中国汽车整车制造业规模状况与提高竞争力对策研究
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摘要
汽车工业是最典型的规模经济的行业。由于其在生产设备和技术开发上的巨额资本投入,必然要求制造企业有足够的规模才能实现生产的效益。而我国汽车工业的一个最突出的特点是生产分散、规模过小。生产规模过小也是造成开发能力和零部件工业落后的根源。随着我国市场的进一步对外开放,特别是我国已加入WTO,国内汽车企业的生存环境发生了根本性的变化。面对年产量超过千万辆的国际竞争强手的挑战,按照当前的生产规模水平,可以说,绝大多数小企业将会失去生存机会。因此,当前我国汽车工业面临的主要问题是如何按规模经济的原则,建立以高新技术为基础的专业化大批量生产体制,促进生产的集中和专业化协作。
本文首先介绍了汽车行业的主要特点与其在国民经济中的地位,国际汽车工业的发展现状,我国汽车工业的发展现状与所存在的问题,特别是对加入WTO后我国汽车业所面临的机遇与挑战进行了分析。重点说明了由于规模不经济给汽车业发展带来的一些问题,并用层次分析法论证了规模经济如何影响汽车工业的国际竞争力,提出了扩大规模的几种途径:直接投资、并购重组和形成产业集群,对并购重组和产业集群进行了详细介绍。对于如何提高我国汽车产业国际竞争力本文从宏观和微观两个方面进行分析,其中宏观方面是重点。宏观方面在对分析目前我国汽车产业空间结构的基础上,建议优化汽车业的空间结构,在全国形成有规模的汽车生产中心,以抗衡国际大企业,并用主成分分析法分析了目前现有的汽车生产区域的竞争力情况,以确定出将来重点发展的汽车生产中心;微观方面提出了提高技术水平来增强企业的核心竞争力。
The automobile industry is the most typical trade of scale economies. Because it requires large amount capital investment in the production equipment and the technical development, the manufacture enterprises are requested to have the enough scale to realize the production benefit inevitably. But the most prominent characteristic of our country automobile industry is the production dispersing and the scale excessively small. The excessively small scale of production makes the development ability and the accessory industry backward. With our market further opening, especially our country entered WTO, the domestic automobile enterprise's survival environment has had the fundamental change. According to the current production scale, the overwhelming majority small business will lose the chance of survival when they face the international competitors which annual output surpasses ten million. Therefore, the current our country automobile industry faces how to establish the specialized mass production system base on high-tech according to the principle of scale economies to promote the production centralizing and the coordination between specialized departments.
At first, this paper introduced the automobile industry main characteristics, its status in the national economy, the present development situation of international automobile industry, the present development situation and existing questions of our country automobile industry, especially analyzed our country automobile industry facing opportunities and the challenges after entered WTO. Explained with emphasis that the small scale brings the automobile industry development some questions, and proved the economies of scale how to affect the international competition ability of the automobile industry with AHP. proposed several ways to expand the scale: The direct investment, M&A and forming the industrial group. In detail introduced the reorganization and the industrial colony. this article analyzed with how to enhance our country automobile industry international competition strength from macroscopic and the microscopic, macroscopic aspect is key. The macroscopic aspect based on analyzing the present our country automobile industry spatial structure, suggested the optimized automobile industry spatial structure and form the scaled automobile production center in the nation, contends with the international big enterprises. Used ingredient analytic method analyzed the competitive ability situation of the present existing producing the automobile regions, for determine the future prioritize the automobile production center; The microscopic aspect proposed raise the technical level to strengthen the enterprise the core competitive ability.
本文首先介绍了汽车行业的主要特点与其在国民经济中的地位,国际汽车工业的发展现状,我国汽车工业的发展现状与所存在的问题,特别是对加入WTO后我国汽车业所面临的机遇与挑战进行了分析。重点说明了由于规模不经济给汽车业发展带来的一些问题,并用层次分析法论证了规模经济如何影响汽车工业的国际竞争力,提出了扩大规模的几种途径:直接投资、并购重组和形成产业集群,对并购重组和产业集群进行了详细介绍。对于如何提高我国汽车产业国际竞争力本文从宏观和微观两个方面进行分析,其中宏观方面是重点。宏观方面在对分析目前我国汽车产业空间结构的基础上,建议优化汽车业的空间结构,在全国形成有规模的汽车生产中心,以抗衡国际大企业,并用主成分分析法分析了目前现有的汽车生产区域的竞争力情况,以确定出将来重点发展的汽车生产中心;微观方面提出了提高技术水平来增强企业的核心竞争力。
The automobile industry is the most typical trade of scale economies. Because it requires large amount capital investment in the production equipment and the technical development, the manufacture enterprises are requested to have the enough scale to realize the production benefit inevitably. But the most prominent characteristic of our country automobile industry is the production dispersing and the scale excessively small. The excessively small scale of production makes the development ability and the accessory industry backward. With our market further opening, especially our country entered WTO, the domestic automobile enterprise's survival environment has had the fundamental change. According to the current production scale, the overwhelming majority small business will lose the chance of survival when they face the international competitors which annual output surpasses ten million. Therefore, the current our country automobile industry faces how to establish the specialized mass production system base on high-tech according to the principle of scale economies to promote the production centralizing and the coordination between specialized departments.
At first, this paper introduced the automobile industry main characteristics, its status in the national economy, the present development situation of international automobile industry, the present development situation and existing questions of our country automobile industry, especially analyzed our country automobile industry facing opportunities and the challenges after entered WTO. Explained with emphasis that the small scale brings the automobile industry development some questions, and proved the economies of scale how to affect the international competition ability of the automobile industry with AHP. proposed several ways to expand the scale: The direct investment, M&A and forming the industrial group. In detail introduced the reorganization and the industrial colony. this article analyzed with how to enhance our country automobile industry international competition strength from macroscopic and the microscopic, macroscopic aspect is key. The macroscopic aspect based on analyzing the present our country automobile industry spatial structure, suggested the optimized automobile industry spatial structure and form the scaled automobile production center in the nation, contends with the international big enterprises. Used ingredient analytic method analyzed the competitive ability situation of the present existing producing the automobile regions, for determine the future prioritize the automobile production center; The microscopic aspect proposed raise the technical level to strengthen the enterprise the core competitive ability.
引文
[1]戴双兴.规模经济是汽车工业的基础[J].汽车工业研究,2004,(2):10-12
[2]2005年中国汽车工业年鉴[M].中国汽车工业协会
[3]2005年中国汽车工业年鉴[M].中国汽车工业协会
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[6]钟雁明.中国汽车入世4年[J].中国经济,2005,(8):28-29
[7]乔梁,李春波,刘孝红.中国汽车投资[M].北京:中央编译出版社,2005.6
[8]刘会学.汽车制造业:调整发展战略,打造核心竞争力[J].重型汽车,2005,(4):6-7
[9]郝义国,赖颖梅.中国汽车产业发展的资源与环境约束[J].科技进步与对策,2005,(6):78-80
[10]钱振为.21世纪中国汽车产业[M].北京:北京理工大学出版社,2004
[11]乔梁,李春波,刘孝红.中国汽车投资[M].北京:中央编译出版社,2005.6
[12]钱振为.透视我国汽车工业的发展现状及趋势[J].中国工业经济,2002,(2):50-60
[13]彭民,陈昌根,陈剑波.汽车工业的产业地位及我国汽车工业的发展[J].市场论坛,2004,(3):44-46
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[16]Robert.New Force in the World Economy.Cambridge:The MIT Press,2002
[17]David RRapkin&William RAvery.National Competitiveness in a Global Economy.Lynne Rienner Inc.,1999
[18]Shi Zhang and Bernd H.Schmitt.Creating Local Brands in Multiligual International Markets.Journal of Marketing Research,2001,38(3):98-111
[19]Syed H.Akhter.Global Marketing.Daliang:Dongbei University of Finance&Economics Press,2002
[20]CEI中国汽车行业发展报告[M].北京:中国财经出版社,2004.4
[21]赵英.我国汽车工业布局和结构的现状、问题及对策[J].中国经贸导刊,2005,(16)
[22]董杨.后WTO时代的中国汽车产业探索[J].汽车工业研究,2005,(7):2-4
[23]顾义保,丁晓.中国汽车产业发展问题研究[J].市场周刊,2005,(6)
[24]马晓河.我国加入WTO以来汽车产业发展特点与问题分析[J].机电信息,2004,(14):4-6
[25]乔梁,李春波,刘孝红.中国汽车投资[M].北京:中央编泽出版社,2005.6
[26]马永红,王静.提升中国汽车工业国际竞争力对策研究[J].技术经济,2005,(6):27-29
[27]朱永达.农业系统工程[M].北京:中国农业出版社,1999.10
[28]冯乐健,韦华.汽车工业与规模经济[J].北京汽车,1994,(1)
[29]张群山.我国汽车工业的规模经济与产业结构[J].机械电子,1999,(2).
[30]杨雪琴.中国汽车业规模经济的计量分析[J].青海社会科学,2004(1):38-41
[31]Paul S.Segerstrom.Endogenous Growth without Scale Effects.The AmericanEconomic Review,2000,88(5):56-65
[33]国家计委投资研究所课题组.规模投资:汽车工业迎接“入关”挑战的关键.财经问题研究,2003,(2):10-14
[33]戴双兴.中国汽车工业规模经济的实证分析[J].Forward Position Economics,2004(6):26-31
[34]Hang Shuo-Feng.Strategy of International contest of Comprehensive National Strength:[dissertation].Berkeley:University of California,2000
[35]乔梁,李春波,刘孝红.中国汽车投资[M].北京:中央编译出版社,2005.6
[36]杨大楷.中级投资学[M].上海:上海财经大学出版社,1997
[37]李健.投资与经济[M].北京:中国时代经济出版社,2004
[38]苗圩.联合重组:中国汽车业应对全球化的必然选择[N].经济参考报,2000-06-16
[39]郑豫,徐沪初.汽车企业如何在并购中领先[J].中国企业家,2005,(15)
[40]藏旭恒,徐向艺,杨蕙馨.产业经济学[M].北京:经济科学出版社,2002,115
[41]黄水灵.产业集群与我国汽车产业[J].北京汽车,2004,(3):29-30
[42]王今,胡卫国.2000-2003年我国汽车产业集群现象的实证研究[J].汽车工业研究,2005,(3)
[43]钱振为.21世纪中国汽车产业[M].北京:北京理工大学出版社,2004
[44]刘世凯.汽车发展史话.人民交通出版社,1996
[45]游达明,赖流滨.中国汽车制造区域竞争力评价研究[J].中国科技论文在线
[46]主成分分析法在spss操作中的应用.慧聪网,http://www.mrpad.com/Article_Print.asp
[47]王小广.中国汽车何去何从[M].中国经济出版社,2001
[48]钱小利.WTO与汽车产业竞争力提升对策研究[J].经济界.2002,(6)
[2]2005年中国汽车工业年鉴[M].中国汽车工业协会
[3]2005年中国汽车工业年鉴[M].中国汽车工业协会
[4]平新乔,魏军锋.中国汽车工业市场规模和企业数量[C].2001.08
[5]乔梁,李春波,刘孝红.中国汽车投资[M].北京:中央编译出版社,2005.6
[6]钟雁明.中国汽车入世4年[J].中国经济,2005,(8):28-29
[7]乔梁,李春波,刘孝红.中国汽车投资[M].北京:中央编译出版社,2005.6
[8]刘会学.汽车制造业:调整发展战略,打造核心竞争力[J].重型汽车,2005,(4):6-7
[9]郝义国,赖颖梅.中国汽车产业发展的资源与环境约束[J].科技进步与对策,2005,(6):78-80
[10]钱振为.21世纪中国汽车产业[M].北京:北京理工大学出版社,2004
[11]乔梁,李春波,刘孝红.中国汽车投资[M].北京:中央编译出版社,2005.6
[12]钱振为.透视我国汽车工业的发展现状及趋势[J].中国工业经济,2002,(2):50-60
[13]彭民,陈昌根,陈剑波.汽车工业的产业地位及我国汽车工业的发展[J].市场论坛,2004,(3):44-46
[14]Alex Simonson.Marketing Aesthetics:The Strategic Management of Brands,Identity and Image.New York:The Free Press,1999
[15]蒋学伟.中国汽车产业对经济发展的战略作用[J].上海汽车,2005,(8):3-7
[16]Robert.New Force in the World Economy.Cambridge:The MIT Press,2002
[17]David RRapkin&William RAvery.National Competitiveness in a Global Economy.Lynne Rienner Inc.,1999
[18]Shi Zhang and Bernd H.Schmitt.Creating Local Brands in Multiligual International Markets.Journal of Marketing Research,2001,38(3):98-111
[19]Syed H.Akhter.Global Marketing.Daliang:Dongbei University of Finance&Economics Press,2002
[20]CEI中国汽车行业发展报告[M].北京:中国财经出版社,2004.4
[21]赵英.我国汽车工业布局和结构的现状、问题及对策[J].中国经贸导刊,2005,(16)
[22]董杨.后WTO时代的中国汽车产业探索[J].汽车工业研究,2005,(7):2-4
[23]顾义保,丁晓.中国汽车产业发展问题研究[J].市场周刊,2005,(6)
[24]马晓河.我国加入WTO以来汽车产业发展特点与问题分析[J].机电信息,2004,(14):4-6
[25]乔梁,李春波,刘孝红.中国汽车投资[M].北京:中央编泽出版社,2005.6
[26]马永红,王静.提升中国汽车工业国际竞争力对策研究[J].技术经济,2005,(6):27-29
[27]朱永达.农业系统工程[M].北京:中国农业出版社,1999.10
[28]冯乐健,韦华.汽车工业与规模经济[J].北京汽车,1994,(1)
[29]张群山.我国汽车工业的规模经济与产业结构[J].机械电子,1999,(2).
[30]杨雪琴.中国汽车业规模经济的计量分析[J].青海社会科学,2004(1):38-41
[31]Paul S.Segerstrom.Endogenous Growth without Scale Effects.The AmericanEconomic Review,2000,88(5):56-65
[33]国家计委投资研究所课题组.规模投资:汽车工业迎接“入关”挑战的关键.财经问题研究,2003,(2):10-14
[33]戴双兴.中国汽车工业规模经济的实证分析[J].Forward Position Economics,2004(6):26-31
[34]Hang Shuo-Feng.Strategy of International contest of Comprehensive National Strength:[dissertation].Berkeley:University of California,2000
[35]乔梁,李春波,刘孝红.中国汽车投资[M].北京:中央编译出版社,2005.6
[36]杨大楷.中级投资学[M].上海:上海财经大学出版社,1997
[37]李健.投资与经济[M].北京:中国时代经济出版社,2004
[38]苗圩.联合重组:中国汽车业应对全球化的必然选择[N].经济参考报,2000-06-16
[39]郑豫,徐沪初.汽车企业如何在并购中领先[J].中国企业家,2005,(15)
[40]藏旭恒,徐向艺,杨蕙馨.产业经济学[M].北京:经济科学出版社,2002,115
[41]黄水灵.产业集群与我国汽车产业[J].北京汽车,2004,(3):29-30
[42]王今,胡卫国.2000-2003年我国汽车产业集群现象的实证研究[J].汽车工业研究,2005,(3)
[43]钱振为.21世纪中国汽车产业[M].北京:北京理工大学出版社,2004
[44]刘世凯.汽车发展史话.人民交通出版社,1996
[45]游达明,赖流滨.中国汽车制造区域竞争力评价研究[J].中国科技论文在线
[46]主成分分析法在spss操作中的应用.慧聪网,http://www.mrpad.com/Article_Print.asp
[47]王小广.中国汽车何去何从[M].中国经济出版社,2001
[48]钱小利.WTO与汽车产业竞争力提升对策研究[J].经济界.2002,(6)