三种燃料在驻车加热器中的性能试验及分析
摘要
减轻废气污染和寻找替代能源是当前两大需要解决的问题。乙醇燃料作为汽车的代用燃料,具有抗爆性能好、氧含量高、热效率高、低排放低污染等优点。本文通过在驻车加热器中燃烧三种燃料(汽油,E50,乙醇),研究其燃烧性能和热工性能。燃烧器是驻车加热器中的核心部件,研究三种燃料在不同工况下,燃烧区内温度的变化,分析过量空气系数对燃烧温度的影响,并研究其废气的排放机理和规律,提出废气排放评价方法。另外,本文研究加热器燃用三种燃料的热工性能,对比分析有效换热功率、有效热效率、排烟温度和有效燃油消耗率的变化。结果表明,加热器燃用汽油时,有效换热功率大,有效燃油消耗率低,排烟温度高,但在相同过量空气系数时有效热效率低,废气排放浓度大。加热器燃用醇类燃料时,虽然有效换热功率减小,有效燃油消耗率高,但在相同过量空气系数时有效热效率高,废气排放浓度小,是理想的代用燃料。根据试验研究分析,文章最后,提出了提高热效率和减少污染的措施。
At present, it is urgent to reduce exhaust pollutants and look for alternative energy resourse. Ethanol fuel as the alternative vehicle fuel has advantages of good antiknock property, high oxygen content and low exhaust pollutant. This thesis study the burning and thermal performances by combusting three fuels (gasoline, E50, ethanol) in the parking heater. The burner is the core part of the heater. Study the variety of the temperature inside the burner by combusting three fuels under different conditons, analyse the relationship between combustion temperature and excess air coefficient, and study the mechanism and regulation of exhaust pollutants, then put forward exhaust emission assessment method. Otherwise, this thesis studies the thermal performance of the heater by combusting three fuels, and analyses the change of exhaust temperature, valid power and effective heat efficiency by contrast. As a result, the valid power and combusting temperature are higher, when the heater combusts the gasoline. But the effective heat efficiency is lower at the same excess air coefficient and the density of exhaust is bigger. When the heater combusts the alcohol fuels, the valid power is lower, but the effective heat efficiency is higher at the same excess air coefficient and the density of exhaust is lower. Ethanol fuel is an ideal alternative fuel. At last, put forward the improvement of effective heat efficiency and the methods of reducing pollution.
At present, it is urgent to reduce exhaust pollutants and look for alternative energy resourse. Ethanol fuel as the alternative vehicle fuel has advantages of good antiknock property, high oxygen content and low exhaust pollutant. This thesis study the burning and thermal performances by combusting three fuels (gasoline, E50, ethanol) in the parking heater. The burner is the core part of the heater. Study the variety of the temperature inside the burner by combusting three fuels under different conditons, analyse the relationship between combustion temperature and excess air coefficient, and study the mechanism and regulation of exhaust pollutants, then put forward exhaust emission assessment method. Otherwise, this thesis studies the thermal performance of the heater by combusting three fuels, and analyses the change of exhaust temperature, valid power and effective heat efficiency by contrast. As a result, the valid power and combusting temperature are higher, when the heater combusts the gasoline. But the effective heat efficiency is lower at the same excess air coefficient and the density of exhaust is bigger. When the heater combusts the alcohol fuels, the valid power is lower, but the effective heat efficiency is higher at the same excess air coefficient and the density of exhaust is lower. Ethanol fuel is an ideal alternative fuel. At last, put forward the improvement of effective heat efficiency and the methods of reducing pollution.
引文
[1] 李禾,李艳,京城机动车尾气污染缘何久治不愈,科技日报,2006.12.12 第五版
[2] 胡逸民,李飞鹏,内燃机废气净化,北京:中国铁道出版社,1994
[3] 刘志峰,醇类替代燃料汽车可行性分析,吉林大学硕士学位论文,2004
[4] 张以祥,曹湘洪,史济春,燃料乙醇与车用乙醇汽油,北京:中国石化出版社,2004
[5] http://www.ahyc.cn/show.asp?id=124,“国际燃料乙醇工业发展概况”
[6] 张永光,车用乙醇汽油的可行性研究,炼油设计,2002.32(9):43~45
[7] http://www.bioon.com/biology/bioengery/156273.shtml “美国燃料乙醇产业发展现状与经验分析”
[8] 汤士娟,浅谈燃料乙醇生产技术进展,酿酒,2002.29(5):85~87
[9] http://www.czgm.net/ShowDetails.aspx?articleid=309975 “2006 欧盟乙醇产量同比增长 71%”
[10] http://info.chem.hc360.com/HTML/001/001/034/186139.htm “欧盟燃料新法将刺激乙醇需求”
[11] 富茂林,洁净代用能源作为内燃机的代用燃料—实现我国内燃机洁净燃烧和汽车冬季超低污染宏伟目标的一种有效技术途径,:1~12
[12] 海南新闻网,国际油价继续上扬,伦敦市场创下历史最高收盘价,2006.4.13
[13] 刘海涛,车用燃油加热器的优化设计和计算,山东大学硕士学位论文,2005:1~9
[14] 赵侃,汽车液体 CNG 加热器的研究与开发,长安大学硕士学位论文,2003:1~5
[15] 张少飞,汽车加热器用转子式燃油泵的设计与实验,山东大学硕士学位论文,2005:1~4
[16] 赵重文,谢幼华,客车采暖技术的现状与发展趋势,客车技术与研究,2000.22(1):6~9
[17] 苑双金,凌育仁,一种新型的空调大客车加热器,客车技术与研究,Vol.17.No3.1995:150~152
[18] 蔡长龙,曹树林,燃油加热器在汽车上的应用,汽车杂志,1993(10):p39
[19] 张勇,申富林,赵重文,国内外汽车燃油加热器技术比较及发展,客车技术与研究,2001.23(6):8~9
[20] Walter Blaschke, Esslingen, Evaporation burner for a heater, United States Patent,Feb.22.2000
[21] Michael Humburg, Esslingen, Heating apparatus and housing for a heating apparatus, United States Patent, Mar.30.2004
[22] 马国强,赵书明,新型燃油加热器,客车技术与研究,Vol.20.No.1.1998:30~31
[23] Wolfgang Beck,,Munich,Werner Luncius, Fuel operated vehicle heater, United States Patent,Jan.12.1998
[24] 张勇,汽车空气燃油加热器燃烧排放控制研究,长安大学硕士学位论文,2002:13~17
[25] http://www.runhema.com/lunwen.asp
[26] 王长宇, 黄英, 汽车排放法规的发展历程和技术对策, 车辆与动力技术, 2000, 80 (4):28~32
[27] 丁焰,中国汽车排放标准和法规,JARI Roundtable 2005 Evolution of Automobile and Energy in China,2005
[28] 胡济民,ECE 排放法规与我国排放法规的研究,世界汽车,2000,No.3:14~16
[29] http://www.webastochina.com/
[30] 高德忠,王昌东,李丽华,张金生,燃料乙醇的性能及生产工艺,辽宁石油化工大学学报,Vol.24.No.2,2004:23~26
[31] Wen Dai, Sreeni Cheemalamarri, Eric W. Curtis, Riadh Boussarsar and Richard K. Morton, Engine Cycle Simulation of Ethanol and Gasoline Blends,SAE2003-01-3093
[32] Mitchell M, Jackson. Keith C, Corkwell, Carlos Cerda DeGroote, Study of diesel and ethanol blends stability,SAE2003-01-3191
[33] 何宏舟,轻油的预蒸发燃烧一预燃式燃烧中的火焰稳定,工业炉,2001(5):2-5
[34] 何宏舟,吴德华,重油燃烧技术的现状与展望,锅炉技术,Vol.35.No.3,2004:40~44
[35] 何宏舟,H.Koehne,利用冷焰现象实现轻油的预蒸发燃烧,热能与动力工程,2005 年 5 月第 17 卷(总第 99 期):264~268
[36] TOMIO S1IZLKI, TAKEO YOSHIGAE, D. C. PALTER, TOSHIO KASAI, SHUZO ITOH, Development of a low-NOX Emission Slagging Combustor, Combusting Sci and Tech, 1993(93):111-128
[37] HonsuKima,Nakwon Sung ,The effect of ambient pressure on the evaporation of a single droplet and a spray, Combustion and dame 2003(135): 201~270
[38] Sumrerng Jugjai , Nopporn Polmar, Enhancement of evaporation and combustion of liquid fuels through porous media, Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science 2003 (27):901~909
[39] 郭金刚,檀荣科,一种新型燃油喷射式液体加热器,客车技术与研究,2005年第1期:29~31
[40] 刘志敏,电控喷射乙醇燃料(E100)在火花点燃式发动机的应用研究,吉林大学硕士学位论文,2002:48~56
[41] 张勇,汽车空气燃油加热器燃烧排放控制研究,长安大学硕士学位论文,2002:24~30
[42] 李兴虎,汽车排放污染与控制,北京:机械工业出版社,1999
[43] 童澄教,内燃机排放与净化,上海:上海交通大学出版社,1994
[44] 李勤,现代内燃机排气污染物的测量与控制,北京:机械工业出版社,1998
[45] 魏象仪,内燃机燃烧学,大连:大连理工大学出版社,1992
[46] 蔡凤田等,汽车排放污染物控制实用技术,北京:人民交通出版社,1999
[47] 岑可法,姚强等,燃烧理论与污染控制,北京:机械工业出版社,2004
[48] D.J.Ward, The contribution of fusion to sustainable develope, Fusion Engineering and Design, April 2007:1~6
[49] Roland Clift Climate change and energy policy:The importance of sustainability arguments, Energy, Volume 32, Issue 4, April 2007, : 262-268
[50] JB/T 8127.2-1995《燃油加热器技术条件》,1995
[51] JIS D5901-1988,汽车水暖式加热器试验方法,1988
[52] 周龙保,内燃机学, 北京:机械工业出版社,1999
[53] 岳丹婷,工程热力学和传热学,大连:大连海事大学出版社,2002
[54] Joseph R, Griffin. Todd J. Ferguson. Hamid Servati, Mark Swanson, Calculated A/F ratio via exhaust gas temperature measurement for small engine control, SAE2001-01-1339
[2] 胡逸民,李飞鹏,内燃机废气净化,北京:中国铁道出版社,1994
[3] 刘志峰,醇类替代燃料汽车可行性分析,吉林大学硕士学位论文,2004
[4] 张以祥,曹湘洪,史济春,燃料乙醇与车用乙醇汽油,北京:中国石化出版社,2004
[5] http://www.ahyc.cn/show.asp?id=124,“国际燃料乙醇工业发展概况”
[6] 张永光,车用乙醇汽油的可行性研究,炼油设计,2002.32(9):43~45
[7] http://www.bioon.com/biology/bioengery/156273.shtml “美国燃料乙醇产业发展现状与经验分析”
[8] 汤士娟,浅谈燃料乙醇生产技术进展,酿酒,2002.29(5):85~87
[9] http://www.czgm.net/ShowDetails.aspx?articleid=309975 “2006 欧盟乙醇产量同比增长 71%”
[10] http://info.chem.hc360.com/HTML/001/001/034/186139.htm “欧盟燃料新法将刺激乙醇需求”
[11] 富茂林,洁净代用能源作为内燃机的代用燃料—实现我国内燃机洁净燃烧和汽车冬季超低污染宏伟目标的一种有效技术途径,:1~12
[12] 海南新闻网,国际油价继续上扬,伦敦市场创下历史最高收盘价,2006.4.13
[13] 刘海涛,车用燃油加热器的优化设计和计算,山东大学硕士学位论文,2005:1~9
[14] 赵侃,汽车液体 CNG 加热器的研究与开发,长安大学硕士学位论文,2003:1~5
[15] 张少飞,汽车加热器用转子式燃油泵的设计与实验,山东大学硕士学位论文,2005:1~4
[16] 赵重文,谢幼华,客车采暖技术的现状与发展趋势,客车技术与研究,2000.22(1):6~9
[17] 苑双金,凌育仁,一种新型的空调大客车加热器,客车技术与研究,Vol.17.No3.1995:150~152
[18] 蔡长龙,曹树林,燃油加热器在汽车上的应用,汽车杂志,1993(10):p39
[19] 张勇,申富林,赵重文,国内外汽车燃油加热器技术比较及发展,客车技术与研究,2001.23(6):8~9
[20] Walter Blaschke, Esslingen, Evaporation burner for a heater, United States Patent,Feb.22.2000
[21] Michael Humburg, Esslingen, Heating apparatus and housing for a heating apparatus, United States Patent, Mar.30.2004
[22] 马国强,赵书明,新型燃油加热器,客车技术与研究,Vol.20.No.1.1998:30~31
[23] Wolfgang Beck,,Munich,Werner Luncius, Fuel operated vehicle heater, United States Patent,Jan.12.1998
[24] 张勇,汽车空气燃油加热器燃烧排放控制研究,长安大学硕士学位论文,2002:13~17
[25] http://www.runhema.com/lunwen.asp
[26] 王长宇, 黄英, 汽车排放法规的发展历程和技术对策, 车辆与动力技术, 2000, 80 (4):28~32
[27] 丁焰,中国汽车排放标准和法规,JARI Roundtable 2005 Evolution of Automobile and Energy in China,2005
[28] 胡济民,ECE 排放法规与我国排放法规的研究,世界汽车,2000,No.3:14~16
[29] http://www.webastochina.com/
[30] 高德忠,王昌东,李丽华,张金生,燃料乙醇的性能及生产工艺,辽宁石油化工大学学报,Vol.24.No.2,2004:23~26
[31] Wen Dai, Sreeni Cheemalamarri, Eric W. Curtis, Riadh Boussarsar and Richard K. Morton, Engine Cycle Simulation of Ethanol and Gasoline Blends,SAE2003-01-3093
[32] Mitchell M, Jackson. Keith C, Corkwell, Carlos Cerda DeGroote, Study of diesel and ethanol blends stability,SAE2003-01-3191
[33] 何宏舟,轻油的预蒸发燃烧一预燃式燃烧中的火焰稳定,工业炉,2001(5):2-5
[34] 何宏舟,吴德华,重油燃烧技术的现状与展望,锅炉技术,Vol.35.No.3,2004:40~44
[35] 何宏舟,H.Koehne,利用冷焰现象实现轻油的预蒸发燃烧,热能与动力工程,2005 年 5 月第 17 卷(总第 99 期):264~268
[36] TOMIO S1IZLKI, TAKEO YOSHIGAE, D. C. PALTER, TOSHIO KASAI, SHUZO ITOH, Development of a low-NOX Emission Slagging Combustor, Combusting Sci and Tech, 1993(93):111-128
[37] HonsuKima,Nakwon Sung ,The effect of ambient pressure on the evaporation of a single droplet and a spray, Combustion and dame 2003(135): 201~270
[38] Sumrerng Jugjai , Nopporn Polmar, Enhancement of evaporation and combustion of liquid fuels through porous media, Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science 2003 (27):901~909
[39] 郭金刚,檀荣科,一种新型燃油喷射式液体加热器,客车技术与研究,2005年第1期:29~31
[40] 刘志敏,电控喷射乙醇燃料(E100)在火花点燃式发动机的应用研究,吉林大学硕士学位论文,2002:48~56
[41] 张勇,汽车空气燃油加热器燃烧排放控制研究,长安大学硕士学位论文,2002:24~30
[42] 李兴虎,汽车排放污染与控制,北京:机械工业出版社,1999
[43] 童澄教,内燃机排放与净化,上海:上海交通大学出版社,1994
[44] 李勤,现代内燃机排气污染物的测量与控制,北京:机械工业出版社,1998
[45] 魏象仪,内燃机燃烧学,大连:大连理工大学出版社,1992
[46] 蔡凤田等,汽车排放污染物控制实用技术,北京:人民交通出版社,1999
[47] 岑可法,姚强等,燃烧理论与污染控制,北京:机械工业出版社,2004
[48] D.J.Ward, The contribution of fusion to sustainable develope, Fusion Engineering and Design, April 2007:1~6
[49] Roland Clift Climate change and energy policy:The importance of sustainability arguments, Energy, Volume 32, Issue 4, April 2007, : 262-268
[50] JB/T 8127.2-1995《燃油加热器技术条件》,1995
[51] JIS D5901-1988,汽车水暖式加热器试验方法,1988
[52] 周龙保,内燃机学, 北京:机械工业出版社,1999
[53] 岳丹婷,工程热力学和传热学,大连:大连海事大学出版社,2002
[54] Joseph R, Griffin. Todd J. Ferguson. Hamid Servati, Mark Swanson, Calculated A/F ratio via exhaust gas temperature measurement for small engine control, SAE2001-01-1339