汽车正面碰撞中儿童乘员损伤防护技术研究
摘要
随着我国国民生活水平的不断提高和汽车产业的高速发展,汽车作为一种重要的交通工具,被越来越多的人拥有,随之而来的儿童交通安全问题也得到越来越多的社会关注。儿童交通事故伤害是全球性的社会问题,国外在儿童乘员安全防护方面的研究起步较早,目前有许多国家关于机动车儿童约束系统的法规已经建立并不断完善,但我国在此领域的研究仍处于起步阶段,我国的相关法规《机动车儿童乘员用约束系统》于2012年才颁布。研究表明,正确使用儿童乘员约束系统是减少碰撞事故中儿童乘员损伤和死亡风险的有效办法,因此开展对汽车碰撞中儿童乘员的损伤风险分析和损伤防护技术的研究工作,并依据研究结果指导儿童约束系统的设计和使用,有利于提高儿童乘员在车辆碰撞过程中的安全性。
本文主要针对汽车正面碰撞中避免或降低儿童乘员损伤和死亡风险的防护技术进行研究,在大量数据分析的基础上,阐述了儿童安全防护技术研究的现状和意义,并介绍了安全约束系统的分类与组成。然后结合儿童乘员交通事故中的损伤机理,研究分析了儿童乘员约束系统的开发设计要求与试验研究方法。
通过比较分析法研究国内外法规标准,对欧洲各国、美国和中国等国家和地区法规标准体系发展情况进行探讨,并重点研究了欧洲的ECER44法规和美国的FMVSS213法规,通过对这两大儿童约束系统法规体系中的试验条件、试验方法和性能要求等方面进行比较,总结各自优缺点,为我国相关汽车法规标准的制定提供参考。
另外,研究显示,我国目前儿童约束系统使用方面存在很多问题,主要问题是消费者安全意识淡薄,相关法律法规缺失,研究数据不足等。并结合我国国情和消费者习惯,提出解决办法,主要从以下几个方面入手,加大宣传力度,完善法律法规,加强质量监督和开拓租赁市场等。
最后对全文所做工作内容与取得的成果进行总结,并指出本文的不足之处和展望进一步的研究趋势。本文的研究结果对国内的儿童乘员安全研究工作的开展和损伤防护技术的开发具有一定参考价值。
Automobile industry in China has been experiencing a rapid growth in recent years. The car, as an indispensable means of transport, has also been owned by growing people especially with the continuous improvement of living standards of China, however, with rising car ownership rate, injuries for children due to traffic accident follows which are gaining greater and greater concerns by the society. Child road traffic injury is an important problem all of the world. In foreign countries, the reaserch on safety protection for child occupants is earlier than China. Today, a lot of countries have built the regulations on child restraint system. And in china, the system of Restraint System for Child occupants of power-driven Vehicles has been implemented from January1,2012. According to relevant statistics, the injury and death rate of children could be decreased significantly by using child restraint system (CRS) correctly. So the results, which from the research on protection system of child and injury risk for child occupants in frontal impact, can indicate the design and the utilization of CRS, in order to promote the safety of the child passengers in the auto collision.
This paper has mainly studied the protection system of child and injury risk for child occupants in frontal impact. On the basis of the analysis of large amounts of relevant data, the status and significance of the research on the technology of child injury prevention were disturbed, and the classification and composition of CRS were introduced. And then combined with child occupant damage mechanism in traffic accident, the methods of development and design CRS and test them were analysed.
ECER44and FMVSS213and other different laws and standards of many countries in the world were introduced, by researching and anlysis the differences between the conceptions of laws and standards. The main content focuses on the research on ECER44and FMVSS213, by comparing the test conditions, test methods and performance requirements between these two safety standards system, summarize each other advantages and disadvantages, and this can offer conference to China automotive standards.
Besides, the results show that there are a lot of problems with the usage of the CRS should be solved, and the main problems includes weak safety awareness, the lack of relevant laws and standards, lack of research data. Based on the condition of our country and the habits of customers, the suggestions were put forward, such as, enhancing the propaganda work, improving laws and regulations, strengthening quality supervision and building new rental market etc.
In the last chapter the research content and achievements was summarized, and then the deficiencies within the study and research perspectives for next stage was pointed out. The research results had reference value on children occupants' injury and technology of injury prevention in china.
本文主要针对汽车正面碰撞中避免或降低儿童乘员损伤和死亡风险的防护技术进行研究,在大量数据分析的基础上,阐述了儿童安全防护技术研究的现状和意义,并介绍了安全约束系统的分类与组成。然后结合儿童乘员交通事故中的损伤机理,研究分析了儿童乘员约束系统的开发设计要求与试验研究方法。
通过比较分析法研究国内外法规标准,对欧洲各国、美国和中国等国家和地区法规标准体系发展情况进行探讨,并重点研究了欧洲的ECER44法规和美国的FMVSS213法规,通过对这两大儿童约束系统法规体系中的试验条件、试验方法和性能要求等方面进行比较,总结各自优缺点,为我国相关汽车法规标准的制定提供参考。
另外,研究显示,我国目前儿童约束系统使用方面存在很多问题,主要问题是消费者安全意识淡薄,相关法律法规缺失,研究数据不足等。并结合我国国情和消费者习惯,提出解决办法,主要从以下几个方面入手,加大宣传力度,完善法律法规,加强质量监督和开拓租赁市场等。
最后对全文所做工作内容与取得的成果进行总结,并指出本文的不足之处和展望进一步的研究趋势。本文的研究结果对国内的儿童乘员安全研究工作的开展和损伤防护技术的开发具有一定参考价值。
Automobile industry in China has been experiencing a rapid growth in recent years. The car, as an indispensable means of transport, has also been owned by growing people especially with the continuous improvement of living standards of China, however, with rising car ownership rate, injuries for children due to traffic accident follows which are gaining greater and greater concerns by the society. Child road traffic injury is an important problem all of the world. In foreign countries, the reaserch on safety protection for child occupants is earlier than China. Today, a lot of countries have built the regulations on child restraint system. And in china, the system of Restraint System for Child occupants of power-driven Vehicles has been implemented from January1,2012. According to relevant statistics, the injury and death rate of children could be decreased significantly by using child restraint system (CRS) correctly. So the results, which from the research on protection system of child and injury risk for child occupants in frontal impact, can indicate the design and the utilization of CRS, in order to promote the safety of the child passengers in the auto collision.
This paper has mainly studied the protection system of child and injury risk for child occupants in frontal impact. On the basis of the analysis of large amounts of relevant data, the status and significance of the research on the technology of child injury prevention were disturbed, and the classification and composition of CRS were introduced. And then combined with child occupant damage mechanism in traffic accident, the methods of development and design CRS and test them were analysed.
ECER44and FMVSS213and other different laws and standards of many countries in the world were introduced, by researching and anlysis the differences between the conceptions of laws and standards. The main content focuses on the research on ECER44and FMVSS213, by comparing the test conditions, test methods and performance requirements between these two safety standards system, summarize each other advantages and disadvantages, and this can offer conference to China automotive standards.
Besides, the results show that there are a lot of problems with the usage of the CRS should be solved, and the main problems includes weak safety awareness, the lack of relevant laws and standards, lack of research data. Based on the condition of our country and the habits of customers, the suggestions were put forward, such as, enhancing the propaganda work, improving laws and regulations, strengthening quality supervision and building new rental market etc.
In the last chapter the research content and achievements was summarized, and then the deficiencies within the study and research perspectives for next stage was pointed out. The research results had reference value on children occupants' injury and technology of injury prevention in china.
引文
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[8]Isaksson-Helhnan I, Jakosson L, Gustavsson C, etal. Trends and effects of child restraint systems based on Volvo's Swedish accident database[C], SAE Paper No.1997-03-0299.
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[11]高伟.汽车侧碰中三岁儿童乘员的动力学响应和损伤防护研究.[D].长沙：湖南大学,2008.
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[23]未知.什么是ISOFIX儿童安全座椅固定装置.[J].广西质量监督导报,2011(5)：30-32.
[24]任杰.儿童安全座椅使用若干问题探讨.[J].公路与汽运,2011(2)：8-10.
[25]魏哲.汽车儿童约束系统技术法规和标准研究.[J].机械工业标准化与质量,2008(12)：26-28.
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[28]钱宇彬,胡宁.现代汽车安全技术[M].上海：上海交通大学出版社,2006：117-119.
[29]William W.Van Arsdell.The Evolution of FMVSS213:Child Restraint Systems. SAE TECHNICAL RAPER SERIES 2005-01-1840.
[30]Existing and future US child restraint safety standards[C].SAE Government Industry Meeting. May 2001.
[31]徐大伟.世界汽车安全性技术法规与标准的研究[D].武汉：武汉理工大学,2007.
[32]国家标准化管理委员会.GB27887—2011.机动车儿童乘员用约束系统[S].北京：中国标准出版社,2012-01-01.
[33]张维刚,何文,钟志华.车辆乘员碰撞安全保护技术[M].长沙：湖南大学出版社,2007：35-36.
[34]Venkatesh Agaram, LanXu, Guy S. Nusholtz.Comparison of Frontal Crashes in Terms of Average Acceleration[C].SAE Paper No.2000-01-0880.
[35]杨斌.汽车安全带设计探讨.[J].产业用纺织品,1993(6)：32-33.
[36]陈励.安全带总成静态强度相关试验的探讨.[J].北京汽车,2010(5)：19-21.
[37]范海涛.色彩在船舶上的应用与安全.[J].船舶,2009(5)：8-9.
[38]盖迅达.学龄前儿童色彩心理研究[D].天津：天津工业大学,2009.
[39]Kennerly Digges, A.Eigen. Examination of Car to Light Truck Compatibility in Frontal Crashes.[C]SAE Paper No.2001-01-1165.
[40]David S.Zuby. Analysis of Driver Fatalities in Frontal Crashes of Airbag-Equipped Vehicles in 1990-98 Nass/Cds [C].SAE Paper No.2001-01-0156.
[41]TNO. MADYMO Model Manual 6.2.2[M].2005:1-3.
[42]TNO. Training Introductory for MADYMO 6.2.2[M].2005:1-6.
[43]刘晶郁,李晓霞.汽车安全与法规[M].北京：人民交通出版社,2005：171-172.
[44]戴晓晶.新型台车碰撞缓冲吸能方法研究[D].长沙：湖南大学,2007.
[45]熊明.汽车侧面碰撞中次要防撞结构和乘员损伤保护的研究[D].长沙：湖南大学,2011.
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[2]李景升.车祸哀思警示[J].世界汽车,2010(8)：10-1O.
[3]未知.半月经贸十大要闻[J].中国经贸导刊,2011(19)：5-6.
[4]白中浩.汽车前碰吸能方法及其关键技术研究.[D].长沙：湖南大学,2004.
[5]唐建春.满足ADR要求的客车侧翻安全性试验方法.[J].城市车辆,2008(11)：15-16.
[6]南辰.儿童乘车需要安全立法.[J].瞭望,2011(23)：20-21.
[7]马伟.车辆正面碰撞中儿童乘员约束系统的仿真研究.[D].武汉：武汉理工大学,2008.
[8]Isaksson-Helhnan I, Jakosson L, Gustavsson C, etal. Trends and effects of child restraint systems based on Volvo's Swedish accident database[C], SAE Paper No.1997-03-0299.
[9]张羽佳.增设型儿童安全座椅的仿真研究.[D].武汉：武汉理工大学,2011.
[10]任锡娟.集成式汽车儿童安全座椅的关键技术研究.[D].长沙：湖南大学,2010.
[11]高伟.汽车侧碰中三岁儿童乘员的动力学响应和损伤防护研究.[D].长沙：湖南大学,2008.
[12]Durbin DR., Elliott MR, Winston FK. Belt-Positioning booster seats and reduction in risk of Injury among children in vehicle crashes [J].JAMA,2003,289(21):2835-2840.
[13]顾国荣.可转换式儿童安全座椅前碰撞仿真研究.[D].长沙：湖南大学,2009.
[14]杨杏梅.汽车前碰中6岁儿童乘员约束系统的仿真研究.[D].长沙：湖南大学,2006.
[15]Brian T.Park. Comparison of Vehicle Structural Integrity and Occupant Injury Potential in Full-Frontal and Offset-Frontal Crash Tests [C].SAE Paper No.2000-01-0879.
[16]韩文义.生物学基础对运动员选材的作用和重要性研究.[J].科技信息,2011(8)：25-27.
[17]杨涌.12-15岁不同发育类型青少年体成分、体型特征及体脂率推测方法的研究.[D]开封：河南大学,2011.
[18]刘丽.温针灸治疗椎动脉型颈椎病临床研究[D].武汉：湖北中医药大学,2011.
[19]都定元.创伤评分的演进与AIS 2005.[J].创伤外科杂志,2006(3)：23-25.
[20]Economic Commission for Europe. ECE R44:Restraining devices for child occupants of power-driven vehicles (Child restraint system).[S]. New York,USA:the United Nations, 2008-02-04.
[21]Joshua A.Goldwitz. FMVSS Child Occupant Protection Regulations. SAE TECHNICAL PAPER SERIES 2006-01-1138.
[22]肖兰.给孩子一个座椅,还父母一份安心.[J].标准生活,2011(6)：10-12.
[23]未知.什么是ISOFIX儿童安全座椅固定装置.[J].广西质量监督导报,2011(5)：30-32.
[24]任杰.儿童安全座椅使用若干问题探讨.[J].公路与汽运,2011(2)：8-10.
[25]魏哲.汽车儿童约束系统技术法规和标准研究.[J].机械工业标准化与质量,2008(12)：26-28.
[26]National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards And Regulations 213.[S].New York:U.S. Department of Transportation.2002-01-10.
[27]张金换,杜汇良,马春生.汽车碰撞安全性设计[M].北京：清华大学出版社,2009：308-309.
[28]钱宇彬,胡宁.现代汽车安全技术[M].上海：上海交通大学出版社,2006：117-119.
[29]William W.Van Arsdell.The Evolution of FMVSS213:Child Restraint Systems. SAE TECHNICAL RAPER SERIES 2005-01-1840.
[30]Existing and future US child restraint safety standards[C].SAE Government Industry Meeting. May 2001.
[31]徐大伟.世界汽车安全性技术法规与标准的研究[D].武汉：武汉理工大学,2007.
[32]国家标准化管理委员会.GB27887—2011.机动车儿童乘员用约束系统[S].北京：中国标准出版社,2012-01-01.
[33]张维刚,何文,钟志华.车辆乘员碰撞安全保护技术[M].长沙：湖南大学出版社,2007：35-36.
[34]Venkatesh Agaram, LanXu, Guy S. Nusholtz.Comparison of Frontal Crashes in Terms of Average Acceleration[C].SAE Paper No.2000-01-0880.
[35]杨斌.汽车安全带设计探讨.[J].产业用纺织品,1993(6)：32-33.
[36]陈励.安全带总成静态强度相关试验的探讨.[J].北京汽车,2010(5)：19-21.
[37]范海涛.色彩在船舶上的应用与安全.[J].船舶,2009(5)：8-9.
[38]盖迅达.学龄前儿童色彩心理研究[D].天津：天津工业大学,2009.
[39]Kennerly Digges, A.Eigen. Examination of Car to Light Truck Compatibility in Frontal Crashes.[C]SAE Paper No.2001-01-1165.
[40]David S.Zuby. Analysis of Driver Fatalities in Frontal Crashes of Airbag-Equipped Vehicles in 1990-98 Nass/Cds [C].SAE Paper No.2001-01-0156.
[41]TNO. MADYMO Model Manual 6.2.2[M].2005:1-3.
[42]TNO. Training Introductory for MADYMO 6.2.2[M].2005:1-6.
[43]刘晶郁,李晓霞.汽车安全与法规[M].北京：人民交通出版社,2005：171-172.
[44]戴晓晶.新型台车碰撞缓冲吸能方法研究[D].长沙：湖南大学,2007.
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