环境温度对生长育肥猪蛋白质和能量代谢及利用影响模式研究
|
摘要
本文研究了环境温度对杜长大三元杂交猪生产性能、氮和能量代谢、蛋白质(PD)和脂肪沉积(LD)、产热(HP)和能量利用的影响模式。采用因子试验设计,试验猪分为四个体重阶段(20～40、40～60、60～80和80～100kg),温度设置9个组(5、10、15、20、23、26、29、32和35℃)。高温试验:研究了持续高温(23～35℃)对20～100kg生长育肥猪生产性能、蛋白质和能量代谢、PD、LD、HP及能量利用的影响;低温试验:研究了持续低温对20～40kg(10～20℃)和60～80kg(5～20℃)生长猪生产性能的影响。总共27个处理(高温20个处理,低温7个处理),每个处理4个重复,每个重复1头猪,共108头猪(公母各半)。在高温试验中期(体重分别为:28～32、38～42、68～72和78～92kg)进行了为期6～14天的代谢试验,测定每一个体的氮平衡和能量代谢。在23、29和35℃组的试验猪达结束体重(即分别达40、60、80和100kg)时进行比较屠宰试验,每个处理组屠宰2头(1公1母),测定PD、LD和能量沉积(ER)。供试猪单个饲养于金属代谢笼中,同一体重阶段的猪在不同温度下饲喂同一日粮(典型玉米-豆粕型日粮,四个体重阶段,分别饲喂四种日粮),自由采食和饮水。
本试验研究结果表明:
1.高温对生长育肥猪的自由采食量(VFI)、日增重(ADG)和料重比(F/G)有极显著影响(P<0.01).并与体重存在显著的互作效应(P<0.01)。20～100kg生长育肥猪35℃比23℃减少VFI 65g/d/℃(或-40%)、降低ADG 30g/d/℃(或-51%)和增加F/G 0.05/d/℃(或+21%)。
2.低温对生长育肥猪的VFI和F/G有极显著影响(P<0.01),而对ADG的影响不显著(P>0.05)。20～40kg生长猪在10℃的VFI比20℃增加44g/d/℃(或+28%),F/G增加0.08/℃(或+35%),ADG降低4g/d/℃(或-6%);60～80kg育肥猪在5℃的VFI比20℃增加34g/d/℃(或+22%),F/G增加0.09/d/℃(或+41%),ADG减少6g/d/℃(或-13%)。
3.高温对20～100kg生长育肥猪的VFI、ADG和F/G的影响模式为二次函数,分别建立了VFI、ADG和F/G对温度的一元二次回归方程以及对温度和体重的多元非线性回归预测模型。高温和低温对20～40(10～35℃)和60～80kg(5～35℃)生长猪VFI、ADG和F/G的影响呈二次或三次关系,并分别建立了对温度的二次或三次回归模型。
The effects of ambient temperature on performance, nitrogen and energy metabolism, protein (PD) and lipid deposition (LD), heat production (HP) and energy utilization were studied in Duroc x (Landrace x Large White) growing-finishing pigs according to a factorial design including four body weight ranges (20-40, 40-60, 60-80 and 80-100 kg) and nine temperature (5, 10,15, 20, 23, 26, 29, 32 and 35 ℃). High temperature trials: the performance, nitrogen and energy metabolism, PD, LD, HP and energy utilization of 20-100 kg growing-finishing pigs were measured in constant hot temperature (23-35 ℃), respectively; low temperature trials: the performance of 20-40 kg (10~20℃) and 60-80 kg (5~20℃) growing pigs were measured in constant low temperature, respectively; One hundred and eight pigs were divided into 27 treats with four animals per treat (2 castrated males and 2 entire females). Digestive and metabolic trials were conducted for 6-14 days from 28 to 32, 38 to 42, 68 to 72 and 78-92 kg BW, respectively. Twenty-two pigs (one male and one female per treat) were slaughtered at end experiments in 23, 29 and 35 ℃. Animals were individually housed in wire cages and had ad libitum access to diets and water.The results showed as follow:1. The VFI, ADG and F/G of growing-finishing pigs were significantly affected by high temperature (P<0.01). The effect of temperature was related to body weigh and temperature. The performance of 20-40 kg growing pigs was the best at 26 ℃. The other pigs' performance was the best in 23 ℃. The VFI, ADG of 20-100 kg pigs reduced 65g/d/℃ (or -40%) and 30 g/d/℃ (or -51%) and F/G of them increased 0.05/d/℃ (or +21%) as environmental temperature increased from 23 to 35 ℃, respectively.2. VFI and F/G of growing-finishing pigs were significantly affected by low temperature (P<0.01), but the effect of low temperature on ADG of them was not significant (P>0.05).
The VFI and F/G of 20-40 kg growing pigs increased 44g/d/°C (or +28%) and 0.08/°C (or +35%), and ADG of them decreased 4g/d/°C(or -6%)as temperature dropped from 20 to 10 °C respectively. In 60-80 kg pigs, VFI and F/G increased 34 g/d (or +22%) and 0.09 (or +41%) (P<0.01), respectively, and ADG decreased 6 g/d (or -13%) (P>0.05) for 1 °C drop in temperature between 20 and 5 °C.3. For 20-100 kg growing-finishing pigs, the relationship between VFI, ADG and F/G and temperature (23-35 °C) can be described in linear or quadric functions (p<0.01) and were affected by interactive effect of temperature and body weight. Equations for prediction of VFI, ADG and F/G according to T and BW are proposed. The negative effects of hot temperature on the growth and economic effectiveness in growing-finishing pigs were more severity than that of low temperature.4. Increasing ambient temperature from 23 to 35 °C resulted in the increase of the apparent digestibility coefficients of energy in diets (87.1-89.0%, P<0.05), but the ratios of ME/DE (0.981 to 0.984) were not affected by temperature. Similarly, high temperature resulted in the increase of the apparent digestibility coefficients of nitrogen in diets (83.7-87.9%. P<0.01), whereas BV (0.57-0.62) and NPU (0.50-0.54) of diet protein were not different among several temperature treats (P>0.05).5. Modelling effect of high and low temperature on ME intake (MEI) of 20-100 kg growing-finishing pigs was different and influenced by interaction between temperature and body weight. The MEI of pigs in hot reduced as high as 0.016 MJ/kg BW per degree. The energy cost of cold thermogenesis when the ambient temperature is low the animal's comfort temperature increased probably 0.029 MJ/kg BW per degree for 20-40 kg pigs and 0.0069 MJ/kg BW per degree for 60-80 kg pigs. The amount of increasing energy at cold was lower than that of decreasing energy at hot in same body weight pigs. The results propose that energy requirements of growing-finishing pigs in hot and clod environment were adjusted using different simulation equations, as follow:?Simulation equations of ME requirement in high and low temperature For pigs from 20 to 100kg BW in 23-35 "C:MEI(MJ/d)=-26.8112+1.5723T+1.2684BW-0.02748T2-0.005215BW2-0.01570TxBW(R2=0.96, RSD=1.29)
For pigs from 20 to 100kg BW in 5-23 V:MEI(MJ/d)=23.086-0.539T+0.297BW (R2=0.927, RSD=1.92) ?Changing rate(R%): For pigs from 20 to 100kg BW in hot temperature (23-35 °C):R%=0.0186 (OT-Ta)-0.00115 (OT-Ta)2(R2 = 0.99, RSD=0.12) For pigs from 20 to 100kg BW in cold temperature(5~23°C):R%= 0.0196(OT-Ta) (R2 = 0.94, RSD=0.0462) Adjustment MEI(MJ/d)= MEIOt+MEIOtXR%6. Increasing ambient temperature decreased protein (PD) and lipid deposition (LD) in a quadratic manner. However, the response of LD was higher than that of PD. With pigs given food ad libitum during 20 to 100 kg phase, an increase in temperature from 23 to 35 °C reduced daily PD by 51% (58 vsll9 g/d), LD by 75% (52 vs 209 g/d). Hot stress makes pigs leaner.7. High temperature had a significant influence upon heat production per unit feed and decreased the efficiency of energy utilization. From linear regression equations relating HP (MJ/kg Feed) to T, individual estimates of extra thermoregulatory heat production (ETH) in hot temperature were determined. The values of ETH in 20-40, 40-60, 60-80 and 80-100 kg pigs were 0.18> 0.29> 0.30 %\ 0.34MJ/kg feed/°C, respectively. Pigs will reduce VFI (or MET) to remove ETH in hot environment which corresponded with the results of feeding and metabolic experiments.
本试验研究结果表明:
1.高温对生长育肥猪的自由采食量(VFI)、日增重(ADG)和料重比(F/G)有极显著影响(P<0.01).并与体重存在显著的互作效应(P<0.01)。20～100kg生长育肥猪35℃比23℃减少VFI 65g/d/℃(或-40%)、降低ADG 30g/d/℃(或-51%)和增加F/G 0.05/d/℃(或+21%)。
2.低温对生长育肥猪的VFI和F/G有极显著影响(P<0.01),而对ADG的影响不显著(P>0.05)。20～40kg生长猪在10℃的VFI比20℃增加44g/d/℃(或+28%),F/G增加0.08/℃(或+35%),ADG降低4g/d/℃(或-6%);60～80kg育肥猪在5℃的VFI比20℃增加34g/d/℃(或+22%),F/G增加0.09/d/℃(或+41%),ADG减少6g/d/℃(或-13%)。
3.高温对20～100kg生长育肥猪的VFI、ADG和F/G的影响模式为二次函数,分别建立了VFI、ADG和F/G对温度的一元二次回归方程以及对温度和体重的多元非线性回归预测模型。高温和低温对20～40(10～35℃)和60～80kg(5～35℃)生长猪VFI、ADG和F/G的影响呈二次或三次关系,并分别建立了对温度的二次或三次回归模型。
The effects of ambient temperature on performance, nitrogen and energy metabolism, protein (PD) and lipid deposition (LD), heat production (HP) and energy utilization were studied in Duroc x (Landrace x Large White) growing-finishing pigs according to a factorial design including four body weight ranges (20-40, 40-60, 60-80 and 80-100 kg) and nine temperature (5, 10,15, 20, 23, 26, 29, 32 and 35 ℃). High temperature trials: the performance, nitrogen and energy metabolism, PD, LD, HP and energy utilization of 20-100 kg growing-finishing pigs were measured in constant hot temperature (23-35 ℃), respectively; low temperature trials: the performance of 20-40 kg (10~20℃) and 60-80 kg (5~20℃) growing pigs were measured in constant low temperature, respectively; One hundred and eight pigs were divided into 27 treats with four animals per treat (2 castrated males and 2 entire females). Digestive and metabolic trials were conducted for 6-14 days from 28 to 32, 38 to 42, 68 to 72 and 78-92 kg BW, respectively. Twenty-two pigs (one male and one female per treat) were slaughtered at end experiments in 23, 29 and 35 ℃. Animals were individually housed in wire cages and had ad libitum access to diets and water.The results showed as follow:1. The VFI, ADG and F/G of growing-finishing pigs were significantly affected by high temperature (P<0.01). The effect of temperature was related to body weigh and temperature. The performance of 20-40 kg growing pigs was the best at 26 ℃. The other pigs' performance was the best in 23 ℃. The VFI, ADG of 20-100 kg pigs reduced 65g/d/℃ (or -40%) and 30 g/d/℃ (or -51%) and F/G of them increased 0.05/d/℃ (or +21%) as environmental temperature increased from 23 to 35 ℃, respectively.2. VFI and F/G of growing-finishing pigs were significantly affected by low temperature (P<0.01), but the effect of low temperature on ADG of them was not significant (P>0.05).
The VFI and F/G of 20-40 kg growing pigs increased 44g/d/°C (or +28%) and 0.08/°C (or +35%), and ADG of them decreased 4g/d/°C(or -6%)as temperature dropped from 20 to 10 °C respectively. In 60-80 kg pigs, VFI and F/G increased 34 g/d (or +22%) and 0.09 (or +41%) (P<0.01), respectively, and ADG decreased 6 g/d (or -13%) (P>0.05) for 1 °C drop in temperature between 20 and 5 °C.3. For 20-100 kg growing-finishing pigs, the relationship between VFI, ADG and F/G and temperature (23-35 °C) can be described in linear or quadric functions (p<0.01) and were affected by interactive effect of temperature and body weight. Equations for prediction of VFI, ADG and F/G according to T and BW are proposed. The negative effects of hot temperature on the growth and economic effectiveness in growing-finishing pigs were more severity than that of low temperature.4. Increasing ambient temperature from 23 to 35 °C resulted in the increase of the apparent digestibility coefficients of energy in diets (87.1-89.0%, P<0.05), but the ratios of ME/DE (0.981 to 0.984) were not affected by temperature. Similarly, high temperature resulted in the increase of the apparent digestibility coefficients of nitrogen in diets (83.7-87.9%. P<0.01), whereas BV (0.57-0.62) and NPU (0.50-0.54) of diet protein were not different among several temperature treats (P>0.05).5. Modelling effect of high and low temperature on ME intake (MEI) of 20-100 kg growing-finishing pigs was different and influenced by interaction between temperature and body weight. The MEI of pigs in hot reduced as high as 0.016 MJ/kg BW per degree. The energy cost of cold thermogenesis when the ambient temperature is low the animal's comfort temperature increased probably 0.029 MJ/kg BW per degree for 20-40 kg pigs and 0.0069 MJ/kg BW per degree for 60-80 kg pigs. The amount of increasing energy at cold was lower than that of decreasing energy at hot in same body weight pigs. The results propose that energy requirements of growing-finishing pigs in hot and clod environment were adjusted using different simulation equations, as follow:?Simulation equations of ME requirement in high and low temperature For pigs from 20 to 100kg BW in 23-35 "C:MEI(MJ/d)=-26.8112+1.5723T+1.2684BW-0.02748T2-0.005215BW2-0.01570TxBW(R2=0.96, RSD=1.29)
For pigs from 20 to 100kg BW in 5-23 V:MEI(MJ/d)=23.086-0.539T+0.297BW (R2=0.927, RSD=1.92) ?Changing rate(R%): For pigs from 20 to 100kg BW in hot temperature (23-35 °C):R%=0.0186 (OT-Ta)-0.00115 (OT-Ta)2(R2 = 0.99, RSD=0.12) For pigs from 20 to 100kg BW in cold temperature(5~23°C):R%= 0.0196(OT-Ta) (R2 = 0.94, RSD=0.0462) Adjustment MEI(MJ/d)= MEIOt+MEIOtXR%6. Increasing ambient temperature decreased protein (PD) and lipid deposition (LD) in a quadratic manner. However, the response of LD was higher than that of PD. With pigs given food ad libitum during 20 to 100 kg phase, an increase in temperature from 23 to 35 °C reduced daily PD by 51% (58 vsll9 g/d), LD by 75% (52 vs 209 g/d). Hot stress makes pigs leaner.7. High temperature had a significant influence upon heat production per unit feed and decreased the efficiency of energy utilization. From linear regression equations relating HP (MJ/kg Feed) to T, individual estimates of extra thermoregulatory heat production (ETH) in hot temperature were determined. The values of ETH in 20-40, 40-60, 60-80 and 80-100 kg pigs were 0.18> 0.29> 0.30 %\ 0.34MJ/kg feed/°C, respectively. Pigs will reduce VFI (or MET) to remove ETH in hot environment which corresponded with the results of feeding and metabolic experiments.
引文
[1] Noblet, J. Recent Advances in Animal Nutrition. AFIA Educational Forum: Nutrition Conference - Indianapolis, 2001a. May 7-9. p. 1-17
[2] Lewis, and L. L. Southern (ed.) Swine Nutrition (2nd Edition), chapter 23, CRC Press.2001 p. 519-544
[3] Close. W. H., and L. E. Mount. Energy retention in the pig at several environmental temperatures and levels of feeding. Proc Nutr Soc 1971.30(1):33A-34A
[4] Close, W. H., M. W. Verstegen, and L. E. Mount. The energy costs of maintenance and production in the growing pig. Proc. Nutr. Soc. 1973.32(2):72A
[5] Noblet, J., L. Le Bellego, J. van Millgen, and S. Dubois. Effect of reduction of dietary protein level and fat addition on heat production and energy balance in growing pigs. Anim. Res. 2001b.50:227-238
[6] Close, W. H., F. Berschauer, and R. P. Heavens. The effect of plane of nutrition and environmental temperature on the energy metabolism of the growing pig. 1.energy metabolism. Br. J. Nutr. 1983.49:255-269
[7] Collin, A., J. Van Milgen, S. Dubois and J. Noblet. Effect of high temperature and feeding level on energy utilization in piglets. J. Anim. Sci. 2001c. 79(1): 1849-1857
[8] Seymour E. W, Speer VC, Hays VW. Effect of environmental temperature on the riboflavin requirement of young pigs. J. Anim Sci. 1968.27(2):389-93
[9] Close, W. H., and L. E. Mount. The effect of plane of nutrition and environmental temperature on the energy metabolism of the growing pig. 1. Heat and critical temperature. 1978a. Br J. Nutr. 40:413-421
[10] Close W. H., L. E. Mount, and D. Brown. The effect of plane of nutrition and environmental temperature on the energy metabolism of the growing pig. 2. Growth rate including protein and fat deposition. Br. J. Nutr, 1978b.40:423-431
[11] Close, W. H The effect of plane of nutrition and environmental temperature on the energy metabolism of the growing pig. 3.The efficiency of energy utilization for maintenance and growth. Br. J. Nutr. 1978c.40:433-439
[12] Verstegen, M. W. A., H. A. Brandsma, and G. Mateman. Feed requirement of growing pigs at low environmental temperatures. J. Anim. Sci. 1982.55(1):88-94
[13] Le Dividich, J, and J. Noblet. Growth rate and protein and fat gain in early-weaned piglets housed below thermoneutrality. Livst. Prod. Sci. 1982.9:731-742
[14] Quiniou, N., J. Noblet. Influence of high ambient temperatures on performance of multiparous lactating sows. J Anim Sci. Savoy, 1999. 77(8):2124-2134
[15] Quiniou, N., J. Noblet, J. van Milgen, and S. Dubois. Modelling heat production and energy balance in group-housed growing pigs exposed to low or high ambient temperatures. Br J Nutr. Jan 2001.85(1):97-106
[16] Katsumata, M., Y. Kaji, and M. Saitoh. Growth and carcass fatness responses of finishing pigs to dietary fat supplementation at a high ambient temperature. Anim. Sci, 1996.62:591-598
[17] Le Bellego, L., J. van Milgent and J. Noblet Effect of high ambient temperature on protein and lipid deposition and energy utilization in growing pigs Anim. Sci. 2002a. 75:85-96
[18] Le Bellego, L., J. van Milgent and J. Noblet, Effect of high temperature and low-protein diets on the performance of growing-fishing pigs J. Anim. Sci. 2002b. 80:691-701
[19] Collin, A., J. Van Milgen, and J. Le Dividich. Modeling the Effect of high, constant temperature on food intake in growing pigs. Anim. Sci. 2001a. 72:519-527
[20] Collin, A, J. Van Milgen, S. Dubois and J. Noblet Effect of high temperature on feeding behavior and heat production in group-housed young pigs. Br. J. Nutr. 2001b.86: 63-70
[21] NRC, Nutrient Requirements of Swine (10 Ed.). National Academy Press, Washington, DC. 1998.p
[22] 杨全明 吴关鹉等,恒温和变温对里岔黑猪营养物质消化利用率的影响.家畜生态1999,20(4):28-30
[23] 汪开英 苗香雯 崔绍荣等.猪舍环境温湿度对育成猪的生理及生产指标的影响.农业工程学报.2002.18(1):99-102
[24] 王利华 周丹等,环境温度对哈白猪代谢产热的影响.家畜生态.2002 23(2):47-43
[25] Fuller, M. F., and A. W. Boyne. The effects of environmental temperature on the growth and metabolism of pigs given different amounts of food. 1. Nitrogen metabolism, growth and body composition. Br. J. Nutr. 1971 Mar;25(2):259-272
[26] Fuller, M. F., and A. W. Boyne. The effects of environmental temperature on the growth and metabolism of pigs given different amounts of food. 2. Energy metabolism. Br. J. Nutr. 1972.28(3):373-384
[27] Verstegen, M. W. A., W. H. Close, I. B. Start, and L. E Mount. The effects of environmental temperature and plane of nutrition on heat loss, energy retention and deposition of protein and fat in groups of growing pigs. Br J Nutr. 1973. 30(1):21-35
[28] Le Dividich, J. M. Vermorel, J. Noblet, J. C. Bouvier, and A. Aumaitre. Effects of environmental temperature on heat production, energy retention, protein and fat gain in early weaned piglets. Br J Nutr. 1980.44(3):313-323
[29] Quiniou, N., J. Y. Dourmad and J. Noblet. Effect of energy intake on the performance of different types of pig from 45 to 100 kg body weight 1. Protein and lipid deposition. Anita. Sci. 2000b. 63:289-296
[30] Ingram, D. L., and L. E. Mount. Man and Animals in Hot Environments. New York: Springer-Verlag. 1975. p.185
[31] Bruce, J. M. and J. J. Clark. Models of heat production and critical temperature for growing pigs. Animal Production. 1979.28 (3): 353-369
[32] Ingram, D. L. Heat loss and its control in pigs. In: Montieth, J. L. and L. E. Mount, eds. Heat Loss from Animals and Man. London: Butterworths. 1974. p. 233-254
[33] Mount, L. E. The assessment of thermal environment in relation to pig production. Livestock Production Science 1975.2 (4): 381-392
[34] 沈同 王镜岩主编,生物化学(第二版),高等教育出版社,2000,p255
[35] Black, J. L., R. G. Campbell, I. H. Williams, K. J. James and G. T. Davies. Simulation of energy and amino acid utilisation in the pig. Research and Development in Agriculture 3 1986. (3): 121-145
[36] Fuller, M. F. The effects of environmental temperature on the nitrogen metabolism and growth in the young pig. Br J Nutr. 1965.19: 531-546
[37] Verstegen, M. W. A, and W. van der. Hel The effects of temperature and type of floor on metabolic rate and effective critical temperature in groups of growing pigs. Animal production. 1974.18:1-11
[38] Holmes, C. W., and W. H. Close. In Nutrition and the climatic environment. [W. Haresign, H. Swin and D Lewis, editors] London: Butterworths. 1977. p.51
[39] Le Dividich, J, and J. Noblet, T. Bikawa. Effects of environmental temperature and dietary energy concentration on the performance and carcass characteristics of growing-finishing pigs fed to equal rate of gain Livst. Prod. Sci. 1987. 17:235-246
[40] Stahly, T. S., and G. L. Cromwell Effect of environmental temperature and dietary fat supplementation on the performance and carcass characteristics of growing and finishing swine. J. Anim Sci. 1979. 49:1478-148S
[41] Nienaber, J. A., Hahn, G. L. and Yen, J. T. Thermal environment effects on growing-finishing swine. I . Growth, feed intake and heat production. Transactions of the ASAE 1987a 30: 1772-1775
[42]Lefaucheur, L., J. Le Dividich, J. Mourot, G. Monin, P. Ecolan and D. Krauss. Influence of environmental temperature on growth, muscle and adipose tissue metabolism, and meat quality in swine. J Anim Sci. 1991. 69:2844-2854
[43] Giles, L.R., E. B. Dettmann, and R. F. Lowe. Influence of diurnally fluctuation high temperature on growth and energy retention of growing pig. Anim. Prod. 1988. 47:467-474
[44] Quiniou, N., S. Dubois, and J. Noblet. Voluntary feed intake and feeding behaviour of group-housed growing pigs are affected by ambient temperature and body weight. Livest. Prod. Sci. 2000a. 63 (3):245-253
[45] Bigelow, J. A, and T. R. Houpt. Feeding and dringking patterns in young pigs. Physiology and Behavior. 1988.43:99-109
[46] Labrouce F. Gueblez R. Sellier P & Meunier-Salaun. Feeding behaviour of group-housed Large-White and Landrace pigs in French central test stations. Livst. 1994. Pro. Sci. 40:303-312
[47] Nienaber, J. A., G. L. Hahn, R. L. Korthals, and T. P McDonald. Eating behavior of
swine influences by environmental temperature. Transactions of the ASAE.1993. 36:937-944
[48] Nienaber, J. A., T. P. McDonald, G. L. Hahn, and Y. R Chen. Eating dynamics of growing- finishing swine. 1990. Transactions of the ASAE.33:2011-2018
[49] Nienaber, J. A. and G. L. Hanh.. Performance of growing-finishing swine in response to thermal environment. ASAE paper 1983. 83-137
[50] Morrison, S. R., H. Heitman, and R. L. Givens. Effect of diurnal air temperature cycles on growth and food conversion in pigs. Anim. Pro. 1975. 20:287
[51] Bresk, B. and J. Stolpe. On the optimal range of the temperature of the air for breeding fattening pigs.1980. Arch. Tierernahr. 30:759
[52] ARC, The Nutrient Requirements of Pigs. Commonwealth Agricultural Bureaux, Slough, England. 1981
[53] Noblet, J, C. karege, S. Dubois and J. Van Milgen. Metabolic Utilization of energy and maintenance requirements in growing pigs: effects of sex and genotype. J Anim Sci. 1999. 77:1208-1216
[54] Phillips, P. A., B. A. Young, and J. B. MecQuitty. Live weight, protein deposition and digestibility responses in growing pig exposed to low temperature. Can. J. Anim. Sci., 1982.62:95
[55] Massabie, P., abd R. Granier. Effect of Air Movement and Ambient Temperature on the Zootechnical Performance and Behavior of Growing-Finishing Pigs. 2001 ASAE Annual Meeting
[56] van Milgen, J.,Noblet J. Energy partitioning in growing pigs:the use of a multivariate model as an alternative for the factorial analysis. J Anim Sci 1999.77(8):2154-2162
[57] Giles, L.R., J. L. Black, and E. B. Dettmann. Influence of high temperature and skin wetness on voluntary intake and performance of pigs from 50 to 80 kg live weight. In proceedings of inaugural conference of the Australasian pig science association albury. 1987. 140
[58] Rinaldo D., J. Le Dividich. nfluence de la temperature ambiante sur les
performances de croissance du porc. 1991a. 4(1) : 57-65
[59] Ingram, D. L. The effect of humidity on temperature regulation and cutaneous water loss in the young pig. Research in Veterinary Science. 1965.6:9-17
[60] Noblet, J., J.Y. Dourmad., J. Le Dividich., and S. Dubois. Effect of ambient temperature and addition of straw or alfafa in the diet on energy metabolism in pregnant sows. Livest. Prod. Sci. 1989.21:309-324
[61] NRC, Nutrient Requirements of Swine. National Academy Press, Washington, DC. 1981.p
[62] Whittemore, C. T. and R. H. Fawcett. Theoretical aspects of a flexible model to simulate protein and lipid growth in pigs. Animal Production. 1976. 22 (1): 87-96.
[63] Noblet, J., J. Le Dividich, T. Bikawa Interaction between energy level in the diet and environmental temperature on the utilization of energy in growing pigs. J Anim Sci. 1985.61(2):452-459
[64] Noblet, J., J. Le Dividich, and J. van Milgen, Thermal environment and swine nutrition. In: A.J.Lewis and L.L. Southern (ed.) Swine Nutrition (2nd Edition), chapter 23, 2001c. p. 519-544, CRC Press, Boca raton, FL
[65] Lopez, J. B. Effects of temperature on the performance of finishing swine: 1.Effects of a hot, diurnal temperature on average daily gain, feed intake, and feed efficiency. J.Anim.Sci. 1991a. 69:1843-1849
[66] Close, W. H. The significance of the environment for energy utilization in the pig. Proc. Nutr. Soc. 1980. 39(2):169-75
[67] Koops, W. J., and Grossman, M. Multiphase allometry. Growth, development and ageing. 1993.57:183-192
[68] Whittemore, C. T. Science and practice of pig production. 2nd edit. Blackwell publishing. 1998. p53-96
[69] 杨胜主编,饲料分析及饲料质量检测技术.北京:北京农业大学出版社.1993.
[70] 张文彤 主编,SPSS统计分析教程一高级篇,北京希望电子出版社,2002,p32-143
[71] Close W. H. The influence of the thermal environment on the voluntary food intake of pigs. The voluntary food intake of pigs. (ed. J. M. Forbs, M. A. Varley and T. L.J. Lawtrnce). 1989. British society of animal production, accational publication no. 13. pp.87-96
[72] Verstegen, N. W. A., E. W. Brascamp and W. van der Hel Growing and fatening of pigs in relatio to temperature of housing and feeding level. Candian J. Anim. Sci. 1978.58:1-13
[73] Nichols, D. A., D. R. Ames, and R. H. Hines. Effect of temperature in performance and efficiency of finishing swine. Proceeding of 2nd International Livestock Environmental Symposium Ames, IA ASAE Publ. No. 3-82, ASAE, St. Joseph, MI 49085. 1982. pp. 376-379
[74] Heitman, H. J, and S. R. Morrison. Ambient temperature and protein level in the ration of growing pigs. Int. J. Biometeorol. 1988.32(1):44-6
[75] Sugahara, M., D. H. Baker, and A. H. Jensen. Effect of ambient temperature on performance and carcass development in young swine. J. Anim. Sci.1970.31:59-62
[76] Holme, D. W., and W. E. Coey. The effect of environmental temperature and method of feeding on the performance and carcass composition of bacon pigs. Anim. Pro.1967.9:345-342
[77] Jensen, A. H., D. E. Becket and B. G. Harmon. Response of growing/fattening swine to different honsing environments during winter seasons J. Anim. Sci. 1969.29:451-456
[78] 杨凤 主编,动物营养学,中国农业出版社2000,p
[79] Noblet, J. 1996. Digestive and metabolic utilization of dietary energy in pig feeds: comparison of energy systems. In: P.C. Garnsworthy, J. Wiseman, and W. Haresign (ed.) Recent Advance:; in Animal Nutrition. p. 207-231, Nottingham University, Press, Nottingham.
[80] May, R.. W., and J. M. Bell. Digestible and metabolizable energy values of some feeds for the growing pig. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 1971.51:271-278
[81] Massabie, P., R. Granier, and J. L. Dividich. 1996. Influence de la temperature ambiante sur les performance zootechniques du porc a lengrais ad libitum. J. Rech. Porcine Fri. 28:189-194
[82] Ferurguson, N. S., and R. M. Gous. The response of growing pigs to amino acids as influenced by environmental temperature. 2. Lysine. Aniin. Sci. 2000b.70: 299-306
[83] Whittemore, C. T. A study of growth responses to nu(?)rient inputs by modelling. Proc Nutr Soc. 1976 35(3):383-391. Review
[84] Quiniou, N., J. Noblet, J. van Milgen, and J. Y. Dourmad. Effect of energy intake on petformance, nutrient and tiddue gain and protein and energy utilization in growing boars. Anim. Sci,1995.61:133-143
[85]Whittemore, C. T., and F. W. H. Elsley Practical pig nutrition Farming Press Limiled 1979. p:39-72.
[86]Kouba, M., D. Hermier, and J. Le Dividich, Influence of a high ambient temperature on stearoyl-Co-A-desaturase activity in the growing pig. Comp. biochem. hysiol, Part-B, 1999. 124B(1): 7-13
[87] Kouba, M., D. Hermier, and J.Le Dividich. Influence of a high ambient temperature on lipid metabolism in the growing pig. J. Anim. Sci. Jan 2001. 79(1):81-87
[88] Rinaldo D., J. Le Dividich. Effects of warm exposeure on adipose tissue and muscle metabolism in growing pigs. comp. Biochem. Physical. 1991b. 100A. 4: 995-1002
[89] Rinaldo D., J. Le Dividich. Assessment of optimal temperature for performance and chemical body composition of growing pigs. Livestock Production Science. 1991c. 29:61-75
[90] Lopez, J., R. D. Goodband, G. L. Allee, G. W. Jesse, J.L. Nessen, M. D. Tokach, D. Spiers, and B. A. Becker. The effects of diets formulated on an ideal protein basis on growth performance, characteristics, and thermal balance of finishing gilts houses in a hot, diurmal environment J. Anim. Sci. 1994. 72: 367-379
[91] Collin, A., J. Van Milgen, S. Dubois, and J. Noblet. Effect of high temperature on feeding behavior and heat production in group-housed young pigs. J.Anim. Sci. 2002.80:691-701
[92] Koong, L. J., J. A. Nienaber and H. J. Mersmann. Effects of plane if nutrition on organ site and fasting heat production in pigs. 1982. J. Nutri. 112: 1638-1642
[93] Koong, L. J., J. A. Nienaber and H. J. Mersmann. Effects of plane if nutrition on organ site and fasting heat production in genetically obese and lean pigs. 1983. J. Nutri. 113:1626-1631
[94] Nienaber, J. A., Hahn, G. L. and Yen, J. W. Thermal environment effects on growing-finishing swine. Ⅱ. Carcass composition and organ weights. Transactions of the ASAE. 1987b 30:1776-1779
[95] 李震钟 主编,家畜环境生理学,中国农业出版社1999,p19-40
[96] 余德谦 林映才 蒋忠勇等,生长育肥猪营养需求模式试验,养猪,2002,(2)3-6
[2] Lewis, and L. L. Southern (ed.) Swine Nutrition (2nd Edition), chapter 23, CRC Press.2001 p. 519-544
[3] Close. W. H., and L. E. Mount. Energy retention in the pig at several environmental temperatures and levels of feeding. Proc Nutr Soc 1971.30(1):33A-34A
[4] Close, W. H., M. W. Verstegen, and L. E. Mount. The energy costs of maintenance and production in the growing pig. Proc. Nutr. Soc. 1973.32(2):72A
[5] Noblet, J., L. Le Bellego, J. van Millgen, and S. Dubois. Effect of reduction of dietary protein level and fat addition on heat production and energy balance in growing pigs. Anim. Res. 2001b.50:227-238
[6] Close, W. H., F. Berschauer, and R. P. Heavens. The effect of plane of nutrition and environmental temperature on the energy metabolism of the growing pig. 1.energy metabolism. Br. J. Nutr. 1983.49:255-269
[7] Collin, A., J. Van Milgen, S. Dubois and J. Noblet. Effect of high temperature and feeding level on energy utilization in piglets. J. Anim. Sci. 2001c. 79(1): 1849-1857
[8] Seymour E. W, Speer VC, Hays VW. Effect of environmental temperature on the riboflavin requirement of young pigs. J. Anim Sci. 1968.27(2):389-93
[9] Close, W. H., and L. E. Mount. The effect of plane of nutrition and environmental temperature on the energy metabolism of the growing pig. 1. Heat and critical temperature. 1978a. Br J. Nutr. 40:413-421
[10] Close W. H., L. E. Mount, and D. Brown. The effect of plane of nutrition and environmental temperature on the energy metabolism of the growing pig. 2. Growth rate including protein and fat deposition. Br. J. Nutr, 1978b.40:423-431
[11] Close, W. H The effect of plane of nutrition and environmental temperature on the energy metabolism of the growing pig. 3.The efficiency of energy utilization for maintenance and growth. Br. J. Nutr. 1978c.40:433-439
[12] Verstegen, M. W. A., H. A. Brandsma, and G. Mateman. Feed requirement of growing pigs at low environmental temperatures. J. Anim. Sci. 1982.55(1):88-94
[13] Le Dividich, J, and J. Noblet. Growth rate and protein and fat gain in early-weaned piglets housed below thermoneutrality. Livst. Prod. Sci. 1982.9:731-742
[14] Quiniou, N., J. Noblet. Influence of high ambient temperatures on performance of multiparous lactating sows. J Anim Sci. Savoy, 1999. 77(8):2124-2134
[15] Quiniou, N., J. Noblet, J. van Milgen, and S. Dubois. Modelling heat production and energy balance in group-housed growing pigs exposed to low or high ambient temperatures. Br J Nutr. Jan 2001.85(1):97-106
[16] Katsumata, M., Y. Kaji, and M. Saitoh. Growth and carcass fatness responses of finishing pigs to dietary fat supplementation at a high ambient temperature. Anim. Sci, 1996.62:591-598
[17] Le Bellego, L., J. van Milgent and J. Noblet Effect of high ambient temperature on protein and lipid deposition and energy utilization in growing pigs Anim. Sci. 2002a. 75:85-96
[18] Le Bellego, L., J. van Milgent and J. Noblet, Effect of high temperature and low-protein diets on the performance of growing-fishing pigs J. Anim. Sci. 2002b. 80:691-701
[19] Collin, A., J. Van Milgen, and J. Le Dividich. Modeling the Effect of high, constant temperature on food intake in growing pigs. Anim. Sci. 2001a. 72:519-527
[20] Collin, A, J. Van Milgen, S. Dubois and J. Noblet Effect of high temperature on feeding behavior and heat production in group-housed young pigs. Br. J. Nutr. 2001b.86: 63-70
[21] NRC, Nutrient Requirements of Swine (10 Ed.). National Academy Press, Washington, DC. 1998.p
[22] 杨全明 吴关鹉等,恒温和变温对里岔黑猪营养物质消化利用率的影响.家畜生态1999,20(4):28-30
[23] 汪开英 苗香雯 崔绍荣等.猪舍环境温湿度对育成猪的生理及生产指标的影响.农业工程学报.2002.18(1):99-102
[24] 王利华 周丹等,环境温度对哈白猪代谢产热的影响.家畜生态.2002 23(2):47-43
[25] Fuller, M. F., and A. W. Boyne. The effects of environmental temperature on the growth and metabolism of pigs given different amounts of food. 1. Nitrogen metabolism, growth and body composition. Br. J. Nutr. 1971 Mar;25(2):259-272
[26] Fuller, M. F., and A. W. Boyne. The effects of environmental temperature on the growth and metabolism of pigs given different amounts of food. 2. Energy metabolism. Br. J. Nutr. 1972.28(3):373-384
[27] Verstegen, M. W. A., W. H. Close, I. B. Start, and L. E Mount. The effects of environmental temperature and plane of nutrition on heat loss, energy retention and deposition of protein and fat in groups of growing pigs. Br J Nutr. 1973. 30(1):21-35
[28] Le Dividich, J. M. Vermorel, J. Noblet, J. C. Bouvier, and A. Aumaitre. Effects of environmental temperature on heat production, energy retention, protein and fat gain in early weaned piglets. Br J Nutr. 1980.44(3):313-323
[29] Quiniou, N., J. Y. Dourmad and J. Noblet. Effect of energy intake on the performance of different types of pig from 45 to 100 kg body weight 1. Protein and lipid deposition. Anita. Sci. 2000b. 63:289-296
[30] Ingram, D. L., and L. E. Mount. Man and Animals in Hot Environments. New York: Springer-Verlag. 1975. p.185
[31] Bruce, J. M. and J. J. Clark. Models of heat production and critical temperature for growing pigs. Animal Production. 1979.28 (3): 353-369
[32] Ingram, D. L. Heat loss and its control in pigs. In: Montieth, J. L. and L. E. Mount, eds. Heat Loss from Animals and Man. London: Butterworths. 1974. p. 233-254
[33] Mount, L. E. The assessment of thermal environment in relation to pig production. Livestock Production Science 1975.2 (4): 381-392
[34] 沈同 王镜岩主编,生物化学(第二版),高等教育出版社,2000,p255
[35] Black, J. L., R. G. Campbell, I. H. Williams, K. J. James and G. T. Davies. Simulation of energy and amino acid utilisation in the pig. Research and Development in Agriculture 3 1986. (3): 121-145
[36] Fuller, M. F. The effects of environmental temperature on the nitrogen metabolism and growth in the young pig. Br J Nutr. 1965.19: 531-546
[37] Verstegen, M. W. A, and W. van der. Hel The effects of temperature and type of floor on metabolic rate and effective critical temperature in groups of growing pigs. Animal production. 1974.18:1-11
[38] Holmes, C. W., and W. H. Close. In Nutrition and the climatic environment. [W. Haresign, H. Swin and D Lewis, editors] London: Butterworths. 1977. p.51
[39] Le Dividich, J, and J. Noblet, T. Bikawa. Effects of environmental temperature and dietary energy concentration on the performance and carcass characteristics of growing-finishing pigs fed to equal rate of gain Livst. Prod. Sci. 1987. 17:235-246
[40] Stahly, T. S., and G. L. Cromwell Effect of environmental temperature and dietary fat supplementation on the performance and carcass characteristics of growing and finishing swine. J. Anim Sci. 1979. 49:1478-148S
[41] Nienaber, J. A., Hahn, G. L. and Yen, J. T. Thermal environment effects on growing-finishing swine. I . Growth, feed intake and heat production. Transactions of the ASAE 1987a 30: 1772-1775
[42]Lefaucheur, L., J. Le Dividich, J. Mourot, G. Monin, P. Ecolan and D. Krauss. Influence of environmental temperature on growth, muscle and adipose tissue metabolism, and meat quality in swine. J Anim Sci. 1991. 69:2844-2854
[43] Giles, L.R., E. B. Dettmann, and R. F. Lowe. Influence of diurnally fluctuation high temperature on growth and energy retention of growing pig. Anim. Prod. 1988. 47:467-474
[44] Quiniou, N., S. Dubois, and J. Noblet. Voluntary feed intake and feeding behaviour of group-housed growing pigs are affected by ambient temperature and body weight. Livest. Prod. Sci. 2000a. 63 (3):245-253
[45] Bigelow, J. A, and T. R. Houpt. Feeding and dringking patterns in young pigs. Physiology and Behavior. 1988.43:99-109
[46] Labrouce F. Gueblez R. Sellier P & Meunier-Salaun. Feeding behaviour of group-housed Large-White and Landrace pigs in French central test stations. Livst. 1994. Pro. Sci. 40:303-312
[47] Nienaber, J. A., G. L. Hahn, R. L. Korthals, and T. P McDonald. Eating behavior of
swine influences by environmental temperature. Transactions of the ASAE.1993. 36:937-944
[48] Nienaber, J. A., T. P. McDonald, G. L. Hahn, and Y. R Chen. Eating dynamics of growing- finishing swine. 1990. Transactions of the ASAE.33:2011-2018
[49] Nienaber, J. A. and G. L. Hanh.. Performance of growing-finishing swine in response to thermal environment. ASAE paper 1983. 83-137
[50] Morrison, S. R., H. Heitman, and R. L. Givens. Effect of diurnal air temperature cycles on growth and food conversion in pigs. Anim. Pro. 1975. 20:287
[51] Bresk, B. and J. Stolpe. On the optimal range of the temperature of the air for breeding fattening pigs.1980. Arch. Tierernahr. 30:759
[52] ARC, The Nutrient Requirements of Pigs. Commonwealth Agricultural Bureaux, Slough, England. 1981
[53] Noblet, J, C. karege, S. Dubois and J. Van Milgen. Metabolic Utilization of energy and maintenance requirements in growing pigs: effects of sex and genotype. J Anim Sci. 1999. 77:1208-1216
[54] Phillips, P. A., B. A. Young, and J. B. MecQuitty. Live weight, protein deposition and digestibility responses in growing pig exposed to low temperature. Can. J. Anim. Sci., 1982.62:95
[55] Massabie, P., abd R. Granier. Effect of Air Movement and Ambient Temperature on the Zootechnical Performance and Behavior of Growing-Finishing Pigs. 2001 ASAE Annual Meeting
[56] van Milgen, J.,Noblet J. Energy partitioning in growing pigs:the use of a multivariate model as an alternative for the factorial analysis. J Anim Sci 1999.77(8):2154-2162
[57] Giles, L.R., J. L. Black, and E. B. Dettmann. Influence of high temperature and skin wetness on voluntary intake and performance of pigs from 50 to 80 kg live weight. In proceedings of inaugural conference of the Australasian pig science association albury. 1987. 140
[58] Rinaldo D., J. Le Dividich. nfluence de la temperature ambiante sur les
performances de croissance du porc. 1991a. 4(1) : 57-65
[59] Ingram, D. L. The effect of humidity on temperature regulation and cutaneous water loss in the young pig. Research in Veterinary Science. 1965.6:9-17
[60] Noblet, J., J.Y. Dourmad., J. Le Dividich., and S. Dubois. Effect of ambient temperature and addition of straw or alfafa in the diet on energy metabolism in pregnant sows. Livest. Prod. Sci. 1989.21:309-324
[61] NRC, Nutrient Requirements of Swine. National Academy Press, Washington, DC. 1981.p
[62] Whittemore, C. T. and R. H. Fawcett. Theoretical aspects of a flexible model to simulate protein and lipid growth in pigs. Animal Production. 1976. 22 (1): 87-96.
[63] Noblet, J., J. Le Dividich, T. Bikawa Interaction between energy level in the diet and environmental temperature on the utilization of energy in growing pigs. J Anim Sci. 1985.61(2):452-459
[64] Noblet, J., J. Le Dividich, and J. van Milgen, Thermal environment and swine nutrition. In: A.J.Lewis and L.L. Southern (ed.) Swine Nutrition (2nd Edition), chapter 23, 2001c. p. 519-544, CRC Press, Boca raton, FL
[65] Lopez, J. B. Effects of temperature on the performance of finishing swine: 1.Effects of a hot, diurnal temperature on average daily gain, feed intake, and feed efficiency. J.Anim.Sci. 1991a. 69:1843-1849
[66] Close, W. H. The significance of the environment for energy utilization in the pig. Proc. Nutr. Soc. 1980. 39(2):169-75
[67] Koops, W. J., and Grossman, M. Multiphase allometry. Growth, development and ageing. 1993.57:183-192
[68] Whittemore, C. T. Science and practice of pig production. 2nd edit. Blackwell publishing. 1998. p53-96
[69] 杨胜主编,饲料分析及饲料质量检测技术.北京:北京农业大学出版社.1993.
[70] 张文彤 主编,SPSS统计分析教程一高级篇,北京希望电子出版社,2002,p32-143
[71] Close W. H. The influence of the thermal environment on the voluntary food intake of pigs. The voluntary food intake of pigs. (ed. J. M. Forbs, M. A. Varley and T. L.J. Lawtrnce). 1989. British society of animal production, accational publication no. 13. pp.87-96
[72] Verstegen, N. W. A., E. W. Brascamp and W. van der Hel Growing and fatening of pigs in relatio to temperature of housing and feeding level. Candian J. Anim. Sci. 1978.58:1-13
[73] Nichols, D. A., D. R. Ames, and R. H. Hines. Effect of temperature in performance and efficiency of finishing swine. Proceeding of 2nd International Livestock Environmental Symposium Ames, IA ASAE Publ. No. 3-82, ASAE, St. Joseph, MI 49085. 1982. pp. 376-379
[74] Heitman, H. J, and S. R. Morrison. Ambient temperature and protein level in the ration of growing pigs. Int. J. Biometeorol. 1988.32(1):44-6
[75] Sugahara, M., D. H. Baker, and A. H. Jensen. Effect of ambient temperature on performance and carcass development in young swine. J. Anim. Sci.1970.31:59-62
[76] Holme, D. W., and W. E. Coey. The effect of environmental temperature and method of feeding on the performance and carcass composition of bacon pigs. Anim. Pro.1967.9:345-342
[77] Jensen, A. H., D. E. Becket and B. G. Harmon. Response of growing/fattening swine to different honsing environments during winter seasons J. Anim. Sci. 1969.29:451-456
[78] 杨凤 主编,动物营养学,中国农业出版社2000,p
[79] Noblet, J. 1996. Digestive and metabolic utilization of dietary energy in pig feeds: comparison of energy systems. In: P.C. Garnsworthy, J. Wiseman, and W. Haresign (ed.) Recent Advance:; in Animal Nutrition. p. 207-231, Nottingham University, Press, Nottingham.
[80] May, R.. W., and J. M. Bell. Digestible and metabolizable energy values of some feeds for the growing pig. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 1971.51:271-278
[81] Massabie, P., R. Granier, and J. L. Dividich. 1996. Influence de la temperature ambiante sur les performance zootechniques du porc a lengrais ad libitum. J. Rech. Porcine Fri. 28:189-194
[82] Ferurguson, N. S., and R. M. Gous. The response of growing pigs to amino acids as influenced by environmental temperature. 2. Lysine. Aniin. Sci. 2000b.70: 299-306
[83] Whittemore, C. T. A study of growth responses to nu(?)rient inputs by modelling. Proc Nutr Soc. 1976 35(3):383-391. Review
[84] Quiniou, N., J. Noblet, J. van Milgen, and J. Y. Dourmad. Effect of energy intake on petformance, nutrient and tiddue gain and protein and energy utilization in growing boars. Anim. Sci,1995.61:133-143
[85]Whittemore, C. T., and F. W. H. Elsley Practical pig nutrition Farming Press Limiled 1979. p:39-72.
[86]Kouba, M., D. Hermier, and J. Le Dividich, Influence of a high ambient temperature on stearoyl-Co-A-desaturase activity in the growing pig. Comp. biochem. hysiol, Part-B, 1999. 124B(1): 7-13
[87] Kouba, M., D. Hermier, and J.Le Dividich. Influence of a high ambient temperature on lipid metabolism in the growing pig. J. Anim. Sci. Jan 2001. 79(1):81-87
[88] Rinaldo D., J. Le Dividich. Effects of warm exposeure on adipose tissue and muscle metabolism in growing pigs. comp. Biochem. Physical. 1991b. 100A. 4: 995-1002
[89] Rinaldo D., J. Le Dividich. Assessment of optimal temperature for performance and chemical body composition of growing pigs. Livestock Production Science. 1991c. 29:61-75
[90] Lopez, J., R. D. Goodband, G. L. Allee, G. W. Jesse, J.L. Nessen, M. D. Tokach, D. Spiers, and B. A. Becker. The effects of diets formulated on an ideal protein basis on growth performance, characteristics, and thermal balance of finishing gilts houses in a hot, diurmal environment J. Anim. Sci. 1994. 72: 367-379
[91] Collin, A., J. Van Milgen, S. Dubois, and J. Noblet. Effect of high temperature on feeding behavior and heat production in group-housed young pigs. J.Anim. Sci. 2002.80:691-701
[92] Koong, L. J., J. A. Nienaber and H. J. Mersmann. Effects of plane if nutrition on organ site and fasting heat production in pigs. 1982. J. Nutri. 112: 1638-1642
[93] Koong, L. J., J. A. Nienaber and H. J. Mersmann. Effects of plane if nutrition on organ site and fasting heat production in genetically obese and lean pigs. 1983. J. Nutri. 113:1626-1631
[94] Nienaber, J. A., Hahn, G. L. and Yen, J. W. Thermal environment effects on growing-finishing swine. Ⅱ. Carcass composition and organ weights. Transactions of the ASAE. 1987b 30:1776-1779
[95] 李震钟 主编,家畜环境生理学,中国农业出版社1999,p19-40
[96] 余德谦 林映才 蒋忠勇等,生长育肥猪营养需求模式试验,养猪,2002,(2)3-6