基于感性工学原理下的幼儿型汽车安全座椅设计与研究
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摘要
随着我国经济建设的不断深入,国民生活水平的不断提高,汽车作为一种非常重要的交通工具,也被越来越多的人所拥有。伴随着汽车拥有率的不断攀升,随之而来的儿童交通意外伤害的问题也越来越被社会所关注。据有关部门统计,目前我国每年都有超过1.85万名14岁以下儿童死于交通安全事故,死亡率是欧洲的2.5倍、美国的2.6倍,交通事故已经成为十四岁以下儿童的第一死因[1]。造成儿童意外伤害的一个重要原因是由于目前汽车内的安全设备和措施都是依照成年人的身体尺寸来设计的,并不能适合于儿童的身体规格,因而并不能有效地保障儿童乘员的生命安全。实验证明,使用汽车儿童安全座椅能较大程度地降低对儿童乘员的伤害。因而,使用汽车儿童安全座椅有其必要性。
汽车安全座椅是一种安装在汽车座位上的,供婴儿、幼儿或少年使用以保护其人身安全的附属设备[2]。在我国,关于儿童乘员乘车安全的法律、法规尚未完全建立。另外,有很多家长缺乏或误解儿童乘车安全常识。因而,汽车儿童安全座椅在我国的普及率非常低,相对于欧美等国家,该行业在我国的发展严重滞后。
本研究建立在感性工学的基本原理指导下,以消费者和适用人群的感性心理为设计出发点,借助设计美学、人机工程学、儿童病理学、消费心理学、产品语义学等理论的研究成果和方法,运用调查问卷等手段,将调查数据综合分析并逐层深入,推导出的结果作为产品设计的立足点,系统地分析出幼儿型汽车安全座椅的形态设计,探寻出较为切合满足幼儿生理和心理诉求的设计方案。
本文首先分析了儿童交通意外伤害的现状以及存在的问题,结合国内外儿童汽车安全座椅的研究现状,确立了本研究的主要内容、研究方法及研究意义。接着介绍了汽车儿童安全座椅的历史、发展过程以及基本的分类,在此基础上,概述了幼儿型汽车安全座椅形态的特点和结构。然后阐述了感性工学的基本概念、国内外发展状况、程序和方法。最后运用感性工学中的定性式逐层推论法来指导幼儿型汽车安全座椅的设计,设计方案围绕“关爱”这一设计主题,尝试从安全性、形态完整性、现代美学原则和功能性四个方面入手,从产品的结构、色彩、肌理等方面加以分析,希望探索出较为可行的幼儿型汽车安全座椅设计方案。
The car, as an indispensable means of transport, has also been owned by growing people especially with the constant deepening economic construction and the continuous improvement of living standards of China; however, with rising car ownership rate, injuries for children due to traffic accident follows which are gaining greater and greater concern by the society. According to relevant statistics, there are over 18,500 each year for children fewer than 14 died in traffic accidents. The mortality rate is 2.5 times of that in Europe, and 2.6 times for the case of the United States which made the traffic accidents come the first cause of death among children under the age of 14.One of the important reason of that high rate of injures and death for the child under 14 in traffic accident is that the current car's safety equipment and emergency measures are designed in accordance to adult body size which is not suitable for children's physical specifications, and therefore can not effectively protect the lives of child occupant. Experiments show that the use of child-only safety car seats can reduce a large extent on the rate of child occupant injury, which made using child car safety seats come into a necessary.
The safety car seat is a kind of ancillary equipments which is installed on the car seat for infants, young children or adolescents to protect the personal safety. In China, the laws and regulations of child occupant have not been fully established yet; apart form that many parents lack of the knowledge or have misinterpretation of the safety of child occupant. Therefore, the child-only safety car seat covers a very low penetration rate in China, which resulted in the design of the child-only safety car seat keeps a huge gap from its counterpart like United States and Europe.
The research is based on the basic principles of Kansei Engineering. Under the guidance of perceptual psychology of consumers and for applicable people, the design of the child-only safety car seat makes the starting point by first gaining of theories and research of design aesthetics, ergonomics, child pathology, consumer psychology and product semantics and questionnaires as the second step, then comprehensive analysis of the survey data. Finally, the industry finds the best pattern of the device which is more suitable for young children to explore Physical and psychological demands
This paper analyzes both the status and the problem of injures happened in traffic accident of child by integrating the research status of situation and the problems of the case at home and abroad. Then both the main content and significance of research of the industry would be established in this paper. After that the paper would give out a brief introduction of the history of child-only safety car, the development process and basic classification of this industry; then come to the summary of both the characteristics of infantile form and structure of child-only safety car seat in accordance of the above-mentioned information. Then this paper describes the basic concepts, domestic and international development, procedures and methods of Kansei Engineering, Finally, the paper applies method of qualitative type of inference layer by layer from Kansei engineering to guide the design of child-only safety car seat by step with theme of "love and care", which aims on starting from the theories of the following four aspects: the security, integrity of form, the principles of modern aesthetics and functionality to explore a scheme of feasible design of child-only safety car seat with improved product structure, color, texture and other factor in order to analysis.
汽车安全座椅是一种安装在汽车座位上的,供婴儿、幼儿或少年使用以保护其人身安全的附属设备[2]。在我国,关于儿童乘员乘车安全的法律、法规尚未完全建立。另外,有很多家长缺乏或误解儿童乘车安全常识。因而,汽车儿童安全座椅在我国的普及率非常低,相对于欧美等国家,该行业在我国的发展严重滞后。
本研究建立在感性工学的基本原理指导下,以消费者和适用人群的感性心理为设计出发点,借助设计美学、人机工程学、儿童病理学、消费心理学、产品语义学等理论的研究成果和方法,运用调查问卷等手段,将调查数据综合分析并逐层深入,推导出的结果作为产品设计的立足点,系统地分析出幼儿型汽车安全座椅的形态设计,探寻出较为切合满足幼儿生理和心理诉求的设计方案。
本文首先分析了儿童交通意外伤害的现状以及存在的问题,结合国内外儿童汽车安全座椅的研究现状,确立了本研究的主要内容、研究方法及研究意义。接着介绍了汽车儿童安全座椅的历史、发展过程以及基本的分类,在此基础上,概述了幼儿型汽车安全座椅形态的特点和结构。然后阐述了感性工学的基本概念、国内外发展状况、程序和方法。最后运用感性工学中的定性式逐层推论法来指导幼儿型汽车安全座椅的设计,设计方案围绕“关爱”这一设计主题,尝试从安全性、形态完整性、现代美学原则和功能性四个方面入手,从产品的结构、色彩、肌理等方面加以分析,希望探索出较为可行的幼儿型汽车安全座椅设计方案。
The car, as an indispensable means of transport, has also been owned by growing people especially with the constant deepening economic construction and the continuous improvement of living standards of China; however, with rising car ownership rate, injuries for children due to traffic accident follows which are gaining greater and greater concern by the society. According to relevant statistics, there are over 18,500 each year for children fewer than 14 died in traffic accidents. The mortality rate is 2.5 times of that in Europe, and 2.6 times for the case of the United States which made the traffic accidents come the first cause of death among children under the age of 14.One of the important reason of that high rate of injures and death for the child under 14 in traffic accident is that the current car's safety equipment and emergency measures are designed in accordance to adult body size which is not suitable for children's physical specifications, and therefore can not effectively protect the lives of child occupant. Experiments show that the use of child-only safety car seats can reduce a large extent on the rate of child occupant injury, which made using child car safety seats come into a necessary.
The safety car seat is a kind of ancillary equipments which is installed on the car seat for infants, young children or adolescents to protect the personal safety. In China, the laws and regulations of child occupant have not been fully established yet; apart form that many parents lack of the knowledge or have misinterpretation of the safety of child occupant. Therefore, the child-only safety car seat covers a very low penetration rate in China, which resulted in the design of the child-only safety car seat keeps a huge gap from its counterpart like United States and Europe.
The research is based on the basic principles of Kansei Engineering. Under the guidance of perceptual psychology of consumers and for applicable people, the design of the child-only safety car seat makes the starting point by first gaining of theories and research of design aesthetics, ergonomics, child pathology, consumer psychology and product semantics and questionnaires as the second step, then comprehensive analysis of the survey data. Finally, the industry finds the best pattern of the device which is more suitable for young children to explore Physical and psychological demands
This paper analyzes both the status and the problem of injures happened in traffic accident of child by integrating the research status of situation and the problems of the case at home and abroad. Then both the main content and significance of research of the industry would be established in this paper. After that the paper would give out a brief introduction of the history of child-only safety car, the development process and basic classification of this industry; then come to the summary of both the characteristics of infantile form and structure of child-only safety car seat in accordance of the above-mentioned information. Then this paper describes the basic concepts, domestic and international development, procedures and methods of Kansei Engineering, Finally, the paper applies method of qualitative type of inference layer by layer from Kansei engineering to guide the design of child-only safety car seat by step with theme of "love and care", which aims on starting from the theories of the following four aspects: the security, integrity of form, the principles of modern aesthetics and functionality to explore a scheme of feasible design of child-only safety car seat with improved product structure, color, texture and other factor in order to analysis.
引文
[1]崔立勇.汽车中的孩子正在危险中[N].中国经济导报, 2010-01-21(B06)
[2]李方.你抱得住一头小象吗?[N].中国消费者报,2005-06-03(B04)
[3]仝宗莉.《机动车儿童乘员用约束系统》国家标准年底定稿,儿童乘车安全将有保障[N].中国汽车报,2008-06-06
[4]世界卫生组织.预防道路交通伤世界报告:概要[R].世界卫生组织,2004
[5]路宁宁.谁来保护你的宝贝儿童乘车安全装置指南[J].汽车消费报告杂志,2010-07-05
[6]赵培南.论儿童安全座椅的必要性和潜在市场[J].汽车与配件,2004,(4):38-39
[7]刘汲静.关注儿童乘车安全[N].山东商报,2010-06-03(B10)
[8]刘凌林.首部儿童乘车强制国标今年有望出台[N].中国企业报,2010-01-25(003)
[9]袁健,任山.汽车安全儿童约束系统的发展研究[R].中国汽车技术研究中心,2005
[10]唐登涛.关于儿童安全座椅:你知道多少?[N].每日商报,2010-06-02
[11]妈咪宝贝杂志社.汽车儿童安全座椅必修课[J].孕妈咪刊,2010-12
[12]李杨.机动车儿童乘员用约束系统[N].汽车之家,2010-01-26
[13]高悦颖.国内借鉴欧洲汽车儿童安全强制标准[N].太平洋汽车育儿热点,2010-12-27新增的[14]张震.别让成人安全带成为孩子绞索[N].中国消费者报,2007-06-01
[15]李月恩,王震,亚徐楠.感性工程学[M].海洋出版社,2009-10-01
[16] Yamamoto K.Kansei engineeringthe art ofautomotive development at Mazda[M].Ann Arbor:The University of Michigan.1986.1—24
[17]长町三生.感性工学:一种新的人机学顾客定位的产品开发技术[J].国际人机工程周刊,1995-(15)
[18]原田昭.清华国际设计管理论坛专家论文集:感性工学研究策略[C].清华大学艺术与科学研究中心编,,2002-10[14]
[19] Donald Arthur Norman .Emotional Design: Why We Love (or Hate) Everyday Things[M].Publishers Weekly,2010-05-10
[20]李砚祖.设计新理念:感性工学[J].新美术,2003-24-(4)
[21] Mitsuo Nagamachi.Kansei Engineering(Industrial Innovation)[M].CRC Press,2010
[22] Deana McDonagh.Design and Emotion[M].CRC Press ,2003
[23]滕蕾,周三元.聚类分析法在CRM中的应用研究[J].物流技术,2010-Z1
[24]李德义.形态分析法在产品设计中的引入[J].济南纺织化纤科技, 2001-04
[25]苏建宁,江平宇,朱斌,李鹤岐感性工学及其在产品设计中的应用研究[J].西安交通大学学报,2004-01-01
[26] Nagamachi.new ergonomic consumer-orientechnology for product development[J],Kanseiengineering.1995,(3):56
[27]体育院校成人教育协作组.人体生理学[R].北京:人民体育出版社,2003
[28]Tarriere C.Children are Not Miniature Adults[R].IRCOBI Proceedings, 1995,15-28
[29]张曙曦.看图学安全:12岁以下儿童须坐汽车后座[N].汽车安全,2005-12-15
[30] Gray H..Gray's Anatomy.Courage Books.Philadelphia[M].Pennsylvania,USA 1901
[31]况宇翔.4-5岁儿童产品特性研究[J].内江科技,2007-1(109)
[32]王凯.幼儿产品设计中材料要素的分析[J].包装工程,2008-7-7
[33]杨利芳付雁平朱磊.产品设计中的安全设计[C].2004年国际工业设计研讨会暨第9届全国工业设计学术年会,2004(9)
[34]朱钟炎.产品设计教程[M].湖北美术出版社,2006-6(1)
[35]李莉婷.色彩设计中单纯化配色原理的运用研究[J].装饰,2005-(12):95.
[36]李月恩.“语意描述"研究在产品形态设计中的应用[J].包装工程.2006-D1-24
[37]胡飞杨瑞.设计符号与产品语意[M].北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2003
[38]罗碧娟.探析儿童产品的色彩设计[J].包装工程,2008-29(1):177 - 178
[39] Catherine.Hill.儿童产品设计攻略[M].上海人民美术出版社,2003
[40]吴江沈嘉.产品形态语意学[J].包装工程,2005-26-(6):191
[41]曲敏张峰.论色彩在产品设计中的心理构建[J].包装工程,2005-26(4):198
[42]王庆斌.影响产品色彩设计的因素剖析[J].包装工程,2007-04
[43]庞爱民生鸿飞郭芳.基于人机工程学的儿童弱视仪设计研究[J].科技资讯,2007
[45] K.H.E. Kroemer.Ergonomics: How to Design for Ease and Efficiency[M].Prentice Hall.July 21. 2000-07-21
[46]Daniel D Chiras.Human Body Systems: Structure. Function And Environment[M].Jones & Bartlett Learning.2003-01-10
[48] Donald A. Norman. The Design of Future Things[M]. Basic Books.2007-10-29
[49] J.Piaget and B.Inhelder,The Psychology of the Child[M].Basic Books.1969.
[50]Michael Ashby,Kara Johnson.Materials and Design: The Art and Science of Material Selection in Product Design[M].Butterworth-Heinemann.2002-10-01
[51] C. James Goodwin .Research In Psychology: Methods and Design[M].Wiley.2009
[52] Danuta Koradecka.Handbook of Occupational Safety and Health[M].CRC Press.2010
[53]林柏泉.安全学原理[M ].北京:煤炭工业出版社.2002
[54]郑建启.拓宽现代工业设计的人机工程系统研究[ J ].武汉理工大学学报.2001.23 (8) :55 - 57
[2]李方.你抱得住一头小象吗?[N].中国消费者报,2005-06-03(B04)
[3]仝宗莉.《机动车儿童乘员用约束系统》国家标准年底定稿,儿童乘车安全将有保障[N].中国汽车报,2008-06-06
[4]世界卫生组织.预防道路交通伤世界报告:概要[R].世界卫生组织,2004
[5]路宁宁.谁来保护你的宝贝儿童乘车安全装置指南[J].汽车消费报告杂志,2010-07-05
[6]赵培南.论儿童安全座椅的必要性和潜在市场[J].汽车与配件,2004,(4):38-39
[7]刘汲静.关注儿童乘车安全[N].山东商报,2010-06-03(B10)
[8]刘凌林.首部儿童乘车强制国标今年有望出台[N].中国企业报,2010-01-25(003)
[9]袁健,任山.汽车安全儿童约束系统的发展研究[R].中国汽车技术研究中心,2005
[10]唐登涛.关于儿童安全座椅:你知道多少?[N].每日商报,2010-06-02
[11]妈咪宝贝杂志社.汽车儿童安全座椅必修课[J].孕妈咪刊,2010-12
[12]李杨.机动车儿童乘员用约束系统[N].汽车之家,2010-01-26
[13]高悦颖.国内借鉴欧洲汽车儿童安全强制标准[N].太平洋汽车育儿热点,2010-12-27新增的[14]张震.别让成人安全带成为孩子绞索[N].中国消费者报,2007-06-01
[15]李月恩,王震,亚徐楠.感性工程学[M].海洋出版社,2009-10-01
[16] Yamamoto K.Kansei engineeringthe art ofautomotive development at Mazda[M].Ann Arbor:The University of Michigan.1986.1—24
[17]长町三生.感性工学:一种新的人机学顾客定位的产品开发技术[J].国际人机工程周刊,1995-(15)
[18]原田昭.清华国际设计管理论坛专家论文集:感性工学研究策略[C].清华大学艺术与科学研究中心编,,2002-10[14]
[19] Donald Arthur Norman .Emotional Design: Why We Love (or Hate) Everyday Things[M].Publishers Weekly,2010-05-10
[20]李砚祖.设计新理念:感性工学[J].新美术,2003-24-(4)
[21] Mitsuo Nagamachi.Kansei Engineering(Industrial Innovation)[M].CRC Press,2010
[22] Deana McDonagh.Design and Emotion[M].CRC Press ,2003
[23]滕蕾,周三元.聚类分析法在CRM中的应用研究[J].物流技术,2010-Z1
[24]李德义.形态分析法在产品设计中的引入[J].济南纺织化纤科技, 2001-04
[25]苏建宁,江平宇,朱斌,李鹤岐感性工学及其在产品设计中的应用研究[J].西安交通大学学报,2004-01-01
[26] Nagamachi.new ergonomic consumer-orientechnology for product development[J],Kanseiengineering.1995,(3):56
[27]体育院校成人教育协作组.人体生理学[R].北京:人民体育出版社,2003
[28]Tarriere C.Children are Not Miniature Adults[R].IRCOBI Proceedings, 1995,15-28
[29]张曙曦.看图学安全:12岁以下儿童须坐汽车后座[N].汽车安全,2005-12-15
[30] Gray H..Gray's Anatomy.Courage Books.Philadelphia[M].Pennsylvania,USA 1901
[31]况宇翔.4-5岁儿童产品特性研究[J].内江科技,2007-1(109)
[32]王凯.幼儿产品设计中材料要素的分析[J].包装工程,2008-7-7
[33]杨利芳付雁平朱磊.产品设计中的安全设计[C].2004年国际工业设计研讨会暨第9届全国工业设计学术年会,2004(9)
[34]朱钟炎.产品设计教程[M].湖北美术出版社,2006-6(1)
[35]李莉婷.色彩设计中单纯化配色原理的运用研究[J].装饰,2005-(12):95.
[36]李月恩.“语意描述"研究在产品形态设计中的应用[J].包装工程.2006-D1-24
[37]胡飞杨瑞.设计符号与产品语意[M].北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2003
[38]罗碧娟.探析儿童产品的色彩设计[J].包装工程,2008-29(1):177 - 178
[39] Catherine.Hill.儿童产品设计攻略[M].上海人民美术出版社,2003
[40]吴江沈嘉.产品形态语意学[J].包装工程,2005-26-(6):191
[41]曲敏张峰.论色彩在产品设计中的心理构建[J].包装工程,2005-26(4):198
[42]王庆斌.影响产品色彩设计的因素剖析[J].包装工程,2007-04
[43]庞爱民生鸿飞郭芳.基于人机工程学的儿童弱视仪设计研究[J].科技资讯,2007
[45] K.H.E. Kroemer.Ergonomics: How to Design for Ease and Efficiency[M].Prentice Hall.July 21. 2000-07-21
[46]Daniel D Chiras.Human Body Systems: Structure. Function And Environment[M].Jones & Bartlett Learning.2003-01-10
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