女性主义翻译观下的翻译标准研究
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摘要
女性主义于19世纪后半叶产生并兴起,女性主义认为,男尊女卑的性别秩序既不是普遍存在的,也不是永不改变的,因为它并不是“自然形成”的,而是由社会和文化人为构建起来的。女性主义的目的是要消除性别歧视,实现男女平等。随着女性主义的发展,其理论逐渐开始向文学、翻译等各个学术领域渗透。特别是20世纪末,巴斯奈特翻译思想出现后,西方翻译研究开始向文化转型。“文化转向”给予一种不同于以前的新视角、新的分析方法来研究翻译,女性主义抓住这个历史机遇,用自身独特的视角和研究方法为翻译界注入新的活力,女性主义翻译理论应运而生。
女性主义翻译理论主要从性别角度关注翻译,探讨翻译标准中流露出的对女性的歧视,进而提出了女性主义翻译标准,旨在翻译理论和实践中发出女性的声音。本文将采用演绎归纳的方法,在女性主义翻译理论的视角下,解读中西方具有代表性的翻译标准。
本文首先概述女性主义翻译理论的产生和主要思想以及女性主义翻译理论视角下翻译的性质;然后对中西方代表性的翻译标准进行阐述并对其进行女性主义视角下的解读;最后通过案例,分析女性主义翻译标准对翻译实践的影响。本文的结论是:在女性主义翻译理论的视角下,翻译标准的核心是突显女性的地位,将译者的主动地位显现出来,力求破解以往翻译标准和社会观念中带有性别歧视的陈旧意识。
Feminism, which emerged in the second half of the 19th century, asserts that the patriarchal gender order of male and female is neither universal nor immutable, since it is not natural but constructed by social and cultural environment. The aim of feminism is to eliminate gender discrimination and achieve gender equality. With the development of feminism, the feminist theory began to penetrate into language, literature and translation. Especially towards the end of 19th Century, translation studies in the west began to focus on culture, which gave a brand new perspective to translation study. This happened to be a great chance for Feminism to inject new vitality into the translation field, with its own unique perspective and analysis angle. It was then that feminist Translation Theory came into being.
Feminist translation theory is mainly concerned with translation from the gender perspective. It tries to dig out the gender discrimination hiding in translation criteria. To identify and oppose this discrimination, feminist translation theory puts forward feminist translation criteria, with the purpose of letting women’s voice heard. This thesis will use deductive and inductive methods to analyze typical Chinese and Western translation criteria from the perspective of feminist translation theory.
The thesis first summarizes the developments and main thoughts of Feminism and the nature of translation from the perspective of Feminist translation theory. Then it comes to the elaboration of typical Chinese and Western translation criteria and analysis on them from the feminist viewpoint. Lastly, a concrete case study is conducted to analyze the impact of feminist translation criteria on translation practice. Finally, the conclusion is drawn: in this particular perspective of feminism, the core of the translation criteria is to highlight the status of women and the initiative of the translator, in the hope of getting much wider awareness of gender discrimination in the traditional translation criteria and the old social concept.
女性主义翻译理论主要从性别角度关注翻译,探讨翻译标准中流露出的对女性的歧视,进而提出了女性主义翻译标准,旨在翻译理论和实践中发出女性的声音。本文将采用演绎归纳的方法,在女性主义翻译理论的视角下,解读中西方具有代表性的翻译标准。
本文首先概述女性主义翻译理论的产生和主要思想以及女性主义翻译理论视角下翻译的性质;然后对中西方代表性的翻译标准进行阐述并对其进行女性主义视角下的解读;最后通过案例,分析女性主义翻译标准对翻译实践的影响。本文的结论是:在女性主义翻译理论的视角下,翻译标准的核心是突显女性的地位,将译者的主动地位显现出来,力求破解以往翻译标准和社会观念中带有性别歧视的陈旧意识。
Feminism, which emerged in the second half of the 19th century, asserts that the patriarchal gender order of male and female is neither universal nor immutable, since it is not natural but constructed by social and cultural environment. The aim of feminism is to eliminate gender discrimination and achieve gender equality. With the development of feminism, the feminist theory began to penetrate into language, literature and translation. Especially towards the end of 19th Century, translation studies in the west began to focus on culture, which gave a brand new perspective to translation study. This happened to be a great chance for Feminism to inject new vitality into the translation field, with its own unique perspective and analysis angle. It was then that feminist Translation Theory came into being.
Feminist translation theory is mainly concerned with translation from the gender perspective. It tries to dig out the gender discrimination hiding in translation criteria. To identify and oppose this discrimination, feminist translation theory puts forward feminist translation criteria, with the purpose of letting women’s voice heard. This thesis will use deductive and inductive methods to analyze typical Chinese and Western translation criteria from the perspective of feminist translation theory.
The thesis first summarizes the developments and main thoughts of Feminism and the nature of translation from the perspective of Feminist translation theory. Then it comes to the elaboration of typical Chinese and Western translation criteria and analysis on them from the feminist viewpoint. Lastly, a concrete case study is conducted to analyze the impact of feminist translation criteria on translation practice. Finally, the conclusion is drawn: in this particular perspective of feminism, the core of the translation criteria is to highlight the status of women and the initiative of the translator, in the hope of getting much wider awareness of gender discrimination in the traditional translation criteria and the old social concept.
引文
[1] Simon, Sherry. Gender in Translation: Culture Identity and the Politics of Transmission. London: Routledge, 1996.
[2] Flotow, Luise Von. Translation and Gender [M]. Manchester: University of Ottawa Press, 1997.
[3] Reiss, Katharina. Translation Criticism: The Potentials & Limitations[M]. Tr. by Erroll F. Rhodes, Manchester, UK: St. Jerome Publishing, 2000 (first published in German in 1971).
[4] Nord, Christiane. Text Analysis in Translation[M]. Amsterdam-Atlanta, GA: Rodopi, 1991.
[5] Bassnett, Susan and Andre Lefvere. Translation, History&Culture. London: Cassell, 1990.
[6] Huang Guowen. 2003(2),Chinese Translators Journal. Formal Equivalence as a Criterion in Poetry Translation.
[7] Gu Yanling. 1993(2),Journal of Foreign Languages. The Analysis on the Translated Versions of Tian Jing Sha by Ma Zhiyuan.
[8] Jin Huikang.2002(2),Journal of Shenzhen University, On Translation of Chinese Ancient Poetry in China English.
[9] von Flotow, L. 2004. Translation and Gender: Translating in the Era of Feminism[M]. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press.
[10] Newmark, E. A Textbook of Translation[M].New York: Prentice Hall, 1988.
[11] Nida,Eugene A.Language,Culture and Translating[M].Shanghai:Shan ghai Foreign Language Education Press, 1993.
[12] B. L. Whorf, J.B. Carroll (eds.) Language, Thought and Reality (1956).
[13] Gentzler, Edwin. Contemporary Translation Theories. London & New York: Routledge, 1993.
[14] Ernest Hemingway. The Old Man and the Sea[M]. Nanjing: Yilin Press, 1995.
[15] Alexander Fraser Tytler. Essay on the Principles of Translation.
[16] Deborah L. Madsen. Feminist Theory and Literary Practice. Pluto Press, 2000.
[17] Flotow, Luise von. Translation and Gender. Translating in the‘Era of Feminism’. Manchester: St Jerome Publishing, 1997.
[18] Venuti, L. The Translator’s Invisibility. London and New York: Routledg, 1995.
[19] Andone, O. 2002. Gender Issues in Translation [J]. Perspectives (2): 130-145.
[20] Chamberlain, L. 1992. Gender and the Mataphorics of Translation [A]. In L. Venuti (ed.). Rethinking Translation: Discourse, subjectivity, Ideology [C]. London/New York: Routledge.
[21] de Lotbiniere-Harwood, S. 1991. The Body Bilingual: Translation as a Rewriting in the Feminine [M]. Toronto: Women’s Press.
[22] Godard, B. 1990. Theorizing Feminist Discourse/Translation [A]. In S. Bassnett & A. Lefevere (eds.). Translation, History and Culture [C]. London: Frances Pinter, 87-95.
[23] Simon, S. (ed.). 1995. Culture in Transit: Translating the Literature of Quebec [C]. Montreal: Vehicle Press.
[24] Simon, S. 1996. Gender in Translation: Cultural Identity and the Politics of Transmission [M]. London: Routledge.
[25] von Flotow, L. 1998. Dis-Unity and Diversity: Feminist Approaches to Translation Studies [A]. In Bower et al. (eds.). Unity in Diversity? Current Trends in Translation Studies[C]. St Jerome Publishing, 3-13.
[26]孟翔珍,2002,女权主义在翻译文学中的创造性叛逆[J].郑州大学学报(5) .31-35。
[27]沈书儒.论信达雅[M].北京:商务印书馆,1998.
[28]杨为珍,郭荣光.红楼梦词典[z].济南:山东文艺出版社,1986.
[29]海观译.老人与海[M].北京:商务印书馆,1963.
[30]张爱玲译.老人与海[M].香港:今日世界出版社,1979.
[31]沈苏儒.翻译的最高境界—信达雅漫谈[M].北京:中国对外翻译出版社, 2006.
[32]王秉钦. 20世纪中国翻译思想史[M] .天津:南开大学出版社, 2004.
[33]朱纯深.翻译探微:语言·文本·诗学[M] .南京:译林出版社, 2008.
[34]刘宓庆.当代翻泽论[M].北京:中国对外翻译出版公司,1999.
[35]崔永禄.文学翻译佳作对比赏析[M].天津:南开大学出版社,2001.
[36]方梦之.翻译新论与实践[M].青岛:青岛出版社, 1999.
[37]刘军.气女性主义翻译理论研究的中西话语中国翻译. 2004, (4).
[38]申雨平.西方翻译理论精选北京:外语教学与研究出版社.2002.
[39]蒋晓华.女性主义对翻译理论的影响中国翻译. 2004(4).
[40]郭建中.当代美国翻译理论武汉:湖北教育出版社. 2000.
[41]徐来.在女性的名义下”重写”.中国翻译. 2004 (4).
[42]张景华.女性主义对传统议论的颠覆及其局限性中国翻译. 2004 (4).
[43]王东风.解构”忠实”——翻译神话的终结.中国翻译. 2004(6).
[44]陈琳,2004,中国议论的性别角色双重性[J].四川外语学院报(4): 97-100.
[45]陈琳,2004,近十年加拿大翻译理论研究评介[J].中国翻译(2): 68-71.
[46]费小平,2005,翻译的政治:翻译研究与文化研究[M].北京:中国社会科学出版社。
[47]冯文坤,2005,舞者,还是舞?—论女性主义翻译观与译者主体性[J].四川师范大学学报(1): 106-110.
[48]葛校琴,2003,女性主义翻译之本质[J].外语研究(6):35-38.
[49]耿强,2004,西方女性主义翻译理论述评[J].西南科技大学学报(3):8-13.
[50]耿强,2005,性别政治与翻译的忠实[J].天津外国语学院学报(5): 33-39.
[51]郭庆、张媛,2005,将’信’的标准融入女性主义翻译理论[J].甘肃社会科学(5): 177-179.
[52]贺显斌,2003,翻译话语中的性别问题浅探[J].外语与外语教学(10) : 40-42.
[53]黄江萍,2005,带着镣铐的舞者—透视女性主义翻译[J].边疆经济与文化(6): 62-63.
[54]蒋晓华,2004,女性主义对翻译理论的影响[J].中国翻译(4)10-15.
[55]兰彩玉,2005,女性主义对翻译研究的影响[J].华南师范大学学报(社会科学版)(1):102-105.
[56]廖七一,2002,重写神话:女性主义与翻译研究[J].四川外语学院报(2)106-109.
[57]刘军平,2004,女性主义翻译理论研究的中西话语[J].中国翻译(4) : 3-9.
[58]刘亚儒,2001,语言的’重新性化’—谈女权主义的翻译观[J].海南大学学报人文社会科学版(4): 69-75.
[59]刘勇,2002,从女性翻译理论看女性自我意识的觉醒[J].零陵学院学报(3):75-77.
[2] Flotow, Luise Von. Translation and Gender [M]. Manchester: University of Ottawa Press, 1997.
[3] Reiss, Katharina. Translation Criticism: The Potentials & Limitations[M]. Tr. by Erroll F. Rhodes, Manchester, UK: St. Jerome Publishing, 2000 (first published in German in 1971).
[4] Nord, Christiane. Text Analysis in Translation[M]. Amsterdam-Atlanta, GA: Rodopi, 1991.
[5] Bassnett, Susan and Andre Lefvere. Translation, History&Culture. London: Cassell, 1990.
[6] Huang Guowen. 2003(2),Chinese Translators Journal. Formal Equivalence as a Criterion in Poetry Translation.
[7] Gu Yanling. 1993(2),Journal of Foreign Languages. The Analysis on the Translated Versions of Tian Jing Sha by Ma Zhiyuan.
[8] Jin Huikang.2002(2),Journal of Shenzhen University, On Translation of Chinese Ancient Poetry in China English.
[9] von Flotow, L. 2004. Translation and Gender: Translating in the Era of Feminism[M]. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press.
[10] Newmark, E. A Textbook of Translation[M].New York: Prentice Hall, 1988.
[11] Nida,Eugene A.Language,Culture and Translating[M].Shanghai:Shan ghai Foreign Language Education Press, 1993.
[12] B. L. Whorf, J.B. Carroll (eds.) Language, Thought and Reality (1956).
[13] Gentzler, Edwin. Contemporary Translation Theories. London & New York: Routledge, 1993.
[14] Ernest Hemingway. The Old Man and the Sea[M]. Nanjing: Yilin Press, 1995.
[15] Alexander Fraser Tytler. Essay on the Principles of Translation.
[16] Deborah L. Madsen. Feminist Theory and Literary Practice. Pluto Press, 2000.
[17] Flotow, Luise von. Translation and Gender. Translating in the‘Era of Feminism’. Manchester: St Jerome Publishing, 1997.
[18] Venuti, L. The Translator’s Invisibility. London and New York: Routledg, 1995.
[19] Andone, O. 2002. Gender Issues in Translation [J]. Perspectives (2): 130-145.
[20] Chamberlain, L. 1992. Gender and the Mataphorics of Translation [A]. In L. Venuti (ed.). Rethinking Translation: Discourse, subjectivity, Ideology [C]. London/New York: Routledge.
[21] de Lotbiniere-Harwood, S. 1991. The Body Bilingual: Translation as a Rewriting in the Feminine [M]. Toronto: Women’s Press.
[22] Godard, B. 1990. Theorizing Feminist Discourse/Translation [A]. In S. Bassnett & A. Lefevere (eds.). Translation, History and Culture [C]. London: Frances Pinter, 87-95.
[23] Simon, S. (ed.). 1995. Culture in Transit: Translating the Literature of Quebec [C]. Montreal: Vehicle Press.
[24] Simon, S. 1996. Gender in Translation: Cultural Identity and the Politics of Transmission [M]. London: Routledge.
[25] von Flotow, L. 1998. Dis-Unity and Diversity: Feminist Approaches to Translation Studies [A]. In Bower et al. (eds.). Unity in Diversity? Current Trends in Translation Studies[C]. St Jerome Publishing, 3-13.
[26]孟翔珍,2002,女权主义在翻译文学中的创造性叛逆[J].郑州大学学报(5) .31-35。
[27]沈书儒.论信达雅[M].北京:商务印书馆,1998.
[28]杨为珍,郭荣光.红楼梦词典[z].济南:山东文艺出版社,1986.
[29]海观译.老人与海[M].北京:商务印书馆,1963.
[30]张爱玲译.老人与海[M].香港:今日世界出版社,1979.
[31]沈苏儒.翻译的最高境界—信达雅漫谈[M].北京:中国对外翻译出版社, 2006.
[32]王秉钦. 20世纪中国翻译思想史[M] .天津:南开大学出版社, 2004.
[33]朱纯深.翻译探微:语言·文本·诗学[M] .南京:译林出版社, 2008.
[34]刘宓庆.当代翻泽论[M].北京:中国对外翻译出版公司,1999.
[35]崔永禄.文学翻译佳作对比赏析[M].天津:南开大学出版社,2001.
[36]方梦之.翻译新论与实践[M].青岛:青岛出版社, 1999.
[37]刘军.气女性主义翻译理论研究的中西话语中国翻译. 2004, (4).
[38]申雨平.西方翻译理论精选北京:外语教学与研究出版社.2002.
[39]蒋晓华.女性主义对翻译理论的影响中国翻译. 2004(4).
[40]郭建中.当代美国翻译理论武汉:湖北教育出版社. 2000.
[41]徐来.在女性的名义下”重写”.中国翻译. 2004 (4).
[42]张景华.女性主义对传统议论的颠覆及其局限性中国翻译. 2004 (4).
[43]王东风.解构”忠实”——翻译神话的终结.中国翻译. 2004(6).
[44]陈琳,2004,中国议论的性别角色双重性[J].四川外语学院报(4): 97-100.
[45]陈琳,2004,近十年加拿大翻译理论研究评介[J].中国翻译(2): 68-71.
[46]费小平,2005,翻译的政治:翻译研究与文化研究[M].北京:中国社会科学出版社。
[47]冯文坤,2005,舞者,还是舞?—论女性主义翻译观与译者主体性[J].四川师范大学学报(1): 106-110.
[48]葛校琴,2003,女性主义翻译之本质[J].外语研究(6):35-38.
[49]耿强,2004,西方女性主义翻译理论述评[J].西南科技大学学报(3):8-13.
[50]耿强,2005,性别政治与翻译的忠实[J].天津外国语学院学报(5): 33-39.
[51]郭庆、张媛,2005,将’信’的标准融入女性主义翻译理论[J].甘肃社会科学(5): 177-179.
[52]贺显斌,2003,翻译话语中的性别问题浅探[J].外语与外语教学(10) : 40-42.
[53]黄江萍,2005,带着镣铐的舞者—透视女性主义翻译[J].边疆经济与文化(6): 62-63.
[54]蒋晓华,2004,女性主义对翻译理论的影响[J].中国翻译(4)10-15.
[55]兰彩玉,2005,女性主义对翻译研究的影响[J].华南师范大学学报(社会科学版)(1):102-105.
[56]廖七一,2002,重写神话:女性主义与翻译研究[J].四川外语学院报(2)106-109.
[57]刘军平,2004,女性主义翻译理论研究的中西话语[J].中国翻译(4) : 3-9.
[58]刘亚儒,2001,语言的’重新性化’—谈女权主义的翻译观[J].海南大学学报人文社会科学版(4): 69-75.
[59]刘勇,2002,从女性翻译理论看女性自我意识的觉醒[J].零陵学院学报(3):75-77.