasically remained unchanged.
2. The interaction of Exorista civilis Rond with the density of the meadow moth lavar
The parasitic rate of tachinid decreased with the increasing of host density; however the emergence rate of tachinid increased with the increasing of host density. When the ratio was1:15, emergence rate reached the peak and then declined afterward; therefore1:15was theoptimum ratio for pest control.
The ratio of tachinid: host was set in1:10and the density of them increased but the ratioremain unchanged. No siginificant differences were found when the parasitic rate was set in1:10,2:20,3:30,4:40, but emergence rate differed. And the parasitic rate and emergence ratewere the highest in2:20,55.8%and51.6%, respectively.
3. Functional response about the density of Loxostege sticticalis to Exorista civilis Rond
Results showed that the parasitic load of Exorista civilis to host increased with the gainof host density, of which barely grew when host density reached certain quantity. The wholetrend was in line with Holling model II, so the mathematical model of functional responsewas Na=3×0.4276N0／(1+0.4276×0.3239N0); the searching efficiency of tachinid declinedwith increasing of host density and the model was E=0.4276／(1+0.4276×0.0.3239N0), thechances of tachinid countering host dropped when host density incresaed and the model wasπ(t)=0.4276／(1+0.4276×0.3239N0), the rate of parasite-free host increased with theincreasing of host density, the model was P(t)=exp[-0.4276×3／(1+0.4276×0.3239N0)]。
4. Selective behavior of Exorista civilis Rond to different hosts.
The host selective behavior of Exorista civilis to meadow moth was studied by usingY-tube selective trials and results showed the preferences of Exorista civilis to the larve andfaeces showed the same trend and followed by: Loxostege sticticalis L.＞Mythimna separateWalker＞Spodoptera exigua literal＞Ostrinia nubilalis Hubner＞Heliothis viriplaca; Theemergence rate among different hosts showed Mythimna separate shared the highest rate,which was70.2%. The selective behavior of Exorista civilis to different hosts was possiblyconcerned with host activity and its volatile substance.
1.伞裙追寄蝇的基本生物学特性
伞裙追寄蝇属大卵生型寄蝇，其幼虫随草地螟幼虫在土茧内越冬，在内蒙古呼市市郊一年发生两代。在田间成蝇一般在6月上旬和8月上旬开始羽化。羽化的时间主要集中在一天的8:00-10:00，14:00-16:00两个时间段，羽化的／比为1.26:1；6:00-8:00的雌雄性比为1.45:1，是一天中羽化性比的高峰。羽化后要先补充营养才会有交尾现象，交尾一般在晴天8:00-10:00时较多，交尾持续时间一般在5-30min。伞裙追寄蝇平均产卵量为159.8粒，产卵量最多可达212粒，其产卵的平均历期为16.7d，产卵高峰主要集中在第3-9d。
补充含糖的营养物质能显著延长伞裙追寄蝇成虫的寿命，且20%的蜂蜜水为最佳补充营养，最长寿命可达44d。适宜的温度条件有利于伞裙追寄蝇成虫生存，最适温度为（23±1）℃。将虫茧储存在4℃、16L:8D、RH60%-70%条件下，羽化率从未储存的9.30%降低到储存至150d的0.73%，随着储存时间延长羽化率降低越显著，但储存到110d后，其羽化率降低不显著。
2.伞裙追寄蝇和草地螟幼虫密度之间的相互影响
伞裙追寄蝇的寄生率随着寄主幼虫密度的增加而降低，而羽化率随寄主幼虫密度的增加而增大，但到寄生比例为1:15时羽化率达到最大值，随后降低，因此该寄生比例寄生效果最好，为最佳益害比。当寄蝇与寄主的益害比为1:10，在改变寄蝇与寄主幼虫密度时益害比不变。寄生比例1:10，2:20，3:30，4:40的寄生率间没有显著差异，但各比例的羽化率间均有差异，其中2:20的寄生率和羽化率均是最高，分别为55.8%和51.6%。
3.草地螟幼虫密度对伞裙追寄蝇的寄生功能反应
伞裙追寄蝇对草地螟幼虫的寄生量随着草地螟幼虫密度的增加而增大，但当数量达到一定水平时，寄生量会趋于稳定，符合HollingⅡ型圆盘方程，由此可得到伞裙追寄蝇功能反应数学模型为：Na=3×0.4276N0／(1+0.4276×0.3239N0)；伞裙追寄蝇寻找效应随着草地螟幼虫密度的增加而降低，其数学模型为：E=0.4276／(1+0.4276×0.0.3239N0)，每个草地螟遭遇伞裙追寄蝇的概率也随草地螟密度的增加而降低，其数学模型为：π(t)=0.4276／(1+0.4276×0.3239N0)，未被攻击的草地螟幼虫概率也随着草地螟幼虫密度的增加而增大，其数学模型为：P(t)=exp[-0.4276×3／(1+0.4276×0.3239N0)]。
4.伞裙追寄蝇对不同寄主的选择性
利用Y型嗅觉仪对雌蝇选择性行为测定结果表明：伞裙追寄蝇对几种鳞翅目昆虫幼虫和幼虫粪便的趋性顺序相同，依次为：草地螟＞粘虫＞斜纹夜蛾＞甜菜夜蛾＞玉米螟＞苜蓿夜蛾；对不同寄主的羽化率测定结果为粘虫的羽化率最高为70.2%。伞裙追寄蝇对寄主的选择性行为可能与寄主昆虫的活跃程度和其释放的化学信息物质有关。
The meadow moth, Loxostege sticticalis L.(Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) is one of the majormigratory pests periodically occurring and resulting devastating damages on various host inmany parts of the world, which caused four outbreaks since the foundation of P.R. China, andled to great ecnomic losses each time. Exorista civilis R.(Diptera: Tachinidae) was one ofdominate species of tachinid on meadow moth larva. In order to use Exorista civilis to pertectagaist meadow moth and to select the suitable breeding host, this paper systemicallyinvestigated the biology characristics of Exorista civilis and its selective responses to differenthosts. The results were as follows:
1. The basic biology characristics of Exorista civilis Rond.
Exorista civilis was the member of macroovipar tachinids appeared two generations peryear in suburbs of Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, and the larva of which overwintered within thecocoon of its host in the soil. The pupa of tachinid began to emerge in early June and in lateAugust and the emergence mainly happened on the day of08:00-10:00and16:00-18:00,the sex ratio was1.26:1, especially sex ratio reached reached its peak,1.45:1, on08:00-10:00.After emergence, the tachinid necessarily feed some food and then mating happened.Normally, mating lasted5-30min during the day of08:00-10:00. The mean number of eggslaid by one female was159.8and the maximum was212. The average ovipositional timelasted for16.7days, and spawning peak appeared between the third day and the nineth dayafter emergence.
Result showed supplementary nutrients with sugar would significantly gain the tachinichlongevity, especially20%honey solutions, which can increase the maximal life span to44d.Proper temperatures was conducive to survive of the tachinid, and the optimum temperaturefor survival was (23±1)℃. The parasitized meadow moth cocoon was exposed to4℃、16L:8D、RH60%-70%, its emergence rate reduced from9.30%to0.73%after storage150d,which reduced with the increasing of storage time. But after110d, the emergence ratebasically remained unchanged.
2. The interaction of Exorista civilis Rond with the density of the meadow moth lavar
The parasitic rate of tachinid decreased with the increasing of host density; however the emergence rate of tachinid increased with the increasing of host density. When the ratio was1:15, emergence rate reached the peak and then declined afterward; therefore1:15was theoptimum ratio for pest control.
The ratio of tachinid: host was set in1:10and the density of them increased but the ratioremain unchanged. No siginificant differences were found when the parasitic rate was set in1:10,2:20,3:30,4:40, but emergence rate differed. And the parasitic rate and emergence ratewere the highest in2:20,55.8%and51.6%, respectively.
3. Functional response about the density of Loxostege sticticalis to Exorista civilis Rond
Results showed that the parasitic load of Exorista civilis to host increased with the gainof host density, of which barely grew when host density reached certain quantity. The wholetrend was in line with Holling model II, so the mathematical model of functional responsewas Na=3×0.4276N0／(1+0.4276×0.3239N0); the searching efficiency of tachinid declinedwith increasing of host density and the model was E=0.4276／(1+0.4276×0.0.3239N0), thechances of tachinid countering host dropped when host density incresaed and the model wasπ(t)=0.4276／(1+0.4276×0.3239N0), the rate of parasite-free host increased with theincreasing of host density, the model was P(t)=exp[-0.4276×3／(1+0.4276×0.3239N0)]。
4. Selective behavior of Exorista civilis Rond to different hosts.
The host selective behavior of Exorista civilis to meadow moth was studied by usingY-tube selective trials and results showed the preferences of Exorista civilis to the larve andfaeces showed the same trend and followed by: Loxostege sticticalis L.＞Mythimna separateWalker＞Spodoptera exigua literal＞Ostrinia nubilalis Hubner＞Heliothis viriplaca; Theemergence rate among different hosts showed Mythimna separate shared the highest rate,which was70.2%. The selective behavior of Exorista civilis to different hosts was possiblyconcerned with host activity and its volatile substance.
引文
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