重大工程项目决策中的价值取向及其价值观
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摘要
长期以来,学界始终关注工程问题,并在工程项目研究方面取得了丰硕的成果。但是在对工程项目决策问题的探究上,只是对工程决策进行多价值分析并加以权衡,缺乏对持有价值的人的价值观的追问。对重大工程项目决策中的价值取向及其价值观进行研究非常必要,应该明确工程决策价值分析中出现的问题源于价值观的根本差异。
本文首先通过重大工程项目决策中的价值分析,把握价值取向在价值分析中的作用,进而明确价值取向背后的价值观。由于决策主体不同,因此重大工程项目决策受制于决策主体的价值观。接着对多元化决策主体进行分析,理解决策的最终话语权主体。通过具体实例,认识价值冲突的不可避免性及重大工程项目中决策主体价值取向的多元化。由“牧场悖论”的启示,深入到价值观问题,即要在价值取向上达成一致,关键是价值观的统一。之后阐述了工程决策价值分析应该遵循的三大原则——合规律性与合目的性相统一原则、个体选择与社会选择相统一原则、创价价值与代价价值相统一原则。最后借助“囚徒困境”与博弈思想,分析价值观的统一与价值冲突的化解,讨论重大工程项目决策科学化中的民主与集中,建构重大工程项目决策中的“核心价值观”。
Over the years, scholars have always concerned about the issues and research in the project has achieved fruitful results. But the decision on the issue of exploration projects, the only multi-value analysis of engineering decisions and to weigh the lack of value people hold the values of questioning. Decision-making on major projects and their values in the value orientation of research is necessary, it should be clear decision-making value engineering analysis of the problems stems from fundamental differences in values.
The article begins from the value analysis of engineering decision in lager scale engineering project,and analyzes its characteristics and the role of the basic theory. Because of different Decision-makers,the value analysis of engineering decision Depends on the values of Engineering subject. Secondly it introduces a diversity of engineering decision to comprehend the ultimate voice of the main decision-making. Through concrete examples, recognizing the inevitability of value conflict and the diversity of engineering decision in lager scale engineering project. From "farm paradox" Depth to the values issue, the key is the unity of values to agree on values. Thirdly it points out the value analysis of engineering decision should follow three principles-combined regularity and purpose, combined individual choice and social choice, combined the value created and the value of lost. Finally using the“Prisoners Dilemma”and“Game Theory”, the unity of values and value conflict resolution, discussion of major scientific projects in the democratic decision-making and concentration, decision-making in the construction of major projects“Core Values”.
本文首先通过重大工程项目决策中的价值分析,把握价值取向在价值分析中的作用,进而明确价值取向背后的价值观。由于决策主体不同,因此重大工程项目决策受制于决策主体的价值观。接着对多元化决策主体进行分析,理解决策的最终话语权主体。通过具体实例,认识价值冲突的不可避免性及重大工程项目中决策主体价值取向的多元化。由“牧场悖论”的启示,深入到价值观问题,即要在价值取向上达成一致,关键是价值观的统一。之后阐述了工程决策价值分析应该遵循的三大原则——合规律性与合目的性相统一原则、个体选择与社会选择相统一原则、创价价值与代价价值相统一原则。最后借助“囚徒困境”与博弈思想,分析价值观的统一与价值冲突的化解,讨论重大工程项目决策科学化中的民主与集中,建构重大工程项目决策中的“核心价值观”。
Over the years, scholars have always concerned about the issues and research in the project has achieved fruitful results. But the decision on the issue of exploration projects, the only multi-value analysis of engineering decisions and to weigh the lack of value people hold the values of questioning. Decision-making on major projects and their values in the value orientation of research is necessary, it should be clear decision-making value engineering analysis of the problems stems from fundamental differences in values.
The article begins from the value analysis of engineering decision in lager scale engineering project,and analyzes its characteristics and the role of the basic theory. Because of different Decision-makers,the value analysis of engineering decision Depends on the values of Engineering subject. Secondly it introduces a diversity of engineering decision to comprehend the ultimate voice of the main decision-making. Through concrete examples, recognizing the inevitability of value conflict and the diversity of engineering decision in lager scale engineering project. From "farm paradox" Depth to the values issue, the key is the unity of values to agree on values. Thirdly it points out the value analysis of engineering decision should follow three principles-combined regularity and purpose, combined individual choice and social choice, combined the value created and the value of lost. Finally using the“Prisoners Dilemma”and“Game Theory”, the unity of values and value conflict resolution, discussion of major scientific projects in the democratic decision-making and concentration, decision-making in the construction of major projects“Core Values”.
引文
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2 Martin, M. W, R. Schinzinger. Ethics in Engineering. New York: Mc Graw Hill. 2005: 17
3 R. A. Buchholz, S. B. Rosenthal. Technology and Business: Rethinking the Moral Dilemma. Journal of Business Ethics. 2002: 45 ~49
4 Martin Heidegger. The Question Concerning Technology and Other Essays. New York: Harper Perennial. 1982: 36 12
5林志扬.企业组织变革——治理结构与组织结构互动角度的考察.厦门大学博士学位论文. 2002, (8): 25
6切斯特?I?巴纳德.经理人员的职能.机械工业出版社. 2007: 155
7于光远.什么是科学的决策——在全国决策学术讨论会开幕式上的报告摘要.未来与发展. 1981, (3): 1
8汪旻艳.西蒙决策理论的优化运用——兼论我国行政决策的科学化与民主化.管理科学. 2003, (4): 18
9陈伟.重大工程项目决策机制研究.武汉理工大学博士学位论文. 2005, (10): 9~10
10 H. Walker. Report on Engineering Design. MIT Committee on Engineering Design. Journal of Engineering Education. 1961, (8): 647
11 Woodson. Introduction to Engineering Design. Mc Graw Hill Dictionary of Science and Technology. 1984: 295
12 Paul, Beitz. Engineering Design. Free Press. 1967: 96
13 P. T. Durbin. Broad and Narrow Interpretations of Philosophy of Technology. Dordrecht Kluwer Academic Publishers. 1990: 149
14 Jacques Ellul. The Technological System. Trans. Jouchim Neugroschel. New York: Continuun. 1980: 12
15王立国,王红岩,宋维佳.工程项目可行性研究.人民邮电出版社. 2002: 6
16周梦玲.重大工程项目决策模式探讨.东南大学硕士学位论文. 2006, (5): 7
17李德顺.价值论——一种主体性的研究.中国人民大学出版社. 1987: 13
18王玉樑.价值哲学新探.陕西人民教育出版社. 1993: 39
19赵馥洁.价值的历程——中国传统价值观的历史演变.中国社会科学出版社. 1991: 21
20王伟龙.对“价值”概念的几种界定.经济研究导刊. 2009, (14): 3
21王洪明.复杂性视角下的教育决策机制研究.辽宁师范大学博士学位论文. 2008, (4): 21
22安维复.工程决策:一个值得关注的哲学问题.自然辩证法研究. 2007, (8): 13
23 C. Mitcham. Engineering as Productive Activity: Philosophical Remarks. Critical Perspectives on Nonacademic Science and Engineering. Lehigh University Press. 1991: 83~85
24 E. Layton. Technology as Knowledge. Technology and Culture. 1974, (15): 31
25拉尔夫·L.基尼.创新性思维——实现核心价值的决策模式.叶胜年?叶隽译.新华出版社. 2003: 2~3
26 Peter. Drucker. A Guide to the Project Management Body of Knowledge. Project Management Institute (PMI). 2000: 4
27高梁,刘洁.国家重大工程与国家创新能力.中国软科学. 2005, (4): 17~22
28卢广彦,付超,吴金园,刘源.重大工程决策过程与决策特征研究——以三峡工程为例.中国科技论坛. 2008, (8): 20~24
29樊重俊,张兰英,舒文春,张卓剑,季清政.虹桥交通枢纽公共信息平台研究与设计.科学技术与工程. 2010, (13): 61
30杨善林,刘业政.管理信息学.高等教育出版社. 2003: 242~255
31潘家铮,王家柱.科学论证是重大工程正确决策的基础.中国工程科学. 2001, (3): 21~26
32袁贵仁.价值学引论.北京师范大学出版社. 1991: 207
33赵岩.工程哲学的实践运用问题研究.河南师范大学硕士学位论文. 2009, (7): 3~5
34张秀华.工程价值及其评价.哲学动态. 2006, (12): 23
35高清海.“人”的哲学觉悟.黑龙江教育出版社. 2004: 23
36马克思,恩格斯.德意志意识形态.南京大学出版社. 2009: 15
37 C. Mitcham. The Importance of Philosophy of Engineering. Teorema. 1998, (3): 27~47
38徐玲.价值取向本质之探究.探索. 2000, (2): 21
39弗·布罗日克.价值与评价.李志林译.知识出版社. 1988: 171
40乔丽英.大众媒体传播价值观念的机制研究.北京师范大学硕士学位论文. 2004, (7): 23
41吴向东.论价值观的形成与选择.哲学研究. 2008, (5): 22~28
42马克思,恩格斯.马克思恩格斯选集(第1卷).人民出版社, 1995: 72
43 Herbert Marcuse. One-dimensional Man: Studies in the Ideology of Advanced Industrial Society. Beacon: Beacon Press. 1991: 5
44 Latour. B, Woolgar. S. Laboratory Life: The Construction of Scientific Facts. Princeton: University Press. 1986: 26
45塞缪尔·亨廷顿.难以抉择——发展中国家的政治参与.汪晓寿译.华夏出版社. 1998: 24
46 C. Mitcham. Co-Responsibility for Research Integrity. Science and Engineering Ethics. 2003, (9): 273
47 Daniel Bell. The Coming of Post-industrial Society. New York: Basic Books. 1976: 400
48杨建科,王宏波.社会工程与工程的社会决策.科学学研究. 2009, (5): 9~15
49赵克.地方公共产品供给决策分析——以桂林市"两江四湖"工程为例.理论月刊. 2009, (7): 23~29
50鄢自强.中国政府决策的现状分析及对策探讨.华中师范大学硕士学位论文. 2004, (5): 28
51金晓玲.当前我国地方政府决策程序科学化研究.中国海洋大学硕士学位论文. 2008, (6): 21
52肖更生,刘安民.管理学原理.中国人民公安大学出版社. 2002: 114
53查尔斯·林布隆.决策制订过程.朱国斌译.上海译文出版社. 1988: 35
54郑雨明.决策判断中认知偏差及其干预策略.统计与决策. 2007, (10): 17
55 Amy Gutmann. Liberty and Pluralism in Pursuit of the Non-ideal. Social Research. 1999, (4): 77~79
56宋永平.价值冲突的本质与表现.西安交通大学学报(社会科学版). 2003, (3): 62
57周莉.试析价值冲突的消解机制.宿州教育学院学报. 2006, (1): 3
58晏辉.当代价值冲突的哲学批判.社会科学辑刊. 2003, (2): 10
59 Dosi. G. Technological Paradigms and Technological Trajectories of the Determinants and Directions of Technical Change. Research Policy. 1982, (12): 11
60马克思,恩格斯.马克思恩格斯选集(第3卷).人民出版社. 1995: 517
61杨懋,祁守成.囚徒困境——从单次博弈到重复博弈.商业时代. 2009, (2): 7
62肖微,方堃.基于博弈论思维框架的政府与企业关系重塑——从“囚徒困境”到“智猪博弈”的策略选择.华中农业大学学报(社会科学版). 2009, 14
63丰景春,刘洪波.工程社会责任主体结构的研究.科技管理研究. 2008, (12): 91
64黄涛.博弈论教程——理论·应用.首都经济贸易大学出版社. 2004: 2~4陈章龙.社会转型时期的价值观与价值导向.社会科学辑刊. 1997, (3): 3
65唐春枝.工程主体价值选择研究.湖南大学硕士学位论文. 2009, (4): 26~28
66 Iucn UnepWwf. Caring Far the Earth, A Strategy for Sustainable Living. Gland Switzerland Books. 1991: 11
67叶青.在领导决策过程中贯彻民主集中制原则的浅见.科学咨询. 2006, (11): 6
68殷瑞钰,汪应洛,李伯聪.工程哲学.高等教育出版社. 2007: 127
69李伯聪.工程伦理学的若干理论问题——兼论为“实践伦理学”正名.哲学研究. 2006, (4): 96
70唐春枝,常立农.优化工程主体价值选择的对策研究.科技情报开发与经济. 2009, (19): 71
71袁剑波,朱文喜.公路建设项目后评价内容体系研究.公路. 2001, (6): 2
2 Martin, M. W, R. Schinzinger. Ethics in Engineering. New York: Mc Graw Hill. 2005: 17
3 R. A. Buchholz, S. B. Rosenthal. Technology and Business: Rethinking the Moral Dilemma. Journal of Business Ethics. 2002: 45 ~49
4 Martin Heidegger. The Question Concerning Technology and Other Essays. New York: Harper Perennial. 1982: 36 12
5林志扬.企业组织变革——治理结构与组织结构互动角度的考察.厦门大学博士学位论文. 2002, (8): 25
6切斯特?I?巴纳德.经理人员的职能.机械工业出版社. 2007: 155
7于光远.什么是科学的决策——在全国决策学术讨论会开幕式上的报告摘要.未来与发展. 1981, (3): 1
8汪旻艳.西蒙决策理论的优化运用——兼论我国行政决策的科学化与民主化.管理科学. 2003, (4): 18
9陈伟.重大工程项目决策机制研究.武汉理工大学博士学位论文. 2005, (10): 9~10
10 H. Walker. Report on Engineering Design. MIT Committee on Engineering Design. Journal of Engineering Education. 1961, (8): 647
11 Woodson. Introduction to Engineering Design. Mc Graw Hill Dictionary of Science and Technology. 1984: 295
12 Paul, Beitz. Engineering Design. Free Press. 1967: 96
13 P. T. Durbin. Broad and Narrow Interpretations of Philosophy of Technology. Dordrecht Kluwer Academic Publishers. 1990: 149
14 Jacques Ellul. The Technological System. Trans. Jouchim Neugroschel. New York: Continuun. 1980: 12
15王立国,王红岩,宋维佳.工程项目可行性研究.人民邮电出版社. 2002: 6
16周梦玲.重大工程项目决策模式探讨.东南大学硕士学位论文. 2006, (5): 7
17李德顺.价值论——一种主体性的研究.中国人民大学出版社. 1987: 13
18王玉樑.价值哲学新探.陕西人民教育出版社. 1993: 39
19赵馥洁.价值的历程——中国传统价值观的历史演变.中国社会科学出版社. 1991: 21
20王伟龙.对“价值”概念的几种界定.经济研究导刊. 2009, (14): 3
21王洪明.复杂性视角下的教育决策机制研究.辽宁师范大学博士学位论文. 2008, (4): 21
22安维复.工程决策:一个值得关注的哲学问题.自然辩证法研究. 2007, (8): 13
23 C. Mitcham. Engineering as Productive Activity: Philosophical Remarks. Critical Perspectives on Nonacademic Science and Engineering. Lehigh University Press. 1991: 83~85
24 E. Layton. Technology as Knowledge. Technology and Culture. 1974, (15): 31
25拉尔夫·L.基尼.创新性思维——实现核心价值的决策模式.叶胜年?叶隽译.新华出版社. 2003: 2~3
26 Peter. Drucker. A Guide to the Project Management Body of Knowledge. Project Management Institute (PMI). 2000: 4
27高梁,刘洁.国家重大工程与国家创新能力.中国软科学. 2005, (4): 17~22
28卢广彦,付超,吴金园,刘源.重大工程决策过程与决策特征研究——以三峡工程为例.中国科技论坛. 2008, (8): 20~24
29樊重俊,张兰英,舒文春,张卓剑,季清政.虹桥交通枢纽公共信息平台研究与设计.科学技术与工程. 2010, (13): 61
30杨善林,刘业政.管理信息学.高等教育出版社. 2003: 242~255
31潘家铮,王家柱.科学论证是重大工程正确决策的基础.中国工程科学. 2001, (3): 21~26
32袁贵仁.价值学引论.北京师范大学出版社. 1991: 207
33赵岩.工程哲学的实践运用问题研究.河南师范大学硕士学位论文. 2009, (7): 3~5
34张秀华.工程价值及其评价.哲学动态. 2006, (12): 23
35高清海.“人”的哲学觉悟.黑龙江教育出版社. 2004: 23
36马克思,恩格斯.德意志意识形态.南京大学出版社. 2009: 15
37 C. Mitcham. The Importance of Philosophy of Engineering. Teorema. 1998, (3): 27~47
38徐玲.价值取向本质之探究.探索. 2000, (2): 21
39弗·布罗日克.价值与评价.李志林译.知识出版社. 1988: 171
40乔丽英.大众媒体传播价值观念的机制研究.北京师范大学硕士学位论文. 2004, (7): 23
41吴向东.论价值观的形成与选择.哲学研究. 2008, (5): 22~28
42马克思,恩格斯.马克思恩格斯选集(第1卷).人民出版社, 1995: 72
43 Herbert Marcuse. One-dimensional Man: Studies in the Ideology of Advanced Industrial Society. Beacon: Beacon Press. 1991: 5
44 Latour. B, Woolgar. S. Laboratory Life: The Construction of Scientific Facts. Princeton: University Press. 1986: 26
45塞缪尔·亨廷顿.难以抉择——发展中国家的政治参与.汪晓寿译.华夏出版社. 1998: 24
46 C. Mitcham. Co-Responsibility for Research Integrity. Science and Engineering Ethics. 2003, (9): 273
47 Daniel Bell. The Coming of Post-industrial Society. New York: Basic Books. 1976: 400
48杨建科,王宏波.社会工程与工程的社会决策.科学学研究. 2009, (5): 9~15
49赵克.地方公共产品供给决策分析——以桂林市"两江四湖"工程为例.理论月刊. 2009, (7): 23~29
50鄢自强.中国政府决策的现状分析及对策探讨.华中师范大学硕士学位论文. 2004, (5): 28
51金晓玲.当前我国地方政府决策程序科学化研究.中国海洋大学硕士学位论文. 2008, (6): 21
52肖更生,刘安民.管理学原理.中国人民公安大学出版社. 2002: 114
53查尔斯·林布隆.决策制订过程.朱国斌译.上海译文出版社. 1988: 35
54郑雨明.决策判断中认知偏差及其干预策略.统计与决策. 2007, (10): 17
55 Amy Gutmann. Liberty and Pluralism in Pursuit of the Non-ideal. Social Research. 1999, (4): 77~79
56宋永平.价值冲突的本质与表现.西安交通大学学报(社会科学版). 2003, (3): 62
57周莉.试析价值冲突的消解机制.宿州教育学院学报. 2006, (1): 3
58晏辉.当代价值冲突的哲学批判.社会科学辑刊. 2003, (2): 10
59 Dosi. G. Technological Paradigms and Technological Trajectories of the Determinants and Directions of Technical Change. Research Policy. 1982, (12): 11
60马克思,恩格斯.马克思恩格斯选集(第3卷).人民出版社. 1995: 517
61杨懋,祁守成.囚徒困境——从单次博弈到重复博弈.商业时代. 2009, (2): 7
62肖微,方堃.基于博弈论思维框架的政府与企业关系重塑——从“囚徒困境”到“智猪博弈”的策略选择.华中农业大学学报(社会科学版). 2009, 14
63丰景春,刘洪波.工程社会责任主体结构的研究.科技管理研究. 2008, (12): 91
64黄涛.博弈论教程——理论·应用.首都经济贸易大学出版社. 2004: 2~4陈章龙.社会转型时期的价值观与价值导向.社会科学辑刊. 1997, (3): 3
65唐春枝.工程主体价值选择研究.湖南大学硕士学位论文. 2009, (4): 26~28
66 Iucn UnepWwf. Caring Far the Earth, A Strategy for Sustainable Living. Gland Switzerland Books. 1991: 11
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