轻卡车身振动问题的研究与系统解决
摘要
福田公司生产的BJ1043V8PE6轻卡在良好路面、空载条件下，当汽车车速在55～60KM/H时，驾驶室出现较明显的上下抖动现象。由于这种振动现象发生在用户的常用车速范围内，非常敏感，引起了用户的抱怨和不满，纷纷要求退车及赔偿，给公司的生产与销售造成了不良影响。为了解决该问题由本人组织策划开展了深入、系统、全面的课题研究。
本论文以BJ1043V8PE6轻卡整车为研究对象，通过建立车身、车架等的整车有限元模型，应用有限元分析软件NASTRAN进行白车身、车架的模态计算，掌握结构的动力及振动特性，为结构改进提供理论基础；整车的动力响应分析计算使振动的研究更直接，有效，响应(加速度)值的大小反映了车辆振动的程度，并且可以方便地进行各方案的对比研究，确定最佳方案。为了全面彻底地解决车身振动问题，对故障车进行了精细的检测与测试工作。在仿真计算基础上提出的改进方案的指导下，对故障车进行了相应的改制，并对不同方案的改制故障车进行了对比试验，证明仿真计算结果是正确的，有力地指导了改进及试验方案的最终确立。通过分析与试验相结合，本论文系统性的研究了车辆振动的原因，找出了解决该类问题的系统解决方案。
在分析与试验的基础上，本论文提出了系统的改进措施并加以实施，及时有效的解决了该型轻卡在特定车速下振动的现象，最大限度地减少了福田公司的损失。同时，本项目采用的动力学仿真、有限元分析和试验相结合的系统研究方法在福田公司的产品研发、升级换代和故障诊断方面正发挥着重要的指导性作用，为缩短产品开发周期和降低开发成本提供了先进的技术手段；而且该项目的研究成果对解决车身振动问题具有普遍的指导意义和参考价值。
In condition of good roads and empty loads,at the speed of 55-60km/h,the cab of BJ1043V8PE6 Light Truck, developed by Futian Corporation, produced vibration distinctly. It caused complains and dissatisfied due to the sensitivity that the vibration happened during the common vehicle velocities. The consumers required compensation and withdrawing the truck.All of this brings about bad effects over the production and sale. To solve it, a deep, systemic and overall research program organized by me has been developed.
Making the whole truck the research object and building up all the FEM model including body and chassis. After finite element mode analysis of body and chassis by NASTRAN, the systems dynamic character is realized. It is the academic basis of modifying the strcuctures. Dynamic Response analysis is a direct an effective method in vibration research. It helps research between many schemes and choose the best one. In order to solve the vibration totally, fine examination and testing is done. Modification was made with the failure truck and test of varied schemes was done. It proved that the simulation results is correct. Through comparing simulation analysis with experiments, the thesis systemically investigates the reasons of vibration and obtains the scheme to solve this type of problem.
According to the analysis and experiments, the thesis brings forward the improved method of the system and carries into execution. It solved the problem effectively and in good time. In the thesis, the research method of integrating dynamic simulation analysis and finite element analysis with experiment is advanced, which is utilized in production development and fault diagnose and disposal. It creates great economic benefit for Futian Corporation and plays a key role in shortening the research period and reducing the cost. The research results have the universally instructions and references for solving the body's vibration.
本论文以BJ1043V8PE6轻卡整车为研究对象，通过建立车身、车架等的整车有限元模型，应用有限元分析软件NASTRAN进行白车身、车架的模态计算，掌握结构的动力及振动特性，为结构改进提供理论基础；整车的动力响应分析计算使振动的研究更直接，有效，响应(加速度)值的大小反映了车辆振动的程度，并且可以方便地进行各方案的对比研究，确定最佳方案。为了全面彻底地解决车身振动问题，对故障车进行了精细的检测与测试工作。在仿真计算基础上提出的改进方案的指导下，对故障车进行了相应的改制，并对不同方案的改制故障车进行了对比试验，证明仿真计算结果是正确的，有力地指导了改进及试验方案的最终确立。通过分析与试验相结合，本论文系统性的研究了车辆振动的原因，找出了解决该类问题的系统解决方案。
在分析与试验的基础上，本论文提出了系统的改进措施并加以实施，及时有效的解决了该型轻卡在特定车速下振动的现象，最大限度地减少了福田公司的损失。同时，本项目采用的动力学仿真、有限元分析和试验相结合的系统研究方法在福田公司的产品研发、升级换代和故障诊断方面正发挥着重要的指导性作用，为缩短产品开发周期和降低开发成本提供了先进的技术手段；而且该项目的研究成果对解决车身振动问题具有普遍的指导意义和参考价值。
In condition of good roads and empty loads,at the speed of 55-60km/h,the cab of BJ1043V8PE6 Light Truck, developed by Futian Corporation, produced vibration distinctly. It caused complains and dissatisfied due to the sensitivity that the vibration happened during the common vehicle velocities. The consumers required compensation and withdrawing the truck.All of this brings about bad effects over the production and sale. To solve it, a deep, systemic and overall research program organized by me has been developed.
Making the whole truck the research object and building up all the FEM model including body and chassis. After finite element mode analysis of body and chassis by NASTRAN, the systems dynamic character is realized. It is the academic basis of modifying the strcuctures. Dynamic Response analysis is a direct an effective method in vibration research. It helps research between many schemes and choose the best one. In order to solve the vibration totally, fine examination and testing is done. Modification was made with the failure truck and test of varied schemes was done. It proved that the simulation results is correct. Through comparing simulation analysis with experiments, the thesis systemically investigates the reasons of vibration and obtains the scheme to solve this type of problem.
According to the analysis and experiments, the thesis brings forward the improved method of the system and carries into execution. It solved the problem effectively and in good time. In the thesis, the research method of integrating dynamic simulation analysis and finite element analysis with experiment is advanced, which is utilized in production development and fault diagnose and disposal. It creates great economic benefit for Futian Corporation and plays a key role in shortening the research period and reducing the cost. The research results have the universally instructions and references for solving the body's vibration.
引文
[1] 吴业森，罗明廉．随机振动．北京：机械工业出版社，1988．
[2] 郭竹亭主编．汽车车身设计(下)．长春：吉林科学技术出版社，1994．12
[3] 余志生．汽车理论(第二版)．北京：清华大学．1989．4
[4] 赵济海．路面平度谱分析应用研究报告．长春：长春汽车研究所整车研究室．1985．
[5] 庄继德．汽车轮胎学．北京：北京理工大学．1995
[6] 庄继德．汽车地面力学．北京：机械工业出版社．1981
[7] 张士基．振动学基础．北京：北京航空航天大学出版社．1988．8．
[8] 季文美，方同，陈松淇．机械振动．北京：科学出版社，1985
[9] 胡海昌．多自由度结构固有振动理论．北京：科学出版社，1987
[10] 吴淇泰．振动分析．杭州：浙江大学出版社，1989
[11] 戴冠中，佟明安．现代控制理论导论．北京：国防工业出版社，1989
[12] (美)哈里斯CM，克雷德CE．冲击和振动手册．众师译．北京：科学出版社，1990
[13] 杨景义，王信义．试验模态分析．北京：北京理工大学出版社，1990
[14] 王彬主编．振动分析及应用．北京：海潮出版社，1992
[15] 师汉民等．机械振动系统一分析、测试、建模、对策(上下册)．武汉：华中理工大学出版社，1992
[16] 王文亮等．结构动力学．上海：复旦大学出版社，1993
[17] 顾仲权，马扣根，陈卫东．振动主动控制．北京：国防工业出版社，1997
[18] (比利时)沃德 海伦等．模态分析理论与试验．白化同译．北京：北京理工大学出版社，2001
[19] 黄天泽，黄金陵．汽车车身结构与设计．北京：机械工业出版社，1989
[20] 黄金陵．汽车车身有限元法基础．长春：吉林工业大学，1984
[21] (日)自动车技术会 小林 明等．汽车工程手册(一至四册)．汽车工程手册编译委员会译．北京：机械工业出版社，1985
[22] (波)扬巴甫洛夫斯基．汽车车身．王述之译．北京：人民交通出版社，1983
[23] 王成，邵敏．有限单元法基本原理和数值方法．北京：清华大学出版社，1995．丁皓江，何福保．弹性和塑性力学中的有限单元法．北京：机械工业出版社，1989
[24] 许先锋，马东等．随机路面输入的汽车平顺性仿真分析．MDI2001年ADAMS中国用户年会论文集，2001．6
[25] 林逸，马天飞等NVH特性研究综述．汽车工程，2002(Vol24)No3
[26] 周定陆．车身有限元模态分析与试验模态分析比较．MSC2002年中国用户论文集，2002．10
[27] 董益亮，刘增云．道路激励作用下的汽车后桥动力响应分析．汽车工程，2002(Vol24)No4
[28] 陈鹰等．汽车线性与非线性乘座动力学建模与仿真研究．北京：机械工程学报，2000，36(3)．
[29] 蔡志武．整车CAE工程分析软件VPG的特点．ANSYS2002年中国用户论文集，2002，11
[30] Nova M,Tamburro A.Noise and Vibration Reduction for Small/Medium Car Market Segment:—An Innovatiw Approach for Engineering Design and Manufacturing.I.Mech.E Seminar Publication,C524/1124/97
[31] Zienkiewicz O C,FRS,Taylor R L.The finite Element Method,Forth Edition.Vol.1,Basic Formulation and Linear Problems.McGraw-Hill,Inc. 1987
[32] Bathe K J,etal.Static and Dynamic Geometric and Material Nonliear Analysis.PB 231113,1974
[33] Meirovitch L.Computational methods in structural dynamics.Alphen and den Rijn,The Netherlands: Sijthoff & Noordhoff, 1980
[34] Craig R R, Jr.Structural dynamics---an introduction to computer method.New York:John Wiley & Sons,1981
[35] Ewins D J.Model testing---theory and practice,New York: John Wiley & Sons,1984
[36] Newland D E.Mechanical vibration analysis and computation.New York:Longman Scientific and Technical,1989
[37] Kelly S G.Fundamentals of mechanical vibrations.New York:McGraw-Hill,1993
[38] Inman D J.Vibration with control,measurement, and stability.Englewood cliffs,New Jersey:Prentice-Hall, 1989
[39] Allemang R.Vibrations :Analytical and Experimental Modal Analysis.course text,ref:UC-SDRL-CN-20-263 -662,University of Cincinnati,Ohio,USA,June. 1992
[40] Lipkens J,Vandeurzen U.Tbe use of smoothing techniques for structural modification applications.Proceedings of the 12th International Seminar On Modal Analysis,Leuven,Belgium, 1987
[41] Sidhu J,Ewins D.Correlation of finite element and modal test studies of a practical structure.Proceedings of the 2nd International Modal Analysis Conference,Orlando,Florida,1984
[42] Hemez F M.Theoretical and experimental correlation between finite element models and modal tests in the context of large flexible space struotures.Ph.D.dissertation,University of Colorado,1993
[43] MSC/NASTRAN(V70.7)Advanced Dynamic Analysis User's Guide.MSC Corporation,1997
[44] MSC/NASTRAN(V70.7)Quick Refence Guide.MSC Corporation, 1998
[2] 郭竹亭主编．汽车车身设计(下)．长春：吉林科学技术出版社，1994．12
[3] 余志生．汽车理论(第二版)．北京：清华大学．1989．4
[4] 赵济海．路面平度谱分析应用研究报告．长春：长春汽车研究所整车研究室．1985．
[5] 庄继德．汽车轮胎学．北京：北京理工大学．1995
[6] 庄继德．汽车地面力学．北京：机械工业出版社．1981
[7] 张士基．振动学基础．北京：北京航空航天大学出版社．1988．8．
[8] 季文美，方同，陈松淇．机械振动．北京：科学出版社，1985
[9] 胡海昌．多自由度结构固有振动理论．北京：科学出版社，1987
[10] 吴淇泰．振动分析．杭州：浙江大学出版社，1989
[11] 戴冠中，佟明安．现代控制理论导论．北京：国防工业出版社，1989
[12] (美)哈里斯CM，克雷德CE．冲击和振动手册．众师译．北京：科学出版社，1990
[13] 杨景义，王信义．试验模态分析．北京：北京理工大学出版社，1990
[14] 王彬主编．振动分析及应用．北京：海潮出版社，1992
[15] 师汉民等．机械振动系统一分析、测试、建模、对策(上下册)．武汉：华中理工大学出版社，1992
[16] 王文亮等．结构动力学．上海：复旦大学出版社，1993
[17] 顾仲权，马扣根，陈卫东．振动主动控制．北京：国防工业出版社，1997
[18] (比利时)沃德 海伦等．模态分析理论与试验．白化同译．北京：北京理工大学出版社，2001
[19] 黄天泽，黄金陵．汽车车身结构与设计．北京：机械工业出版社，1989
[20] 黄金陵．汽车车身有限元法基础．长春：吉林工业大学，1984
[21] (日)自动车技术会 小林 明等．汽车工程手册(一至四册)．汽车工程手册编译委员会译．北京：机械工业出版社，1985
[22] (波)扬巴甫洛夫斯基．汽车车身．王述之译．北京：人民交通出版社，1983
[23] 王成，邵敏．有限单元法基本原理和数值方法．北京：清华大学出版社，1995．丁皓江，何福保．弹性和塑性力学中的有限单元法．北京：机械工业出版社，1989
[24] 许先锋，马东等．随机路面输入的汽车平顺性仿真分析．MDI2001年ADAMS中国用户年会论文集，2001．6
[25] 林逸，马天飞等NVH特性研究综述．汽车工程，2002(Vol24)No3
[26] 周定陆．车身有限元模态分析与试验模态分析比较．MSC2002年中国用户论文集，2002．10
[27] 董益亮，刘增云．道路激励作用下的汽车后桥动力响应分析．汽车工程，2002(Vol24)No4
[28] 陈鹰等．汽车线性与非线性乘座动力学建模与仿真研究．北京：机械工程学报，2000，36(3)．
[29] 蔡志武．整车CAE工程分析软件VPG的特点．ANSYS2002年中国用户论文集，2002，11
[30] Nova M,Tamburro A.Noise and Vibration Reduction for Small/Medium Car Market Segment:—An Innovatiw Approach for Engineering Design and Manufacturing.I.Mech.E Seminar Publication,C524/1124/97
[31] Zienkiewicz O C,FRS,Taylor R L.The finite Element Method,Forth Edition.Vol.1,Basic Formulation and Linear Problems.McGraw-Hill,Inc. 1987
[32] Bathe K J,etal.Static and Dynamic Geometric and Material Nonliear Analysis.PB 231113,1974
[33] Meirovitch L.Computational methods in structural dynamics.Alphen and den Rijn,The Netherlands: Sijthoff & Noordhoff, 1980
[34] Craig R R, Jr.Structural dynamics---an introduction to computer method.New York:John Wiley & Sons,1981
[35] Ewins D J.Model testing---theory and practice,New York: John Wiley & Sons,1984
[36] Newland D E.Mechanical vibration analysis and computation.New York:Longman Scientific and Technical,1989
[37] Kelly S G.Fundamentals of mechanical vibrations.New York:McGraw-Hill,1993
[38] Inman D J.Vibration with control,measurement, and stability.Englewood cliffs,New Jersey:Prentice-Hall, 1989
[39] Allemang R.Vibrations :Analytical and Experimental Modal Analysis.course text,ref:UC-SDRL-CN-20-263 -662,University of Cincinnati,Ohio,USA,June. 1992
[40] Lipkens J,Vandeurzen U.Tbe use of smoothing techniques for structural modification applications.Proceedings of the 12th International Seminar On Modal Analysis,Leuven,Belgium, 1987
[41] Sidhu J,Ewins D.Correlation of finite element and modal test studies of a practical structure.Proceedings of the 2nd International Modal Analysis Conference,Orlando,Florida,1984
[42] Hemez F M.Theoretical and experimental correlation between finite element models and modal tests in the context of large flexible space struotures.Ph.D.dissertation,University of Colorado,1993
[43] MSC/NASTRAN(V70.7)Advanced Dynamic Analysis User's Guide.MSC Corporation,1997
[44] MSC/NASTRAN(V70.7)Quick Refence Guide.MSC Corporation, 1998