基于InSAR基线校正的高精度DEM提取研究
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摘要
合成孔径雷达干涉测量(InSAR)是20世纪60年代发展起来的一种高精度对地观测新技术,具有快速、高精度、全天时、全天候、大区域等优势,受到国际测绘界的广泛重视。目前,利用合成孔径雷达干涉测量提取数字高程模型(DEM)已成为各国遥感领域研究的重要方向之一。本文旨在探求一种利用外部控制点对基线进行精校正的方法,从而提高DEM的精度。
基线是合成孔径雷达干涉测量中的关键参数,它决定了干涉测量是否能够进行以及干涉测量最终结果的精度。基线对DEM的精度影响很大,是导致相干损失的根源,因此需要对基线进行精确估计。
本文系统地阐述了InSAR. D-InSAR的基本原理及基线的概念,分析了基线对测高精度的影响,概括总结了目前常用的几种基线估计算法,并比较了不同方法的优缺点及适用条件。
本文结合国家863项目“结合地面地震观测数据的多源时空遥感地震监测及灾害评估应用研究”科研课题展开研究,针对微波遥感方向,根据重复轨道干涉测量的基本原理,从基线空间几何关系出发,系统地研究了基线对测高精度的影响,分析了不同基线估计算法的理论模型和优缺点,重点对附加地面控制点的InSAR基线估计算法进行了研究,编写了“基于地面控制点的基线精校正软件(InSAR-BLFCA)",以汶川地震区域受灾较严重的都江堰地区的ENVISAT ASAR数据为研究对象,根据所编写的程序进行基线解算。实验结果表明,在有足够控制点的情况下,基线校正后生成的DEM基本能够达到国家1：50 000 DEM三级产品的精度指标要求。
Synthetic Aperture Radar Interferometry (InSAR) is a high precision earth observation technology developed since 1960's. InSAR was widely noted by International Mapping Community for its advantages such as high-speed, high accuracy, full time, full weather and large area observations, etc. Currently, the use of InSAR to extract digital elevation model (DEM) has become one important direction of national remote sensing research field. This article aims to explore a method of using external ground control points to accurately correct baseline, thus to improve the accuracy of DEM.
Baseline is key parameters in InSAR. It determines whether the interference measurement is able to carry out, and it also determines the accuracy of final results. The accuracy of baseline has a great impact on DEM. As baseline is the leading cause of coherence loss, we need to accurately estimate baseline.
This article systematically illustrated the basic theory of InSAR/D-InSAR and the concept of baseline, analyzed the impact of baseline on the accuracy of measuring heights, summarized several baseline estimation methods that currently common used, and compared the advantages and disadvantages of these methods and their application conditions.
In this article, I commenced my study combined with the research project of country 863 project "Application Research on Earthquake Monitoring and Disaster Assessment Using Multi-Source Space-time Remote Sensing Combined with Surface Seismic Observation Data". For the direction of microwave remote sensing, according to the basic principle of Repeat-track Interferometry, taking the spatial geometric relationship into account, systematically studied the accuracy of measuring heights caused by baseline, and analyzed the theory models of different baseline estimation algorithms and their advantages and disadvantages. Emphasis has been placed on researching the InSAR baseline estimation algorithms using additional ground control points, and writing a program of "InSAR Baseline Fine Correction Algorithm using Ground Control Points (InSAR-BLFCA)". In this study, take the ENVISAT ASAR data of Dujiangyan region that was serious damaged in Wenchuan Earthquake as research area, using the program to calculate baseline. The results show that, in the condition of enough ground control points, DEM generated after baseline correction can basically meet the accuracy index requirements of national 1:50 000 DEM level three products.
基线是合成孔径雷达干涉测量中的关键参数,它决定了干涉测量是否能够进行以及干涉测量最终结果的精度。基线对DEM的精度影响很大,是导致相干损失的根源,因此需要对基线进行精确估计。
本文系统地阐述了InSAR. D-InSAR的基本原理及基线的概念,分析了基线对测高精度的影响,概括总结了目前常用的几种基线估计算法,并比较了不同方法的优缺点及适用条件。
本文结合国家863项目“结合地面地震观测数据的多源时空遥感地震监测及灾害评估应用研究”科研课题展开研究,针对微波遥感方向,根据重复轨道干涉测量的基本原理,从基线空间几何关系出发,系统地研究了基线对测高精度的影响,分析了不同基线估计算法的理论模型和优缺点,重点对附加地面控制点的InSAR基线估计算法进行了研究,编写了“基于地面控制点的基线精校正软件(InSAR-BLFCA)",以汶川地震区域受灾较严重的都江堰地区的ENVISAT ASAR数据为研究对象,根据所编写的程序进行基线解算。实验结果表明,在有足够控制点的情况下,基线校正后生成的DEM基本能够达到国家1：50 000 DEM三级产品的精度指标要求。
Synthetic Aperture Radar Interferometry (InSAR) is a high precision earth observation technology developed since 1960's. InSAR was widely noted by International Mapping Community for its advantages such as high-speed, high accuracy, full time, full weather and large area observations, etc. Currently, the use of InSAR to extract digital elevation model (DEM) has become one important direction of national remote sensing research field. This article aims to explore a method of using external ground control points to accurately correct baseline, thus to improve the accuracy of DEM.
Baseline is key parameters in InSAR. It determines whether the interference measurement is able to carry out, and it also determines the accuracy of final results. The accuracy of baseline has a great impact on DEM. As baseline is the leading cause of coherence loss, we need to accurately estimate baseline.
This article systematically illustrated the basic theory of InSAR/D-InSAR and the concept of baseline, analyzed the impact of baseline on the accuracy of measuring heights, summarized several baseline estimation methods that currently common used, and compared the advantages and disadvantages of these methods and their application conditions.
In this article, I commenced my study combined with the research project of country 863 project "Application Research on Earthquake Monitoring and Disaster Assessment Using Multi-Source Space-time Remote Sensing Combined with Surface Seismic Observation Data". For the direction of microwave remote sensing, according to the basic principle of Repeat-track Interferometry, taking the spatial geometric relationship into account, systematically studied the accuracy of measuring heights caused by baseline, and analyzed the theory models of different baseline estimation algorithms and their advantages and disadvantages. Emphasis has been placed on researching the InSAR baseline estimation algorithms using additional ground control points, and writing a program of "InSAR Baseline Fine Correction Algorithm using Ground Control Points (InSAR-BLFCA)". In this study, take the ENVISAT ASAR data of Dujiangyan region that was serious damaged in Wenchuan Earthquake as research area, using the program to calculate baseline. The results show that, in the condition of enough ground control points, DEM generated after baseline correction can basically meet the accuracy index requirements of national 1:50 000 DEM level three products.
引文
[1]张继超InSAR影像提取DEM的实用化方法研究[硕士学位论文].辽宁工程技术大学,2002
[2]L.C.Graham. Synthetic interferometer radar for topographic mapping. Proceedings of the IEEE, 1974,62(6):763-768
[3]郑芳,马德宝,裴怀宁.干涉合成孔径雷达基线估计要素分析.遥感信息,2005(3)：7-9
[4]郑芳,马德宝,裴怀宁.InSAR中基线精度要求的探讨.现代雷达,2005.27(9)：18-21
[5]李平湘,杨杰.雷达干涉测量原理与应用.第一版.北京：测绘出版社,2006
[6]S.H.Zisk. Lunar topography:First Radar-Interferometer Measurements of the Alphonsus-Ptolemaeus-Arzachel Region. Science,1972(178):977-980
[7]S.H.Zisk. A new earth-based radar technique for the measurement of lunar topography. Earth Moon and Planets,1972(4):296-306
[8]H.A.Zebker, R.M.Goldstein. Topographic mapping from interferometric synthetic aperture radar observations. Journal of Geophysical Research,1986(91):4993-4999
[9]任小冲.基于InSAR的台湾集集地震形变场提取和震源参数确定[硕士学位论文].中南大学,2008
[10]Henri Maitre.孙洪等.合成孔径雷达图像处理.第一版.北京：电子工业出版社,2005
[11]舒宁.雷达影像干涉测量原理.第一版.武汉：武汉大学出版社,2003
[12]靳国旺InSAR获取高精度DEM关键处理技术研究[博士学位论文].解放军信息工程大学,2007年
[13]孙旭.基于干涉SAR数据的DEM生成及其精度分析[硕士学位论文].中国人民解放军信息工程大学,2001
[14]王超,张红,刘智.星载合成孔径雷达干涉测量.第一版.北京：科学出版社,2002
[15]R.M.Goldstein, H.A.Zebker. Interferometic Radar Measurement of Ocean Surface Currents. Nature,1987(328):707-709
[16]单新建,刘浩.利用干涉合成孔径雷达技术提取数字地面模型.国土资源遥感,2001(2)：43-47
[17]刘国林,郝晓光,薛怀平InSAR技术的理论与应用研究现状及其展望.山东科技大学学报(自然科学版),2004.23(3)：1-6
[18]王志勇,张继贤,张永红.从InSAR干涉测量提取DEM.测绘通报,2007(7)：27-29
[19]刘国祥,丁晓利,李志林.使用INSAR建立DEM的试验研究.测绘学报,2001.30(4)：336-342
[20]王风,Veronique PRINET,马颂德.用干涉合成孔径雷达技术获取地表三维信息.自动化学报,2002.28(4)：527-534
[21]R.Gens, J.L.Van Genderen. Review article:SAR interferometry-issues, techniques, applications. Int.J.Remote Sensing,1996,17(10):1803-1835
[22]苗放,梁军,叶成名,杨智翔.用InSAR技术提取数字高程模型的研究.物探化探计算技术,2007.29(2)：157-160
[23]Ghiglia D.C, Pritt M.D. Two-Dimensional Phase Unwrapping:Theory, Algorithm, and Software. John Wileys & Sons,1998
[24]Pritt M.D, Shipman J.S. Least-Squares Two-Dimensional Phase Unwrapping Using FFT's. IEEE Transactions on Geosciences and Remote Sensing,1994.32(3):728-738
[25]Costantini M. A Novel Phase Unwrapping Method Based on Network Programming. IEEE Transactions on Geosciences and Remote Sensing,1998.36(3):813-821
[26]Zebker H.A, Villasenor J. Decorrelation in interferometric radar echoes. IEEE Transactions on Geosciences and Remote Sensing,1992.30(5):950-959
[27]王桂杰,谢谟文,邱骋,江崎哲郎D-INSAR技术在大范围滑坡监测中的应用.岩土力学,2010.31(4)：1337-1344
[28]杨福芹,郭增长,王苗苗,李春意InSAR基线要素对测高精度影响分析.河南理工大学学报(自然科学报),2007.26(2)：171-175
[29]Vincent Mrstik, Glenn VanBlaricum, JR., Gerard Cardillo. Terrain height measurement accuracy of interferometric synthetic aperture radars. IEEE Trans,1996, GE-32(1):88-97
[30]聂琳娟.星载合成孔径雷达干涉测量中基线估计算法的研究[硕士学位论文].武汉大学,2004
[31]Li F.K., Goldstein R.M. Studies of multibaseline spaceborne interferometric synthetic aperture radars. Geoscience and Remote Sensing,1990.28(1):88-97
[32]Small D., Werner C., Nuesch D. Baseline Modelling for ERS-1 SAR Interferometry. IEEE Proc. Of IGARSS'93,1993(3):1204-1206
[33]Kimura H. A method to estimate baseline and platform altitude for SAR interferometry. Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium,1995(1):199-201
[34]Seymour M. An iterative algorithm for ERS baseline estimation. Fringe96 Workshop on ERS SAR Interferometry ESA,1996
[35]Kimura H., Todo M. Baseline estimation using ground points for interferometric SAR. Geoscience and Remote Sensing,1997(1):442-444
[36]张晓玲,王建国,黄顺吉.干涉SAR成像中地形高度估计及基线估计方法的研究.信号处理,1999.15(4)：316-320
[37]史世平.使用ERS-1／2干涉测量SAR数据生成DEM.测绘学报,2000.29(4)：317-323
[38]Solaas G.A. ERS-1 Interferometric Baseline Algorithm Verification. Earthnet online, EAS.1995
[39]范洪冬,邓喀中InSAR组合基线估计方法研究.大地测量与地球动力学,2009.29(3)：135-140
[40]Singh K., Stussi N., Keong K.L., Hock L. Baseline Estimation in Interferometirc SAR. IGARSS'97,1997
[41]廖静娟,郭华东,邵芸,Veneziani N.干涉条纹图估测基线的方法研究.高技术通信,2002(8)：5-7
[42]任坤.基于星载合成孔径雷达干涉测量技术的数字高程模型生成研究[博士学位论文].南京理工大学,2004
[43]Zhang XiaoLing, Huang ShunJi, Wang JianGuo. Approaches to estimating terrain height and baseline for interferometric SAR. Electronics Letters,1998.34(25):2428-2429
[44]汤晓涛InSAR数据处理的基线估计和影像自动概略配准.解放军测绘学院学报,1996(4)：260-262
[45]李新武,郭华东.基于快速傅立叶变换的干涉SAR基线估计.测绘学报,2003(1)：70-72
[46]Seymour M.S., I.G. Cumming. An Iterative Algorithm for ERS Baseline Estimation, fringe96.
[47]Mike Seymour and Ian Cumming. InSAR Terrain Height Estimation Using Low-Quality Sparse DEMs. Fringe96
[48]Kampes B.M, Usai S. Doris:the delft object-oriented radar interferometric software,2nd international symposium on operationalization of remote sensing. Enschede, The Netherlands,1999
[49]张磊.利用Doris计算台湾集集地震位移场及断层滑移量反演[硕士学位论文].同济大学,2006
[50]Rosen P.A., Hensley S., Joughin I.R. Synthetic Aperture Radar Interferometry. Proceeding of the IEEE, Vol.88, No.3,2000:333-381
[2]L.C.Graham. Synthetic interferometer radar for topographic mapping. Proceedings of the IEEE, 1974,62(6):763-768
[3]郑芳,马德宝,裴怀宁.干涉合成孔径雷达基线估计要素分析.遥感信息,2005(3)：7-9
[4]郑芳,马德宝,裴怀宁.InSAR中基线精度要求的探讨.现代雷达,2005.27(9)：18-21
[5]李平湘,杨杰.雷达干涉测量原理与应用.第一版.北京：测绘出版社,2006
[6]S.H.Zisk. Lunar topography:First Radar-Interferometer Measurements of the Alphonsus-Ptolemaeus-Arzachel Region. Science,1972(178):977-980
[7]S.H.Zisk. A new earth-based radar technique for the measurement of lunar topography. Earth Moon and Planets,1972(4):296-306
[8]H.A.Zebker, R.M.Goldstein. Topographic mapping from interferometric synthetic aperture radar observations. Journal of Geophysical Research,1986(91):4993-4999
[9]任小冲.基于InSAR的台湾集集地震形变场提取和震源参数确定[硕士学位论文].中南大学,2008
[10]Henri Maitre.孙洪等.合成孔径雷达图像处理.第一版.北京：电子工业出版社,2005
[11]舒宁.雷达影像干涉测量原理.第一版.武汉：武汉大学出版社,2003
[12]靳国旺InSAR获取高精度DEM关键处理技术研究[博士学位论文].解放军信息工程大学,2007年
[13]孙旭.基于干涉SAR数据的DEM生成及其精度分析[硕士学位论文].中国人民解放军信息工程大学,2001
[14]王超,张红,刘智.星载合成孔径雷达干涉测量.第一版.北京：科学出版社,2002
[15]R.M.Goldstein, H.A.Zebker. Interferometic Radar Measurement of Ocean Surface Currents. Nature,1987(328):707-709
[16]单新建,刘浩.利用干涉合成孔径雷达技术提取数字地面模型.国土资源遥感,2001(2)：43-47
[17]刘国林,郝晓光,薛怀平InSAR技术的理论与应用研究现状及其展望.山东科技大学学报(自然科学版),2004.23(3)：1-6
[18]王志勇,张继贤,张永红.从InSAR干涉测量提取DEM.测绘通报,2007(7)：27-29
[19]刘国祥,丁晓利,李志林.使用INSAR建立DEM的试验研究.测绘学报,2001.30(4)：336-342
[20]王风,Veronique PRINET,马颂德.用干涉合成孔径雷达技术获取地表三维信息.自动化学报,2002.28(4)：527-534
[21]R.Gens, J.L.Van Genderen. Review article:SAR interferometry-issues, techniques, applications. Int.J.Remote Sensing,1996,17(10):1803-1835
[22]苗放,梁军,叶成名,杨智翔.用InSAR技术提取数字高程模型的研究.物探化探计算技术,2007.29(2)：157-160
[23]Ghiglia D.C, Pritt M.D. Two-Dimensional Phase Unwrapping:Theory, Algorithm, and Software. John Wileys & Sons,1998
[24]Pritt M.D, Shipman J.S. Least-Squares Two-Dimensional Phase Unwrapping Using FFT's. IEEE Transactions on Geosciences and Remote Sensing,1994.32(3):728-738
[25]Costantini M. A Novel Phase Unwrapping Method Based on Network Programming. IEEE Transactions on Geosciences and Remote Sensing,1998.36(3):813-821
[26]Zebker H.A, Villasenor J. Decorrelation in interferometric radar echoes. IEEE Transactions on Geosciences and Remote Sensing,1992.30(5):950-959
[27]王桂杰,谢谟文,邱骋,江崎哲郎D-INSAR技术在大范围滑坡监测中的应用.岩土力学,2010.31(4)：1337-1344
[28]杨福芹,郭增长,王苗苗,李春意InSAR基线要素对测高精度影响分析.河南理工大学学报(自然科学报),2007.26(2)：171-175
[29]Vincent Mrstik, Glenn VanBlaricum, JR., Gerard Cardillo. Terrain height measurement accuracy of interferometric synthetic aperture radars. IEEE Trans,1996, GE-32(1):88-97
[30]聂琳娟.星载合成孔径雷达干涉测量中基线估计算法的研究[硕士学位论文].武汉大学,2004
[31]Li F.K., Goldstein R.M. Studies of multibaseline spaceborne interferometric synthetic aperture radars. Geoscience and Remote Sensing,1990.28(1):88-97
[32]Small D., Werner C., Nuesch D. Baseline Modelling for ERS-1 SAR Interferometry. IEEE Proc. Of IGARSS'93,1993(3):1204-1206
[33]Kimura H. A method to estimate baseline and platform altitude for SAR interferometry. Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium,1995(1):199-201
[34]Seymour M. An iterative algorithm for ERS baseline estimation. Fringe96 Workshop on ERS SAR Interferometry ESA,1996
[35]Kimura H., Todo M. Baseline estimation using ground points for interferometric SAR. Geoscience and Remote Sensing,1997(1):442-444
[36]张晓玲,王建国,黄顺吉.干涉SAR成像中地形高度估计及基线估计方法的研究.信号处理,1999.15(4)：316-320
[37]史世平.使用ERS-1／2干涉测量SAR数据生成DEM.测绘学报,2000.29(4)：317-323
[38]Solaas G.A. ERS-1 Interferometric Baseline Algorithm Verification. Earthnet online, EAS.1995
[39]范洪冬,邓喀中InSAR组合基线估计方法研究.大地测量与地球动力学,2009.29(3)：135-140
[40]Singh K., Stussi N., Keong K.L., Hock L. Baseline Estimation in Interferometirc SAR. IGARSS'97,1997
[41]廖静娟,郭华东,邵芸,Veneziani N.干涉条纹图估测基线的方法研究.高技术通信,2002(8)：5-7
[42]任坤.基于星载合成孔径雷达干涉测量技术的数字高程模型生成研究[博士学位论文].南京理工大学,2004
[43]Zhang XiaoLing, Huang ShunJi, Wang JianGuo. Approaches to estimating terrain height and baseline for interferometric SAR. Electronics Letters,1998.34(25):2428-2429
[44]汤晓涛InSAR数据处理的基线估计和影像自动概略配准.解放军测绘学院学报,1996(4)：260-262
[45]李新武,郭华东.基于快速傅立叶变换的干涉SAR基线估计.测绘学报,2003(1)：70-72
[46]Seymour M.S., I.G. Cumming. An Iterative Algorithm for ERS Baseline Estimation, fringe96.
[47]Mike Seymour and Ian Cumming. InSAR Terrain Height Estimation Using Low-Quality Sparse DEMs. Fringe96
[48]Kampes B.M, Usai S. Doris:the delft object-oriented radar interferometric software,2nd international symposium on operationalization of remote sensing. Enschede, The Netherlands,1999
[49]张磊.利用Doris计算台湾集集地震位移场及断层滑移量反演[硕士学位论文].同济大学,2006
[50]Rosen P.A., Hensley S., Joughin I.R. Synthetic Aperture Radar Interferometry. Proceeding of the IEEE, Vol.88, No.3,2000:333-381