汽车液体CNG加热器的研究与开发
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摘要
随着汽车环保法规的日趋严格和全球石油资源储量的日益减少，世界各国都在积极开展汽车新能源的研究与开发，以减轻大气污染和对石油资源的依赖。其中，发展天然气汽车(NGV)就是解决以上问题的有效途径之一。我国已经成立了“国家清洁燃料汽车领导小组”，大力推广燃气汽车，计划到2005年，全国燃气汽车保有量将达50万辆。
汽车燃油加热器是冬季客车采暖的主要设备之一。自问世以来，国产燃油加热器都是以柴油或煤油作为燃料。随着我国燃气汽车保有量的增加，开发与之相配套的天然气(NG)加热器就成为了必然。采用天然气作为加热器的燃料，不但可以与燃气汽车相配套，而且还解决了现有燃油加热器使用中存在的对环境污染较大的缺陷，增加了汽车加热器的新机型，满足了客车技术发展的需要。
本课题以北京京威汽车设备有限公司生产的YJ—Q27.9／2X型汽车液体燃油加热器为研究对象，采用理论与试验相结合的研究方法，在尽量少改动原机型结构的基础上实现了燃烧天然气的功能。其特点是：以燃气喷头替代原机燃油雾化装置；以燃气流量控制阀控制燃气的供给；燃气的供给与助燃空气的供给相分离；通过改变主电机的电压，调整空气的供给量，使燃烧更加充分完全，并进一步提高了热效率，降低了燃料消耗；工艺简单，对原机型改动较小；样机的加热功率不小于原机型水平；此外，由于主电机电压的降低，使样机的整机噪声比原机大大下降。样机试验证明本研究所采用的设计方案和控制方案合理、安全，若进一步产品化和推广使用，将大大改善国产汽车加热器的性能，提高整机的环保性、经济性、安全性和可靠性，从而提高国产客车的整车技术水平。
通过本课题研究，基本解决了现有燃油加热器改型燃气加热器的理论和技术问题，对生产企业的产品更新换代具有重要的参考价值。
With the stricter regulations of environment protection and the reserves of global petroleum resource gradually decreasing, all countries are launching the research and development of new energy sources, in order to release air pollution and relying on petroleum resource. One of available approach to solve above problems is to develop Nature Gas Vehicle (NGV). In our country, "National Clean Fuel Vehicle Leading Subcommittee" is founded for largely spreading Nature Gas Vehicles. Planned by 2005, the number of Nature Gas Vehicle will go up to 500,000 in our country.
Vehicle oil heater is one of the main equipments for heating bus in winter. All homemade oil heaters bum diesel oil or coal oil since arising. With the number of Nature Gas Vehicle increasing in our country, it is necessary to develop clean fuel heater for matching. Heater burning natural gas not only match with Nature Gas Vehicle, but also solved the oil heater's shortcoming which seriously polluted the environment, and adding the types of vehicle heater to meet the need of the development of vehicle technology.
The subject in this study is the YJ-Q27.9/2X type vehicle oil heater made by Peking Vehicle Equipment Company, and performing the methods of theory and testing, and Realizing the function of burning Nature Gas on the basis of the least modification of the oil heater's configuration. Characters including: fuel atomization device replaced by gas sprayer, gas supply controlled by gas flux valve; separate fuel supply from combustion-supporting air, regulate air supply through changing the electioneering voltage to make the fully burning and improve efficiency and reduce fuel consume; arts and crafts are simple, the modification of the oil heater's configuration is little and the heating power is not below the oil heater's level; because of falling the voltage of electioneering, greatly descend the noise of the sample machine compared with the original. The testing result of the sample machine proved that design scheme and the control scheme in this study is reasonable and safe, if made products and popularized, it will greatly improve the environment protection performance and economic performance security and reliability of sample machine, so can improve the technical level of homemade bus.
Through this study, it was basically solved the theory and technology problems of modification oil heater to Nature Gas heater and It will provide with the important referenced value for updating products of manufactory.
汽车燃油加热器是冬季客车采暖的主要设备之一。自问世以来，国产燃油加热器都是以柴油或煤油作为燃料。随着我国燃气汽车保有量的增加，开发与之相配套的天然气(NG)加热器就成为了必然。采用天然气作为加热器的燃料，不但可以与燃气汽车相配套，而且还解决了现有燃油加热器使用中存在的对环境污染较大的缺陷，增加了汽车加热器的新机型，满足了客车技术发展的需要。
本课题以北京京威汽车设备有限公司生产的YJ—Q27.9／2X型汽车液体燃油加热器为研究对象，采用理论与试验相结合的研究方法，在尽量少改动原机型结构的基础上实现了燃烧天然气的功能。其特点是：以燃气喷头替代原机燃油雾化装置；以燃气流量控制阀控制燃气的供给；燃气的供给与助燃空气的供给相分离；通过改变主电机的电压，调整空气的供给量，使燃烧更加充分完全，并进一步提高了热效率，降低了燃料消耗；工艺简单，对原机型改动较小；样机的加热功率不小于原机型水平；此外，由于主电机电压的降低，使样机的整机噪声比原机大大下降。样机试验证明本研究所采用的设计方案和控制方案合理、安全，若进一步产品化和推广使用，将大大改善国产汽车加热器的性能，提高整机的环保性、经济性、安全性和可靠性，从而提高国产客车的整车技术水平。
通过本课题研究，基本解决了现有燃油加热器改型燃气加热器的理论和技术问题，对生产企业的产品更新换代具有重要的参考价值。
With the stricter regulations of environment protection and the reserves of global petroleum resource gradually decreasing, all countries are launching the research and development of new energy sources, in order to release air pollution and relying on petroleum resource. One of available approach to solve above problems is to develop Nature Gas Vehicle (NGV). In our country, "National Clean Fuel Vehicle Leading Subcommittee" is founded for largely spreading Nature Gas Vehicles. Planned by 2005, the number of Nature Gas Vehicle will go up to 500,000 in our country.
Vehicle oil heater is one of the main equipments for heating bus in winter. All homemade oil heaters bum diesel oil or coal oil since arising. With the number of Nature Gas Vehicle increasing in our country, it is necessary to develop clean fuel heater for matching. Heater burning natural gas not only match with Nature Gas Vehicle, but also solved the oil heater's shortcoming which seriously polluted the environment, and adding the types of vehicle heater to meet the need of the development of vehicle technology.
The subject in this study is the YJ-Q27.9/2X type vehicle oil heater made by Peking Vehicle Equipment Company, and performing the methods of theory and testing, and Realizing the function of burning Nature Gas on the basis of the least modification of the oil heater's configuration. Characters including: fuel atomization device replaced by gas sprayer, gas supply controlled by gas flux valve; separate fuel supply from combustion-supporting air, regulate air supply through changing the electioneering voltage to make the fully burning and improve efficiency and reduce fuel consume; arts and crafts are simple, the modification of the oil heater's configuration is little and the heating power is not below the oil heater's level; because of falling the voltage of electioneering, greatly descend the noise of the sample machine compared with the original. The testing result of the sample machine proved that design scheme and the control scheme in this study is reasonable and safe, if made products and popularized, it will greatly improve the environment protection performance and economic performance security and reliability of sample machine, so can improve the technical level of homemade bus.
Through this study, it was basically solved the theory and technology problems of modification oil heater to Nature Gas heater and It will provide with the important referenced value for updating products of manufactory.
引文
[1] 申福林．客车空调技术．西安公路学院，1993．
[2] 张勇．汽车空气燃油加热器燃烧排放控制研究．西安：长安大学硕士学位论文，2002．
[3] 张勇申福林．国内外燃油加热器技术比较及发展．重庆：客车技术与研究，2001，6．
[4] 郭金刚．汽车燃油空气加热器噪声性能研究．西安：长安大学硕士学位论文，2002．
[5] 郭金刚 申福林．对中国汽车空调产业的认识与建议．汽车研究与开发，2001，10．
[6] 王运朋．实用汽车空调技术．广东科技出版社，1995．
[7] 王宜义 王军．汽车空调．西安交通大学出版社，1995．
[8] 陈孟湘．汽车空调．上海交通大学出版社，1989，9．
[9] 赵重文 谢幼华．客车采暖技术的现状与发展．重庆：客车技术与研究，2000，1．
[10] 方志刚 王忠明．京威YJ——Q系列液体加热器．重庆：客车技术与研究，1999，10．
[11] 液体加热器使用说明书．北京：北京京威汽车设备有限公司．
[12] Espar公司网站：http://www.espar.com．
[13] Webasto公司网站：http://www.webasto.de．
[14] Gordon Kelling Kirk Ivelson and Byrners. Disel Fuel Fired Heaters. SAE paper, 922434.
[15] What's new in cab heating. Fleet Owner, 1996, 1.
[16] Leo Shepard. Engine-Independent Heaters In Heavy Duty Applications, The European Experience, SAE paper 89467
[17] Erhard Bartsch. A New Heating and Air Conditioning System for a New Generation of Vehicles, SAE paper 920017
[18] Jeffrey A.Curhan.Improved Vehicle Heating with the Use of PTC Ceramic,SAE Paper 900220
[19] 黄海波．燃气汽车结构原理与维修．机械工业出版社，2002．
[20] 边耀璋．天然气汽车(NGV)—世纪的选择．西安：陕西汽车，1998，2．
[21] 方劲．欧洲3号、4号与欧洲2号排放法规的差异．北京：汽车标准化，2001，2．
[22] 北京恩吉威车辆新技术发展有限公司．车用压缩天然气(CNG)供给系统原理及其应用．
[23] 同济大学等．燃气燃烧与应用．中国建筑工业出版社，1986．
[24] 胡震岗 黄信仪．燃料与燃烧理论．北京：清华大学出版社，1995．
[25] 顾恒祥．燃料与燃烧．西安：西北工业大学出版社，1995．
[26] 常弘哲 张永康 沈际群．燃料与燃烧．上海交通大学出版社，1995．
[27] 吴学曾等．喷射式平焰烧嘴气动特性研究．燃烧科学与技术．
[28] 赵钦新．燃油、燃气锅炉．西安交通大学出版社，2000．
[29] 吉林工业大学热工教研室华自强等．工程热力学，人民教育出版社．1980．
[30] 景思睿等．流体力学．西安交通大学出版社，2001，7．
[31] 路甬祥等．液压气动技术手册．机械工业出版社，2002，1．
[32] Part-Enander，E．Sjoberg，A．王艳清等译．MATLAB 5手册，机械工业出版社．
[33] 李朝青．单片机原理及接口．北京：北京航天航空大学出版社，1996．
[34] QC／T 324-2000．汽车燃油空气加热器，2000．
[35] Qc／T 634-2000．汽车水暖式暖风装置．2000．
[36] ZB T26 005-88．燃油空气加热器技术条件．1988．
[37] JIS D5901-1988．汽车水暖式加热器试验方法．1988．
[38] ZB J26006-1988．燃油空气加热器试验方法．1988．
[39] JT／T2 16-1995．客车空调系统技术条件．1995．
[40] 刘振闻 陈幼平．汽车电器于电子技术．人民交通出版社，1998，6．
[2] 张勇．汽车空气燃油加热器燃烧排放控制研究．西安：长安大学硕士学位论文，2002．
[3] 张勇申福林．国内外燃油加热器技术比较及发展．重庆：客车技术与研究，2001，6．
[4] 郭金刚．汽车燃油空气加热器噪声性能研究．西安：长安大学硕士学位论文，2002．
[5] 郭金刚 申福林．对中国汽车空调产业的认识与建议．汽车研究与开发，2001，10．
[6] 王运朋．实用汽车空调技术．广东科技出版社，1995．
[7] 王宜义 王军．汽车空调．西安交通大学出版社，1995．
[8] 陈孟湘．汽车空调．上海交通大学出版社，1989，9．
[9] 赵重文 谢幼华．客车采暖技术的现状与发展．重庆：客车技术与研究，2000，1．
[10] 方志刚 王忠明．京威YJ——Q系列液体加热器．重庆：客车技术与研究，1999，10．
[11] 液体加热器使用说明书．北京：北京京威汽车设备有限公司．
[12] Espar公司网站：http://www.espar.com．
[13] Webasto公司网站：http://www.webasto.de．
[14] Gordon Kelling Kirk Ivelson and Byrners. Disel Fuel Fired Heaters. SAE paper, 922434.
[15] What's new in cab heating. Fleet Owner, 1996, 1.
[16] Leo Shepard. Engine-Independent Heaters In Heavy Duty Applications, The European Experience, SAE paper 89467
[17] Erhard Bartsch. A New Heating and Air Conditioning System for a New Generation of Vehicles, SAE paper 920017
[18] Jeffrey A.Curhan.Improved Vehicle Heating with the Use of PTC Ceramic,SAE Paper 900220
[19] 黄海波．燃气汽车结构原理与维修．机械工业出版社，2002．
[20] 边耀璋．天然气汽车(NGV)—世纪的选择．西安：陕西汽车，1998，2．
[21] 方劲．欧洲3号、4号与欧洲2号排放法规的差异．北京：汽车标准化，2001，2．
[22] 北京恩吉威车辆新技术发展有限公司．车用压缩天然气(CNG)供给系统原理及其应用．
[23] 同济大学等．燃气燃烧与应用．中国建筑工业出版社，1986．
[24] 胡震岗 黄信仪．燃料与燃烧理论．北京：清华大学出版社，1995．
[25] 顾恒祥．燃料与燃烧．西安：西北工业大学出版社，1995．
[26] 常弘哲 张永康 沈际群．燃料与燃烧．上海交通大学出版社，1995．
[27] 吴学曾等．喷射式平焰烧嘴气动特性研究．燃烧科学与技术．
[28] 赵钦新．燃油、燃气锅炉．西安交通大学出版社，2000．
[29] 吉林工业大学热工教研室华自强等．工程热力学，人民教育出版社．1980．
[30] 景思睿等．流体力学．西安交通大学出版社，2001，7．
[31] 路甬祥等．液压气动技术手册．机械工业出版社，2002，1．
[32] Part-Enander，E．Sjoberg，A．王艳清等译．MATLAB 5手册，机械工业出版社．
[33] 李朝青．单片机原理及接口．北京：北京航天航空大学出版社，1996．
[34] QC／T 324-2000．汽车燃油空气加热器，2000．
[35] Qc／T 634-2000．汽车水暖式暖风装置．2000．
[36] ZB T26 005-88．燃油空气加热器技术条件．1988．
[37] JIS D5901-1988．汽车水暖式加热器试验方法．1988．
[38] ZB J26006-1988．燃油空气加热器试验方法．1988．
[39] JT／T2 16-1995．客车空调系统技术条件．1995．
[40] 刘振闻 陈幼平．汽车电器于电子技术．人民交通出版社，1998，6．