华东南地区猪的热调节行为与湿热环境相关性的研究
摘要
在规模化、集约化饲养条件下，环境对养猪生产水平的制约作用日益显
著，人们对此也日益重视，环境控制水平已成为养猪现代化的重要标志。
高温高湿将引起猪的严重热应激，通过影响猪的采食量、日增重、饲料
利用率、母猪发情及怀胎率和产仔率、仔猪成活率等生产性能及猪的行为生
理而影响养猪生产。而对夏季高温高湿的中国东南地区在热湿环境下猪的热
调节行为生理反应与猪舍热湿环境的相关性研究鲜有报道，特别是采用目前
动物研究领域内较为先进的技术及仪器设备进行相关研究的就更少。同时由
于我国东南高温高湿地区目前仍没有适用的猪舍夏季降温措施，猪场一般根
据经验来设计猪舍的夏季降温设施和方案。因而为提高该地区的养猪生产力，
迫切需要研究基于猪的热调节行为的经济、高效的猪舍夏季降温系统。
在母猪的饲养过程中，发情及最佳配种时间鉴定是一个重要的技术环节，它
直接关系到母猪产仔数的多少。目前国内外母猪的发情的常规鉴定方法都需要大
量的人力投入，如在欧洲猪场人工观察母猪的发情表现劳动投入占母猪管理中总
劳动投入的30％。因而寻求简易快速的鉴定方法是母猪繁殖需要进一步研究的课
题之一。
针对上述问题，本试验研究采用美国生产的动物生理参数无线遥测系统
（DSI）和动物环境及行为自动检测系统研究中国东南地区夏季热湿的猪舍环
境下育成猪的热调节行为生理反应，探讨热湿环境对育成猪生产性能、体温
和心率、行为等的影响，并探讨育成猪对生产环境控制的要求，为养猪业生
产中的环境调控及夏季降温实施提供理论依据，同时用红外动物行为及环境
参数自动检测系统研究了夏季母猪发情行为及最佳配种时间鉴定、母猪发情
行为与温热环境的相关性。
1．在夏季猪舍环境的检测与分析方面，本研究用猪舍环境自动监测系统对
各负压式封闭试验育成猪猪舍在7、8和9月份的环境温湿度进行实时监控，
通过对实测数据进行处理与分析，结果表明华东南地区夏季猪舍内环境条件
不利于猪的生长：7月底猪舍内最高温度达35℃，日平均温度在29℃以上，
日平均相对湿度在60％以上；8月初猪舍内最高温度为35.6℃，日平均温度
在 28℃以上，日平均相对湿度在 67 ％以上；9月初猪舍内最高温度也达 36
C，日平均温度也在28OC以上，日平均相对湿度在76％以上。试验猪舍在24h
内有y4的时间湿度超过7O％，最高值高于”％。
通过用红外摄像系统对猪舍内各测定点的测量得到试验猪舍内的温度分布：
猪舍内温度分布不均匀，温度从上至下温差大，石棉瓦屋顶猪舍（湿垫降温启
动与停止）的屋顶与地面温差最大达 22 C。从进气口至排气日温度变化显著，
由东至西方向温度变化不显炔。屋顶架设遮阳网的猪舍其猪笼内的温度明显低
于外界温度，石棉瓦屋顶猪舍湿垫降温启动时猪笼内的温度低于外界温度，而
湿垫降温没工作时，猪笼内的温度’j外界温度差异不显著。
2。在猪的热调节行为与猪舍湿热环境相关性的研究方面，本文研究结果
表明用 DS动物生理参数无线遥测系统结合动物环境参数检测系统可准确。
实时在线检测动物的生理行为对环境因了的反应，结果表明猪的体温变化能
充分表现环境温湿度的影响作用。巡过试验研究与分析发现：高温环境与高
温高湿环境下猪的体温昼夜节律发生变化，体温最高不出现在下午抡时后，
而是在夜晚的 22—23时；环境温度是影响猪的体温、心率和行为变化的主
要原因。环境温度对猎的体温影llb tA显著（F＝22．54，P＝0．0001），环境温度
对猪的心率影响极显著叩＝6O、捻；卜O．m门），环境温度对猪的行为影响极
显著（p＝25么96P＝O．0001）。环境湿度对猪的体温影响显著
（F＝4．96。P＝0．0264），环境湿度对猪的心率和行为影响不显著；猪舍环境温湿
度指标丁HI对猪的体温变化影响极显著（P＝0．0001），因而猪舍环境温湿度
指标THI能充分反映猪舍环境的忧劣及对猪的生产性能及行为生理的作用，
研究结果表明当温湿度指标THI高十28C时育成猪将出现体温升高等热应激
反应。
3．在夏季猪舍不同屋顶及降温设施的降温效果方面，本研究用红外摄像
系统对不同屋顶材料猪舍进行测量并对不同降温设施下猪的热调节行为生理
反应的进行试验研究。结果表明石棉瓦屋顶材料的猪舍内外温差小，猪舍内
的猪体表面温度大；屋顶上方架设的侣泊遮阳网对降低猪舍环境湿热程度和
减轻猪的热应激效果显著，如在高温时段实施直接对猪体颈部喷水1
min／hou。以加快猪的蒸发散热，则降温和缓解猪的热应激的反应效果更佳。
n
同时遮阳网对现有的各类结构猪舍都宜于改造和安装，且投资小门0一6O元
／mZ），见效快。夏季过后可卷起什来年再用，这样也不影响低温季节屋顶的
太阳辐射能进入猪舍内；湿垫一风机降温方式和屋顶喷淋降温方式不适于夏
季高温高湿的中国东南地区猪夏季降温；舍内喷雾降
The restrain effect of environment conditions on the level of pig
production has been prominence increasingly in intensive systems of animal
production and people have been paying attention to it increasingly, so
the level of environmental control!, has been an important symbol of modern
pig production.
High relative humidity and hot environment in pig housing can cause
serious heat stress for the pig, heat stress influences productivity of
swine by altering their exchange with the environment, feed intake rate,
average daily gain, oestrus and litter rate of sows, survive rate of piglets
and behavior of swine. At the same time, there are little report about the
research on the relationship between high humid and hot pig housing
environment in southeast China and the thermoregulatory behavior of sows
and growing pigs at the present, especially, much less research using
modern technology and equipments in the field of animal research.
Additionally, there aren?t applicable cooing systems for pig housing in
southeast China at the present, pig farms usually design cooling systems
and schemes for pig housing according to experiences. In order to improve
the pig production in these areas, it is necessary to develop an economical
and efficient cooling system for pig housing on the basis of research on
pig?s thermoregulatory behavior in relation to the hot environmental
conditions.
Oestrus detection and the optimal time of insemination of sows is
an important activity within sow husbandry, it directly influences the
litter rate of sows. Some methods that farms are used to detect sow s
oestrus inside and outside China would take a great deal of labour input,
for instance, it takes about 30% of the overall labour input in Europe.
It is necessary for improving sows reproduction to seek convenience method
of oestrus detection.
iv
With the view of the above eondition, this paper was expected to
engaging in pig?s thermoregulatory responses to high humid and hot pig
housing in southeast China using an animal physiological parameters
on條ine telemetry system (DSI) and animal environment and infrared
behavior detecting system, discussing the effects of humid and hot
environment on the performance, body temperature, heart rate and activity
of growing pigs, and discussing the environmental need of pig production,
providing theory gist for environmental control and cooling systems of pig
production in summer. At the same time, this paper was expected to study
sows oestrus detection, the optimal time of insemination and the
relationship between oestrus of sows and environment using an animal
environment and infrared behavior detecting system. The following are some
in detail:
In the aspect of environment analysis of pig housing in summer, this
research was measured in real time the temperature and relative humidity
of experimental close pig housing with negative pressure ventilation in
July, August and September by using animal environment and infrared
behavior detecting system. It was round that the environment of pig housing
in summer in southeast China wasn?t beneficial to pig production through
measuring data analysis: the highest temperature, average daily
temperature and average daily relative humidity of pig housing were 35
0C, 290C and 60% respectively in the end of July; the highest temperature,
a
著，人们对此也日益重视，环境控制水平已成为养猪现代化的重要标志。
高温高湿将引起猪的严重热应激，通过影响猪的采食量、日增重、饲料
利用率、母猪发情及怀胎率和产仔率、仔猪成活率等生产性能及猪的行为生
理而影响养猪生产。而对夏季高温高湿的中国东南地区在热湿环境下猪的热
调节行为生理反应与猪舍热湿环境的相关性研究鲜有报道，特别是采用目前
动物研究领域内较为先进的技术及仪器设备进行相关研究的就更少。同时由
于我国东南高温高湿地区目前仍没有适用的猪舍夏季降温措施，猪场一般根
据经验来设计猪舍的夏季降温设施和方案。因而为提高该地区的养猪生产力，
迫切需要研究基于猪的热调节行为的经济、高效的猪舍夏季降温系统。
在母猪的饲养过程中，发情及最佳配种时间鉴定是一个重要的技术环节，它
直接关系到母猪产仔数的多少。目前国内外母猪的发情的常规鉴定方法都需要大
量的人力投入，如在欧洲猪场人工观察母猪的发情表现劳动投入占母猪管理中总
劳动投入的30％。因而寻求简易快速的鉴定方法是母猪繁殖需要进一步研究的课
题之一。
针对上述问题，本试验研究采用美国生产的动物生理参数无线遥测系统
（DSI）和动物环境及行为自动检测系统研究中国东南地区夏季热湿的猪舍环
境下育成猪的热调节行为生理反应，探讨热湿环境对育成猪生产性能、体温
和心率、行为等的影响，并探讨育成猪对生产环境控制的要求，为养猪业生
产中的环境调控及夏季降温实施提供理论依据，同时用红外动物行为及环境
参数自动检测系统研究了夏季母猪发情行为及最佳配种时间鉴定、母猪发情
行为与温热环境的相关性。
1．在夏季猪舍环境的检测与分析方面，本研究用猪舍环境自动监测系统对
各负压式封闭试验育成猪猪舍在7、8和9月份的环境温湿度进行实时监控，
通过对实测数据进行处理与分析，结果表明华东南地区夏季猪舍内环境条件
不利于猪的生长：7月底猪舍内最高温度达35℃，日平均温度在29℃以上，
日平均相对湿度在60％以上；8月初猪舍内最高温度为35.6℃，日平均温度
在 28℃以上，日平均相对湿度在 67 ％以上；9月初猪舍内最高温度也达 36
C，日平均温度也在28OC以上，日平均相对湿度在76％以上。试验猪舍在24h
内有y4的时间湿度超过7O％，最高值高于”％。
通过用红外摄像系统对猪舍内各测定点的测量得到试验猪舍内的温度分布：
猪舍内温度分布不均匀，温度从上至下温差大，石棉瓦屋顶猪舍（湿垫降温启
动与停止）的屋顶与地面温差最大达 22 C。从进气口至排气日温度变化显著，
由东至西方向温度变化不显炔。屋顶架设遮阳网的猪舍其猪笼内的温度明显低
于外界温度，石棉瓦屋顶猪舍湿垫降温启动时猪笼内的温度低于外界温度，而
湿垫降温没工作时，猪笼内的温度’j外界温度差异不显著。
2。在猪的热调节行为与猪舍湿热环境相关性的研究方面，本文研究结果
表明用 DS动物生理参数无线遥测系统结合动物环境参数检测系统可准确。
实时在线检测动物的生理行为对环境因了的反应，结果表明猪的体温变化能
充分表现环境温湿度的影响作用。巡过试验研究与分析发现：高温环境与高
温高湿环境下猪的体温昼夜节律发生变化，体温最高不出现在下午抡时后，
而是在夜晚的 22—23时；环境温度是影响猪的体温、心率和行为变化的主
要原因。环境温度对猎的体温影llb tA显著（F＝22．54，P＝0．0001），环境温度
对猪的心率影响极显著叩＝6O、捻；卜O．m门），环境温度对猪的行为影响极
显著（p＝25么96P＝O．0001）。环境湿度对猪的体温影响显著
（F＝4．96。P＝0．0264），环境湿度对猪的心率和行为影响不显著；猪舍环境温湿
度指标丁HI对猪的体温变化影响极显著（P＝0．0001），因而猪舍环境温湿度
指标THI能充分反映猪舍环境的忧劣及对猪的生产性能及行为生理的作用，
研究结果表明当温湿度指标THI高十28C时育成猪将出现体温升高等热应激
反应。
3．在夏季猪舍不同屋顶及降温设施的降温效果方面，本研究用红外摄像
系统对不同屋顶材料猪舍进行测量并对不同降温设施下猪的热调节行为生理
反应的进行试验研究。结果表明石棉瓦屋顶材料的猪舍内外温差小，猪舍内
的猪体表面温度大；屋顶上方架设的侣泊遮阳网对降低猪舍环境湿热程度和
减轻猪的热应激效果显著，如在高温时段实施直接对猪体颈部喷水1
min／hou。以加快猪的蒸发散热，则降温和缓解猪的热应激的反应效果更佳。
n
同时遮阳网对现有的各类结构猪舍都宜于改造和安装，且投资小门0一6O元
／mZ），见效快。夏季过后可卷起什来年再用，这样也不影响低温季节屋顶的
太阳辐射能进入猪舍内；湿垫一风机降温方式和屋顶喷淋降温方式不适于夏
季高温高湿的中国东南地区猪夏季降温；舍内喷雾降
The restrain effect of environment conditions on the level of pig
production has been prominence increasingly in intensive systems of animal
production and people have been paying attention to it increasingly, so
the level of environmental control!, has been an important symbol of modern
pig production.
High relative humidity and hot environment in pig housing can cause
serious heat stress for the pig, heat stress influences productivity of
swine by altering their exchange with the environment, feed intake rate,
average daily gain, oestrus and litter rate of sows, survive rate of piglets
and behavior of swine. At the same time, there are little report about the
research on the relationship between high humid and hot pig housing
environment in southeast China and the thermoregulatory behavior of sows
and growing pigs at the present, especially, much less research using
modern technology and equipments in the field of animal research.
Additionally, there aren?t applicable cooing systems for pig housing in
southeast China at the present, pig farms usually design cooling systems
and schemes for pig housing according to experiences. In order to improve
the pig production in these areas, it is necessary to develop an economical
and efficient cooling system for pig housing on the basis of research on
pig?s thermoregulatory behavior in relation to the hot environmental
conditions.
Oestrus detection and the optimal time of insemination of sows is
an important activity within sow husbandry, it directly influences the
litter rate of sows. Some methods that farms are used to detect sow s
oestrus inside and outside China would take a great deal of labour input,
for instance, it takes about 30% of the overall labour input in Europe.
It is necessary for improving sows reproduction to seek convenience method
of oestrus detection.
iv
With the view of the above eondition, this paper was expected to
engaging in pig?s thermoregulatory responses to high humid and hot pig
housing in southeast China using an animal physiological parameters
on條ine telemetry system (DSI) and animal environment and infrared
behavior detecting system, discussing the effects of humid and hot
environment on the performance, body temperature, heart rate and activity
of growing pigs, and discussing the environmental need of pig production,
providing theory gist for environmental control and cooling systems of pig
production in summer. At the same time, this paper was expected to study
sows oestrus detection, the optimal time of insemination and the
relationship between oestrus of sows and environment using an animal
environment and infrared behavior detecting system. The following are some
in detail:
In the aspect of environment analysis of pig housing in summer, this
research was measured in real time the temperature and relative humidity
of experimental close pig housing with negative pressure ventilation in
July, August and September by using animal environment and infrared
behavior detecting system. It was round that the environment of pig housing
in summer in southeast China wasn?t beneficial to pig production through
measuring data analysis: the highest temperature, average daily
temperature and average daily relative humidity of pig housing were 35
0C, 290C and 60% respectively in the end of July; the highest temperature,
a
引文
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6． Bond., T. E., Kelly,C.F.and Heitman, Jr., H., 1952． Heat and moisture loss from swine. Agr. Engrg., St. Joseph, Mich., 33．
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13． M. Macari, 1983． Influence of thermal and nutritional acclimatization on body temperatures and metabolic rate. Anim. Physiol. Vol.
74A(3) :549-553．
14． Rodney L., et al., 1997． Swine Feeding behavior and body temperature responses to an extended stepped temperature increase. Proc. 5~(th) Int'l. Livestock Environment Symposium, 1:187-194, Minneapolis,MN.
15． Bryant, D. G. 1989． The ecological basis of behavior. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. ,22:215-224．
16． Bruce, J. M. and Boon, C. R., 1984． A note on the relationship between induced mechanical stress and thermal stress in recumbent pigs. Anim. Prod., 38:309-311．
17． Van der Hel., et al., 1984． The effect of ambient temperature and activity on diurnal rhythm in heat production in pigs kept in groups. Int J. biometeorol., 28:303-315．
18． T. P. MeDonald, et al., 1988． Measuring the heat increment of activity in growing-finishing swine. Trans of the ASAE. Vol.. 31(4) .
19． H. Xin and J. A. DeShazer, 1992． Fedding patterns of growing pigs at warm constant and cyclic temperatures. Transactions of the ASAE, Vol. 35(1) .
20． J. A. Nienaber, et al., 1996． Feeding patterns and swine performance in hot environments.Trans of the ASAE. Vol. 39(1) :195-202．
21． Rodney L. Korthals, et al., 1997． Swine feeding behavior and body temperature responses to an extended stepped temperature increase. Proc. 5~(th) Int'l. Livestock Environment Symposium, 1:187-194, Minneapolis, MN.
22． Mount, L. E., 1968． The climatic physiology of the pig. Edward Arnolk, London.
23． Close, W., 1981． Ins Clark, J. A, Ced. 生产性畜舍的环境特征, Butter worths,伦敦
24． Ingram, D.L.heat loss and its control in pigs+. In J.L monteith and L.E Mount, eds. Heat Kiss from Animal and Man. Butternorth, London, 1974:233．
25． NRC, 1988． Nutrient Requirement of Swine. National Academy Press, Washington, DC.
26. Christianson, L., et al., 1982. Swine performance model for summer conditions. Int. J. Biometeorol., 26: 137-147.
27. J. Lopez, et al., 1991. Effects of temperature in the performance of finish swine: 1. Effects of a hot, diurnal temperature on average daily gain, feed intake, and feed efficiency. J. Anim. Sci. 69: 1843-1849.
28. Morrow-Tesch, et al., 1994. Heat and stress effects on pig immune measures. J. Anim. Sci. Vol. 72.
29. Patrick Massabie, et al., 1997. Effects of environmental conditions on the performance of growing-finishing pigs. Proc. 5~(th) Int'l. Livestock Environment Symposium, 1:187-194, Minneapolis,MN.
30. Y. Hyun, et al., 1998. Growth performance of pigs subjected to multiple concurrent environmental stressors. J. Anim. Sci. Vol. 76.
31．赵有璋，家禽生态学，甘肃科学技术出版社，1989．
32．艾地云等，常温与高温季节肥育猪主要生产性能的影响．养猪，1996，(11)．
33. Sugahara et al., 1970. Effect on ambient temperature on performance an dcarcass development in young swine.J. Animal Sci., Vol. 39.
34. Morrow, R. E., et al., 1975. J. Anim. Sci., 1975, 16:1108.
35. Close, W. H., et al., 1978. The effects of plane of nutrition and environmental temperature on the energy metabolism of the growing pig. 2. Growth rqte, including protein and fat absorption. R. J. Nutr. 40:423
36．刘健，家畜繁殖学，中国人民解放军兽医大学出版，1986．5．
37．谭明轩，养猪，1988(4)：36—37．
38．潘建治译，浙江畜牧兽医，1990(2)：48—49．
39．帅启义，养猪，1994(4)：21．
40. D. E. Wildt, et al., 1976. Physiological temperature response and embryonic mortality in stressed swine. (from Library ofK. U. Leuven).
41．潘建治，崔绍荣等，热应激对母猪早期胚胎发育的影响，浙江农业科技，1994．
42. Steinbdach, J., 1971. Effects of season and breed on sow performance in the Information. Vol. 14(2):73-75.
seasonal-equatiorial climate of Southern Nigeria. J. Agric. Sci. (Cambridge), 77:331-336．
43． Heitman.H., Jr. and E.H. Hughes, 1949． The effects of air temperature and relative humidity on the physiological well being of swine. J. Anim. Sci. 8:171．
44． Morrison, 1967． Skin and lung moisture loss from swine. Trans of the ASAE 10(5) :691-696．
45． Patrick Massabie, et al., 1997． Effects of environmental conditions on the performance of growing-finishing pigs. Proc. 5~(th) Int'1． Livestock Environment Symposium, 1:187-194, Minneapolis,MN.
46． 刘镇,封闭式猪舍利用地下自然冷源的防署降温研究,农业机械学报,1987,18 (3) ,63-69．
47． Barbari M, et al., 1984． Underground air cooling. Tenth CIGR Congress. Hungary, 388-396．
48． Pury V M, 1986． Feasibility and performances curves for intermittent earth tube heat exchangers. Trans of the ASAE, VOL. 29(2) :526-532．
49． Pury V M, 1987． Earth tube heat exchanger performance correlation using boundary element method. Trans of the ASAE, Vol. 30(2) :514-520．
50． CIGR, 1992． Second report of working group on climatization of livestock building. Agricultural Faculty B-Gent.
51． Glawe B J, et al., 1990． Comparison of earth loops for livestock housing. Trans of the ASAE, Vol. 33(5) :1687-1692．
52． Baxter D O, et al., 1992． Energy exchanges and related temperature of an earth-tube heat exchanger in the heating mode. Trans of the ASAE, Vol. 35(1) :275-285．
53． Baxter D O, et al., 1994． Energy exchanges and related temperature of an earth-tube heat exchanger in the heating mode. Trans of the ASAE, Vol. 37(1) :257-267．
54． Geers R, Goedseels V, 1993． An improved system of temperature control in commercial pig houses: some effects on performance. Pig News and
55. D. Deglin, et al., 1999. subsoil heat exchangers for the air conditioning of livestock buildings. J. Agric. Engng. Res. Vol. 73:179-188.
56．马承伟等，1995，农业建筑蒸发降温技术研究与应用的现状及展望，农业工程学报，Vol，11(3)：95-100．
57. Timmons, M. B., Baughman G. R., 1983. Experimental evaluation of poultry mist-fog systems. Trans of the ASAE, Vol. 26(1):207-210.
58. Buttcher, R.W., et al., 1990. Analysis of misting and ventilation cycling for broiler housing. Trans of the ASAE, Vol. 33(3):925-935.
59. Anabel Evans, 2000. Evaporative cooling introduced for farrowing rate consistency. Pig progress. Vol. 16, No. 7.
60．曲梅，1999，密闭式猪舍集中细雾降温装置的研究，农业工程学报，Vol．15(增)．
61. Stahly, T. S., et al., 1979. The effects of thermal environmental temperature and dietary lysine source and level on the performance an dcarcass characteristics of growing swine. J. Anim. Sci. 49:1424-1251.
62. Bunting, L. D. et al., 1992. J. Anim. Sci. Vol. 70:1518-1525.
63. R. O. Myer, et al., 1998. Effects of increased dietary lysine(protein) level in performance and carcass characteristics of growing-finishing pigs reared in a hot, humid environment. Trans of the ASAE. Vol. 41(2):447-452.
64．余德谦等，热应激对肥育猪的影响及添加抗应激剂的效果，养猪，1999(2)．
65．林海舰译，家畜和渔业对2020年食物来源和需求的影响，肉类工业．
66．张志文编，1995年世界主要国家畜牧生产统计资料，中国畜牧杂志，1997，33(2)：256-61．
67．徐震宇等，关于宁波市畜牧产业化的调查报告，浙江畜牧兽医，1998，Vol．23，No．2．
68．潘红英，浙江畜牧兽医，发展规模养猪中的有关问题及解决办法，1998，Vol．23，No．1．
69．中国统计年鉴1998，中国统计局
70．中国统计年鉴1991，中国统计局
71．陶秀萍等，1999，武汉猪场猪舍夏季环境简报，农业工程学报，Vol．15(增)．
72. Eigenberg, R. A., et al., 1995. Tympanic temperature decay constants as indices of thermal environments: swine. Trans of the ASAE. 38(4): 1203-1206.
73. Rodney L. Korthals, et al., 1997. Swine feeding behavior and body temperature responses to an extended stepped temperature increase. Proc. 5~(th) Int'l. Livestock Environment Symposium, 1:187-194, Minneapolis, MN.
74. I.C. de Jong, et al., 1999. Mixing induces long-term hyperthermia in growing pigs. Anim. SCI. 69:601-605.
75. B. Lacey, et al., 2000. Assessment of poultry deep body temperature responses to ambient temperature and relative humidity using an on-ling telemetry system. Trans of the ASAE, Vol. 43(3):717-721.
76. L. Freson, et al., 1998. Validation of an infra-red sensor for oestrus detection of individually housed sows. Computers and Electronics in Agriculture. Vol. 20:21-29.
77. S. Pedersen, C. B. Pedersen, Animal activity measured by infra-red detectors. J. Agric. Eng. Res., 1995, 61:239-246.
78．浙江省气候中心，2000年第四号气候公报，www.ziqx.net.
79. Stombaugh, D. P., and W. L. Roller, 1973. Dynamic model of thermoregulatory control in piglets. ASAE Paper No. 73-420. St. Kpse[j MI:ASAE.
80. Black, J. L., et al., 1986. Simulation of energy and amino acid utilization in the pig. Research and Development in Agriculture. 3 (3): 121-145.
81．鲁纯养主编，农业生物环境原理，农业出版社，1994．
82. ARC, 1981, The nutrient requirements of pigs. Agricultural Research Council Commonwealth Agricultural Bureaux, Slough, England.
83. Inngram, D.L., 1965. The effect of humidity on temperature regulation and
2． Scott, N. R., et al., 1983, Effect of the thermal gaseous environment on livestock, In Ventilation of Agricultural Structures, eds.M.A Hellickson and J.N.walker, 119-165． St. Joseph, MI: ASAE.
3． Bruce , J. M. and J. J. Clark, 1979． Models of heat production and critical temperature for growing pigs. Animal Production 28(3) :353-369．
4． Holmes, C. W., 1966． Studies on the effects of environment on heat losses from pigs. PhD thesis. Qu.een's University, Belfast.
5． Close W. H., 1970． Nutrition Environmental interaction of growing pigs .PhD thesis. Queen's University, Belfast.
6． Bond., T. E., Kelly,C.F.and Heitman, Jr., H., 1952． Heat and moisture loss from swine. Agr. Engrg., St. Joseph, Mich., 33．
7． Steinbdach, J., 1976a. Effects of temperature on the growth of pigs. In: H. D. Johnson (Editor), Progress in Animal Biometeorology 1 (I), pp. 320-327．
8． ARC, 1981, The nutrient requirements of pigs. Agricultural Research Council Commonwealth Agricultural Bureaux, Slough, England.
9． NRC, 1981． Effect of environment on nutrient requirements of domestic animals. National Academy of Sciences, National Research Council, Washington, D.C.
10． T. M. Brown-Brandl, et al., 1998． Acute heat stress effects on heat prouduction and respiration rate in swine. Trans of the ASAE. Vol. 41(3) : 789-793．
11． J. J. R. Feddes, et al., 1988． Response of growing pigs to high cyclic and constant temperatures.
12． J. J. R. Feddes, et al., 1996． Factor analysis of growing pig's responses to high cyclic and constant temperatures. Trans of the ASAE. Vol. 39(5) :1847-1851．
13． M. Macari, 1983． Influence of thermal and nutritional acclimatization on body temperatures and metabolic rate. Anim. Physiol. Vol.
74A(3) :549-553．
14． Rodney L., et al., 1997． Swine Feeding behavior and body temperature responses to an extended stepped temperature increase. Proc. 5~(th) Int'l. Livestock Environment Symposium, 1:187-194, Minneapolis,MN.
15． Bryant, D. G. 1989． The ecological basis of behavior. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. ,22:215-224．
16． Bruce, J. M. and Boon, C. R., 1984． A note on the relationship between induced mechanical stress and thermal stress in recumbent pigs. Anim. Prod., 38:309-311．
17． Van der Hel., et al., 1984． The effect of ambient temperature and activity on diurnal rhythm in heat production in pigs kept in groups. Int J. biometeorol., 28:303-315．
18． T. P. MeDonald, et al., 1988． Measuring the heat increment of activity in growing-finishing swine. Trans of the ASAE. Vol.. 31(4) .
19． H. Xin and J. A. DeShazer, 1992． Fedding patterns of growing pigs at warm constant and cyclic temperatures. Transactions of the ASAE, Vol. 35(1) .
20． J. A. Nienaber, et al., 1996． Feeding patterns and swine performance in hot environments.Trans of the ASAE. Vol. 39(1) :195-202．
21． Rodney L. Korthals, et al., 1997． Swine feeding behavior and body temperature responses to an extended stepped temperature increase. Proc. 5~(th) Int'l. Livestock Environment Symposium, 1:187-194, Minneapolis, MN.
22． Mount, L. E., 1968． The climatic physiology of the pig. Edward Arnolk, London.
23． Close, W., 1981． Ins Clark, J. A, Ced. 生产性畜舍的环境特征, Butter worths,伦敦
24． Ingram, D.L.heat loss and its control in pigs+. In J.L monteith and L.E Mount, eds. Heat Kiss from Animal and Man. Butternorth, London, 1974:233．
25． NRC, 1988． Nutrient Requirement of Swine. National Academy Press, Washington, DC.
26. Christianson, L., et al., 1982. Swine performance model for summer conditions. Int. J. Biometeorol., 26: 137-147.
27. J. Lopez, et al., 1991. Effects of temperature in the performance of finish swine: 1. Effects of a hot, diurnal temperature on average daily gain, feed intake, and feed efficiency. J. Anim. Sci. 69: 1843-1849.
28. Morrow-Tesch, et al., 1994. Heat and stress effects on pig immune measures. J. Anim. Sci. Vol. 72.
29. Patrick Massabie, et al., 1997. Effects of environmental conditions on the performance of growing-finishing pigs. Proc. 5~(th) Int'l. Livestock Environment Symposium, 1:187-194, Minneapolis,MN.
30. Y. Hyun, et al., 1998. Growth performance of pigs subjected to multiple concurrent environmental stressors. J. Anim. Sci. Vol. 76.
31．赵有璋，家禽生态学，甘肃科学技术出版社，1989．
32．艾地云等，常温与高温季节肥育猪主要生产性能的影响．养猪，1996，(11)．
33. Sugahara et al., 1970. Effect on ambient temperature on performance an dcarcass development in young swine.J. Animal Sci., Vol. 39.
34. Morrow, R. E., et al., 1975. J. Anim. Sci., 1975, 16:1108.
35. Close, W. H., et al., 1978. The effects of plane of nutrition and environmental temperature on the energy metabolism of the growing pig. 2. Growth rqte, including protein and fat absorption. R. J. Nutr. 40:423
36．刘健，家畜繁殖学，中国人民解放军兽医大学出版，1986．5．
37．谭明轩，养猪，1988(4)：36—37．
38．潘建治译，浙江畜牧兽医，1990(2)：48—49．
39．帅启义，养猪，1994(4)：21．
40. D. E. Wildt, et al., 1976. Physiological temperature response and embryonic mortality in stressed swine. (from Library ofK. U. Leuven).
41．潘建治，崔绍荣等，热应激对母猪早期胚胎发育的影响，浙江农业科技，1994．
42. Steinbdach, J., 1971. Effects of season and breed on sow performance in the Information. Vol. 14(2):73-75.
seasonal-equatiorial climate of Southern Nigeria. J. Agric. Sci. (Cambridge), 77:331-336．
43． Heitman.H., Jr. and E.H. Hughes, 1949． The effects of air temperature and relative humidity on the physiological well being of swine. J. Anim. Sci. 8:171．
44． Morrison, 1967． Skin and lung moisture loss from swine. Trans of the ASAE 10(5) :691-696．
45． Patrick Massabie, et al., 1997． Effects of environmental conditions on the performance of growing-finishing pigs. Proc. 5~(th) Int'1． Livestock Environment Symposium, 1:187-194, Minneapolis,MN.
46． 刘镇,封闭式猪舍利用地下自然冷源的防署降温研究,农业机械学报,1987,18 (3) ,63-69．
47． Barbari M, et al., 1984． Underground air cooling. Tenth CIGR Congress. Hungary, 388-396．
48． Pury V M, 1986． Feasibility and performances curves for intermittent earth tube heat exchangers. Trans of the ASAE, VOL. 29(2) :526-532．
49． Pury V M, 1987． Earth tube heat exchanger performance correlation using boundary element method. Trans of the ASAE, Vol. 30(2) :514-520．
50． CIGR, 1992． Second report of working group on climatization of livestock building. Agricultural Faculty B-Gent.
51． Glawe B J, et al., 1990． Comparison of earth loops for livestock housing. Trans of the ASAE, Vol. 33(5) :1687-1692．
52． Baxter D O, et al., 1992． Energy exchanges and related temperature of an earth-tube heat exchanger in the heating mode. Trans of the ASAE, Vol. 35(1) :275-285．
53． Baxter D O, et al., 1994． Energy exchanges and related temperature of an earth-tube heat exchanger in the heating mode. Trans of the ASAE, Vol. 37(1) :257-267．
54． Geers R, Goedseels V, 1993． An improved system of temperature control in commercial pig houses: some effects on performance. Pig News and
55. D. Deglin, et al., 1999. subsoil heat exchangers for the air conditioning of livestock buildings. J. Agric. Engng. Res. Vol. 73:179-188.
56．马承伟等，1995，农业建筑蒸发降温技术研究与应用的现状及展望，农业工程学报，Vol，11(3)：95-100．
57. Timmons, M. B., Baughman G. R., 1983. Experimental evaluation of poultry mist-fog systems. Trans of the ASAE, Vol. 26(1):207-210.
58. Buttcher, R.W., et al., 1990. Analysis of misting and ventilation cycling for broiler housing. Trans of the ASAE, Vol. 33(3):925-935.
59. Anabel Evans, 2000. Evaporative cooling introduced for farrowing rate consistency. Pig progress. Vol. 16, No. 7.
60．曲梅，1999，密闭式猪舍集中细雾降温装置的研究，农业工程学报，Vol．15(增)．
61. Stahly, T. S., et al., 1979. The effects of thermal environmental temperature and dietary lysine source and level on the performance an dcarcass characteristics of growing swine. J. Anim. Sci. 49:1424-1251.
62. Bunting, L. D. et al., 1992. J. Anim. Sci. Vol. 70:1518-1525.
63. R. O. Myer, et al., 1998. Effects of increased dietary lysine(protein) level in performance and carcass characteristics of growing-finishing pigs reared in a hot, humid environment. Trans of the ASAE. Vol. 41(2):447-452.
64．余德谦等，热应激对肥育猪的影响及添加抗应激剂的效果，养猪，1999(2)．
65．林海舰译，家畜和渔业对2020年食物来源和需求的影响，肉类工业．
66．张志文编，1995年世界主要国家畜牧生产统计资料，中国畜牧杂志，1997，33(2)：256-61．
67．徐震宇等，关于宁波市畜牧产业化的调查报告，浙江畜牧兽医，1998，Vol．23，No．2．
68．潘红英，浙江畜牧兽医，发展规模养猪中的有关问题及解决办法，1998，Vol．23，No．1．
69．中国统计年鉴1998，中国统计局
70．中国统计年鉴1991，中国统计局
71．陶秀萍等，1999，武汉猪场猪舍夏季环境简报，农业工程学报，Vol．15(增)．
72. Eigenberg, R. A., et al., 1995. Tympanic temperature decay constants as indices of thermal environments: swine. Trans of the ASAE. 38(4): 1203-1206.
73. Rodney L. Korthals, et al., 1997. Swine feeding behavior and body temperature responses to an extended stepped temperature increase. Proc. 5~(th) Int'l. Livestock Environment Symposium, 1:187-194, Minneapolis, MN.
74. I.C. de Jong, et al., 1999. Mixing induces long-term hyperthermia in growing pigs. Anim. SCI. 69:601-605.
75. B. Lacey, et al., 2000. Assessment of poultry deep body temperature responses to ambient temperature and relative humidity using an on-ling telemetry system. Trans of the ASAE, Vol. 43(3):717-721.
76. L. Freson, et al., 1998. Validation of an infra-red sensor for oestrus detection of individually housed sows. Computers and Electronics in Agriculture. Vol. 20:21-29.
77. S. Pedersen, C. B. Pedersen, Animal activity measured by infra-red detectors. J. Agric. Eng. Res., 1995, 61:239-246.
78．浙江省气候中心，2000年第四号气候公报，www.ziqx.net.
79. Stombaugh, D. P., and W. L. Roller, 1973. Dynamic model of thermoregulatory control in piglets. ASAE Paper No. 73-420. St. Kpse[j MI:ASAE.
80. Black, J. L., et al., 1986. Simulation of energy and amino acid utilization in the pig. Research and Development in Agriculture. 3 (3): 121-145.
81．鲁纯养主编，农业生物环境原理，农业出版社，1994．
82. ARC, 1981, The nutrient requirements of pigs. Agricultural Research Council Commonwealth Agricultural Bureaux, Slough, England.
83. Inngram, D.L., 1965. The effect of humidity on temperature regulation and