大蒜的硒硫营养效应研究
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摘要
通过田间和盆栽试验探讨了大蒜的土壤酸碱适宜性和高量施磷的协调作用，重点研究了单质硫肥对大蒜硫素营养的影响及硒硫配合土施或喷施对大蒜的营养品质效应。
(1)土壤pH值是限制大蒜生长发育的重要因素之一。大蒜适宜生长在酸性—中性(pH5.45～6.57)土壤中，且以中性条件最为适宜(pH6.57左右)。同时，比较强酸性条件与微碱性条件，微碱性土壤对大蒜的生长发育和产量质量形成的影响最大，表现为明显的抑制作用。另外，高量磷(133.33mgP_2O_5/kg土)的供应，对大蒜的生长发发育有一定的影响，但相对于土壤pH而言不十分明显。
(2)大蒜能耐高浓度的硫素供应，不同供硫水平对大蒜的生长发育和硫素营养状况影响较大，大蒜株高、叶面积、经济产量(蒜头)和经济系数以中等供硫水平最高，而茎粗和生物产量则以高硫水平最大。在0～120kg/hm~2供硫情况下，蒜头全硫(TS)、水溶性硫(SS)和无机硫(Io-S)含量均随供硫量的增加而上升，小分子水溶性含硫氨基酸含量(Ws-S)以低硫水平最高，而大分子蛋白质硫含量(Wis-S)以中等供硫水平时最高，与大蒜素含量的变化一致。通过大蒜素含量与不同硫组分比率的关系分析发现，大蒜素含量与Ws-S/TS呈极显著的正相关(r=0.752**)，与Io-S/SS呈显著的正相关(r=0.702*)。全氮含量与全硫含量变化趋势一致，全磷含量以低硫水平时最高，全钾含量以中等供硫水平时最高。
(3)硒、硫及其配合土施和喷施对大蒜的矿质营养和营养品质(特别是药用保健品质部分)具有明显的改善作用，大蒜蒜头收获后，分析测试了大蒜蒜头的10种必需营养元素和硒的不同组分以及蒜头新鲜品质(大蒜素、维生素C)。借助SPSS 10.0统计软件对大蒜矿质营养进行主成份提取(PCA)和因子分析(FA)，通过对蒜头营养品质(大蒜素、硒组分和维生素C)与矿质主因子间的线性模型模拟，从大蒜营养的角度对各矿质主因子进行命名。以矿质营养因子得分为二次变量进行方差分析和不同处理间营养品质的多重比较，结果表明，硒硫配合土施通过对大蒜矿质营养的促进作用而改善了大蒜的营养品质，但对大蒜的风味品质(大蒜素)的影响则表现为随着硫水平的提高而表现为负效应。在土壤有效硒、硫供应比较充足的条件下，硒硫交互作用在一定的比例范围内(1：4～8)才表现为正效应。同样地，硒、硫及其配合喷施通过对大蒜相应矿质营养的促进而改善了大蒜的营养品质状况，在土壤有效硒、硫供应比较充足的条件下，中低量的硒(20～40mg/LNa_2SeO_3)配合一定量的硫肥(2500mg/L(NH_4)_2SO_4)喷施效果最好，即硒硫比例大致为1：125～62.5时最佳。
The fitness of soil pH and the coordination effect of phosphate fertilizer apply were discussed, and the effect of sulphur apply, the nutrition effect of Selenium-Sulphur cooperated spraying on leaves or mixing in soil on the garlic were studied especially through the field or pot experiment in 2000-2002.
(1) The soil pH was an important limiting factor in the garlic growing and developing. The acidic-neutral soil (pH5.45-6.57) were the agreeable environment to the garlic, and the neutral soil (about pH6.57) was the best environment in our study. Compare to the strong acidic soil and feeble alkalic soil condition, the effect of alkalic soil on the garlic were relative great. At the same time, the effect of the high level phosphate fertilizer apply on the garlic were not obvious compare to the soil pH in our results.
(2) The garlic could suffer very higher sulphur rate applied, the results showed that the plant height, leaf area, economy yield(garlic bulbs) and economy coefficient were to the top when the medium sulphur rate supply. But the stem diameter and biologic production were upmost in the high sulphur level., Under the Surphur supply of 0~120kg/hm , the total sulphur(TS), water-solubility sulphur(SS) and inorganic sulphur (Io-S) content of garlic were raised following the sulphur supply. The small molecule sulphur in amino-acid (Ws-S) content were upmost under the low sulphur supply. But the big molecule sulphur in protein (Wis-S) content were to the tiptop in the medium sulphur supply, accorded with the variety of allicin of garlic. The relation between the allicin content and the ratio of different sulphur components were reviewed, and the best distinct positive correlation(r=0.752**) between the Ws-S/TS and allicin content, and the distinct correlation(r=0.702*) between the Io-S/SS and allicin content were fo
und. Sulphur and nitrogen promoted each other. The phosphorus and the potassium conten were to the tiptop when the low and medium sulphur level applied, respectively.
(3) The obvious improvement on mineral nutrition and nutrition quality(especially on the medicine and health quality) were found by the Selenium, Sulphur and Selenium-Sulphur applied in soil or spraying on leaves. After the garlic bulbs were harvested, 10 essential mineral elements, different Selenium components and the fresh quality (Allicin, Vitamin C)
of garlic were determined. 10 essential mineral elements and the Selenium components were analyzed by the Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and the Factor Analysis (FA) on the SPSS 10.0 for Windows. The linearity molders between the garlic nutrition quality (Allicin, components of Selenium, Vitamin C) and the main mineral factors ,and the main mineral factors were named as the garlic nutrition quality, to be examined The analysis of variance by the main factor scores saved as the second variables and the multiple comparisons of the nutrition qualities between the different treatments were done. The results showed, cooperated soil supply of Selenium-Sulphur enhanced the garlic nutrition quality through the increasing of mineral nutrition, but there was a passive effect on the flavor quality (Allicin) of the garlic along with the rising of Sulphur levels. And if the available Se and S were sufficient in the soil, the positive effects of Selenium-Sulphur were only found in the ratio of 1:4-8. Equally, The Sele
nium , Sulphur and Selenium-Sulphur cooperated spraying enhanced the garlic nutrition quality through the increasing of corresponding mineral nutrition. And if the available Se and S were sufficient in the soil, the positive effects of Sulphur nutrition under the low-medium level Selenium (20-40mg/L Na2SeO3) cooperated with the fixed level Sulphur (2500mg/L(NH4)2SO4), namely the Selenium-Sulphur propertion is about 1:125-62.5.
(1)土壤pH值是限制大蒜生长发育的重要因素之一。大蒜适宜生长在酸性—中性(pH5.45～6.57)土壤中，且以中性条件最为适宜(pH6.57左右)。同时，比较强酸性条件与微碱性条件，微碱性土壤对大蒜的生长发育和产量质量形成的影响最大，表现为明显的抑制作用。另外，高量磷(133.33mgP_2O_5/kg土)的供应，对大蒜的生长发发育有一定的影响，但相对于土壤pH而言不十分明显。
(2)大蒜能耐高浓度的硫素供应，不同供硫水平对大蒜的生长发育和硫素营养状况影响较大，大蒜株高、叶面积、经济产量(蒜头)和经济系数以中等供硫水平最高，而茎粗和生物产量则以高硫水平最大。在0～120kg/hm~2供硫情况下，蒜头全硫(TS)、水溶性硫(SS)和无机硫(Io-S)含量均随供硫量的增加而上升，小分子水溶性含硫氨基酸含量(Ws-S)以低硫水平最高，而大分子蛋白质硫含量(Wis-S)以中等供硫水平时最高，与大蒜素含量的变化一致。通过大蒜素含量与不同硫组分比率的关系分析发现，大蒜素含量与Ws-S/TS呈极显著的正相关(r=0.752**)，与Io-S/SS呈显著的正相关(r=0.702*)。全氮含量与全硫含量变化趋势一致，全磷含量以低硫水平时最高，全钾含量以中等供硫水平时最高。
(3)硒、硫及其配合土施和喷施对大蒜的矿质营养和营养品质(特别是药用保健品质部分)具有明显的改善作用，大蒜蒜头收获后，分析测试了大蒜蒜头的10种必需营养元素和硒的不同组分以及蒜头新鲜品质(大蒜素、维生素C)。借助SPSS 10.0统计软件对大蒜矿质营养进行主成份提取(PCA)和因子分析(FA)，通过对蒜头营养品质(大蒜素、硒组分和维生素C)与矿质主因子间的线性模型模拟，从大蒜营养的角度对各矿质主因子进行命名。以矿质营养因子得分为二次变量进行方差分析和不同处理间营养品质的多重比较，结果表明，硒硫配合土施通过对大蒜矿质营养的促进作用而改善了大蒜的营养品质，但对大蒜的风味品质(大蒜素)的影响则表现为随着硫水平的提高而表现为负效应。在土壤有效硒、硫供应比较充足的条件下，硒硫交互作用在一定的比例范围内(1：4～8)才表现为正效应。同样地，硒、硫及其配合喷施通过对大蒜相应矿质营养的促进而改善了大蒜的营养品质状况，在土壤有效硒、硫供应比较充足的条件下，中低量的硒(20～40mg/LNa_2SeO_3)配合一定量的硫肥(2500mg/L(NH_4)_2SO_4)喷施效果最好，即硒硫比例大致为1：125～62.5时最佳。
The fitness of soil pH and the coordination effect of phosphate fertilizer apply were discussed, and the effect of sulphur apply, the nutrition effect of Selenium-Sulphur cooperated spraying on leaves or mixing in soil on the garlic were studied especially through the field or pot experiment in 2000-2002.
(1) The soil pH was an important limiting factor in the garlic growing and developing. The acidic-neutral soil (pH5.45-6.57) were the agreeable environment to the garlic, and the neutral soil (about pH6.57) was the best environment in our study. Compare to the strong acidic soil and feeble alkalic soil condition, the effect of alkalic soil on the garlic were relative great. At the same time, the effect of the high level phosphate fertilizer apply on the garlic were not obvious compare to the soil pH in our results.
(2) The garlic could suffer very higher sulphur rate applied, the results showed that the plant height, leaf area, economy yield(garlic bulbs) and economy coefficient were to the top when the medium sulphur rate supply. But the stem diameter and biologic production were upmost in the high sulphur level., Under the Surphur supply of 0~120kg/hm , the total sulphur(TS), water-solubility sulphur(SS) and inorganic sulphur (Io-S) content of garlic were raised following the sulphur supply. The small molecule sulphur in amino-acid (Ws-S) content were upmost under the low sulphur supply. But the big molecule sulphur in protein (Wis-S) content were to the tiptop in the medium sulphur supply, accorded with the variety of allicin of garlic. The relation between the allicin content and the ratio of different sulphur components were reviewed, and the best distinct positive correlation(r=0.752**) between the Ws-S/TS and allicin content, and the distinct correlation(r=0.702*) between the Io-S/SS and allicin content were fo
und. Sulphur and nitrogen promoted each other. The phosphorus and the potassium conten were to the tiptop when the low and medium sulphur level applied, respectively.
(3) The obvious improvement on mineral nutrition and nutrition quality(especially on the medicine and health quality) were found by the Selenium, Sulphur and Selenium-Sulphur applied in soil or spraying on leaves. After the garlic bulbs were harvested, 10 essential mineral elements, different Selenium components and the fresh quality (Allicin, Vitamin C)
of garlic were determined. 10 essential mineral elements and the Selenium components were analyzed by the Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and the Factor Analysis (FA) on the SPSS 10.0 for Windows. The linearity molders between the garlic nutrition quality (Allicin, components of Selenium, Vitamin C) and the main mineral factors ,and the main mineral factors were named as the garlic nutrition quality, to be examined The analysis of variance by the main factor scores saved as the second variables and the multiple comparisons of the nutrition qualities between the different treatments were done. The results showed, cooperated soil supply of Selenium-Sulphur enhanced the garlic nutrition quality through the increasing of mineral nutrition, but there was a passive effect on the flavor quality (Allicin) of the garlic along with the rising of Sulphur levels. And if the available Se and S were sufficient in the soil, the positive effects of Selenium-Sulphur were only found in the ratio of 1:4-8. Equally, The Sele
nium , Sulphur and Selenium-Sulphur cooperated spraying enhanced the garlic nutrition quality through the increasing of corresponding mineral nutrition. And if the available Se and S were sufficient in the soil, the positive effects of Sulphur nutrition under the low-medium level Selenium (20-40mg/L Na2SeO3) cooperated with the fixed level Sulphur (2500mg/L(NH4)2SO4), namely the Selenium-Sulphur propertion is about 1:125-62.5.
引文
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56． 马友华，丁瑞兴，张继榛等．硒硫相互作用对烟草硫吸收与积累的影响[J]．土壤通报，2000，31(5)：232-235．
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61. Vinay Singh, Malik, RS, Singh V. Effect of phosphorus, sulphur and selenium on growth, their contents and utilisation by berseem.[J]. Legume-Research., 1990,13: 3, 123-126.
62. Sharma RK, Gangwar MS. Selenium-sulphur relationship on the growth and composition of sunflower. Journal of the Indian Society of Soil Science.[J], 1985,33: 4, 821-825
63． 马友华，丁瑞兴，张继榛等．硒和硫配施对烟草叶绿素及保护酶活性的影响[J]．南京农业大学学报，1999，22(4)：109-111．
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66. Ishikawa S. Wagatsuma T, Takano T eta. The plasma membrane intactness of root-tip cells is a primary factor for Al tolerance in cultivars of five species[J]. Soil-Science-and-Plant-Nutrition. 2001, 47: 3, 489-501.
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72． 曹槐，张晓林，刘世熙等．烤烟矿质营养分布的因子分析[J]．植物营养与肥料学报，2001，7(3)：318～324．
73． 朱永懿，杨俊诚，陈景坚，刘学莲．硒在小麦植株中的积累和分配与喷施时间的关系[J]．核农学通报，1996，17(4)：177～179．
74． 罗盛国，徐宁彤，刘云英．叶面喷硒提高粮食中的硒含量[J]．东北农业大学学报，1999，30(1)：18～22．
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