冀北典型森林降雨分配功能与林分结构耦合
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摘要
在2010、2011年以河北省围场县木兰林管局北沟林场为研究区,选择3种典型森林——人工油松林、人工落叶松林与天然次生林(落叶松、白桦、山杨混交)进行调查与实验,对当地生境条件下的森林降雨分配功能与林分结构做了耦合研究。主要研究结果如下：
1.用逐步回归分析与二次响应曲面拟合方法拟合了研究区人工油松林、人工落叶松林穿透率、树干茎流率关于林分结构、雨量级的最优方程。
2.研究区人工油松林穿透雨出现聚集效应的情况比较常见,某些油松单木树冠下穿透率有时会超过100%,远高出临近林窗的穿透雨与林外降雨的比值。
3.根据自制简易蒸散装置的测定,研究区2011年7-9月植物生长季昼间代表性人工油松林(9、10号样地)林内平均水分蒸散速率(0.09mm·h-1)在绝大部分观测时段小于无林地(0.22mm·h-1)；与其它林内测点相比,处于经营后期的10号人工油松林样地内的覆盖枯落物且植入灌草的蒸散装置的昼间蒸散速率较高。同时期夜间,人工油松林林内平均水分蒸散速率(0.026mm·h-1)在多于一半的观测时段小于无林地(0.065mm.h-1)。
4.根据自制简易树木胸径生长测定装置的测定,研究区各人工油松林样地径级标准木平均年胸径生长速率从大到小的排序情况为：10号样地(0.2597cm·年-1；林分密度最小,为600株·hm-2)>13号样地(0.2097cm·年-1；林分密度较小,为1080株·hm-2)与15号样地(0.2097cm·年-1,林分密度较小,为928株·hm-2)>3号样地(0.1413cm·年-1；林分密度较大,为2483株·hm-2)、9号样地(0.1082cm·年-1；林分密度较大,为1408株·hm-2)与12号样地(0.1400cm·年-1,林分密度较大,为1815株·hm-2)。较小的经营密度有利于提高人工油松林胸径生长速率。研究区人工油松林(林龄在33～43年)的年平均胸径生长速率为0.18cm·年-1,在6～9月生长旺季胸径生长速率可达0.53cm·年-1。
5.通过因子分析与典型相关分析方法得到的显著的林分结构典型变量与林分降雨分配功能典型变量的典型相关系数达0.9501(P<0.05),其对应的典型结构说明研究区林分经营的初期趋向性与林分透水含水功能有很好的负相关性。
6.总结了研究区3种林分各样地的不考虑蒸发的冠层持水能力、树干持水能力与树干茎流系数。用Levton-最上方5点约束的方法得到9号模型样地(林分密度为1925株·hm-2)与10号样地(林分密度为600株·hm-2)2个人工油松林样地的冠层持水能力分别为0.49mm与0.21mm,相比之下,9号模型样地与10号样地的不考虑蒸发冠层持水能力分别平均为1.03mm与0.74mm。
7.根据修正Gash模型的算法,使用Visual Basic编程软件6.0版,自行编制了“修正Gash模型模拟系统”。该系统支持模型计算所需变量数据的导入、计算结果显示与有关图件的生成与保存,可对截留散失量、树干茎流量与穿透雨量进行动态模拟；支持变参数动态模拟分析；实现了在限定、可标示有关参数情况下的参数对截留量影响的敏感度分析。用该系统对2011年9号模型样地与10号样地观测期降雨的截留散失量、树干茎流量与穿透雨量的动态拟合,并进行了模型参数对截留量影响的敏感度分析。
Investigation and experiment in three kinds of forests including planted Chinese pine forest, planted larch forest and natural secondary forest (mixed by larch birch and poplar) were completed at Beigou forest farm in Mulan forestry administration in Weichang county of Hebei province in2010,2011. Coupling relationship between water allocation function, environmental function (about meteorology and plant) and stand structure of the forests was studied. Main research results was listed as follows:
1. Stepwise regression analysis and response surface quadratic model was used to get the optimal equation to describe the relationship between throughfall rate or stem-flow rate and stand structure&rainfall class of planted Chinese pine forest and planted larch forest.
2."Gathering effect" of throughfall in planted Chinese pine forest was common. Throughfall rate under the crown of some individual tree of Chinese pine sometimes exceeded100%, and was far higher than the throughfall rate of adjacent forest gaps and rainfall outside the forest.
3. According to the measurement of self-made simple evapotranspiration measuring devices, mean daytime evapotranspiration rate (0.026mm·h-1) during July to September inside the representative planted Chinese pine forest in study area was smaller than the land with no forests (0.065mm·h-1) at most of observation time. Compared with other measuring points inside the forests, daytime evapotranspiration rate of the evapotranspiration device with covering of forest litters, shrub and grass in NO.10sample plot (at later management periods) was higher. During the same time, mean nighttime evapotranspiration rate (0.026mm·h-1) was smaller than the land with no forests (0.065mm·h-1) at during half of observation time.
4. According to the measurement of self-made simple DBH growth measuring devices, sorting (from the highest to the lowest) mean annual DBH growth rate of diameter class-standard trees of planted Chinese pine forest sample plots was as follows:NO.10sample plot (0.2597cm·a-1; with the smaller stand density of600trees·hm-2)> NO.13sample plot (0.2097cm·a-1; with a relatively smaller stand density of1080trees·hm-2) and NO.15sample plot (0.2097cm·a-1; with a relatively smaller stand density of928trees·hm-2)> NO.3sample plot (0.1413cm·a-1; with a higher stand density of2483trees·hm-2), NO.9sample plot (0.1082cm·a-1; with a higher stand density of1408trees·hm-2) and NO.12sample plot (0.1400cm·a-1; with a higher stand density of1815trees·hm-2). Smaller management density was beneficial to increase DBH growth rate of Chinese pine forest. Annual DBH growth rate of planted Chinese pine forest in study area was0.18cm·a-1at mean level during1year, and reached to0.53cm·a-1at DBH growth-peak season during June to September.
5. According to factor analysis and canonical correlation analysis, an significant canonical correlation coefficient that reflected the relation between a canonical variable about stand structure and a canonical variable about water allocation function of the forests resched0.9501(P<0.05) and the canonical structure it corresponded showed a well negative correlation between initial directivity of forest stand management and the forest function about permeability and water content.
6. Canopy storage capacity without evaporation-considering, trunk storage capacity and trunk drainage partitioning coefficient of all the sample plots of3kinds of forests was summarized. Computed by method of "Leyton-constraint with top5points", canopy storage capacity of No.9-model sample plot (with the forest density of1925trees·hm-2) and No.10sample plot (with the forest density of600trees·hm-2) were0.49mm and0.21mm respectively. In contrast with them, the canopy storage capacity without evaporation-considering of No.9-model sample plot and No.10sample plot were1.03mm and0.74mm in average respectively.
7. According to the arithmetic of revised Gash model, Visual Basic language software6.0was used to compile "System for simulation of revised Gash model". This program supports the import of the variables needed for simulation, showing of simulation results and producing and saving of related pictures. The program can simulate dynamic interception loss, stemflow and throghfall, supports the simulation and analysis under the condition of variational parameters, and actualizes sensitivity analysises of canopy parameters that affect canopy interception under the condition that related parameters have been restricted and marked. The program was used to simulate the interception loss, stemflow and throghfall of No.9-model sample plot and No.10sample plot in2011. Sensitivity analysises of canopy parameters to interception was also completed.
1.用逐步回归分析与二次响应曲面拟合方法拟合了研究区人工油松林、人工落叶松林穿透率、树干茎流率关于林分结构、雨量级的最优方程。
2.研究区人工油松林穿透雨出现聚集效应的情况比较常见,某些油松单木树冠下穿透率有时会超过100%,远高出临近林窗的穿透雨与林外降雨的比值。
3.根据自制简易蒸散装置的测定,研究区2011年7-9月植物生长季昼间代表性人工油松林(9、10号样地)林内平均水分蒸散速率(0.09mm·h-1)在绝大部分观测时段小于无林地(0.22mm·h-1)；与其它林内测点相比,处于经营后期的10号人工油松林样地内的覆盖枯落物且植入灌草的蒸散装置的昼间蒸散速率较高。同时期夜间,人工油松林林内平均水分蒸散速率(0.026mm·h-1)在多于一半的观测时段小于无林地(0.065mm.h-1)。
4.根据自制简易树木胸径生长测定装置的测定,研究区各人工油松林样地径级标准木平均年胸径生长速率从大到小的排序情况为：10号样地(0.2597cm·年-1；林分密度最小,为600株·hm-2)>13号样地(0.2097cm·年-1；林分密度较小,为1080株·hm-2)与15号样地(0.2097cm·年-1,林分密度较小,为928株·hm-2)>3号样地(0.1413cm·年-1；林分密度较大,为2483株·hm-2)、9号样地(0.1082cm·年-1；林分密度较大,为1408株·hm-2)与12号样地(0.1400cm·年-1,林分密度较大,为1815株·hm-2)。较小的经营密度有利于提高人工油松林胸径生长速率。研究区人工油松林(林龄在33～43年)的年平均胸径生长速率为0.18cm·年-1,在6～9月生长旺季胸径生长速率可达0.53cm·年-1。
5.通过因子分析与典型相关分析方法得到的显著的林分结构典型变量与林分降雨分配功能典型变量的典型相关系数达0.9501(P<0.05),其对应的典型结构说明研究区林分经营的初期趋向性与林分透水含水功能有很好的负相关性。
6.总结了研究区3种林分各样地的不考虑蒸发的冠层持水能力、树干持水能力与树干茎流系数。用Levton-最上方5点约束的方法得到9号模型样地(林分密度为1925株·hm-2)与10号样地(林分密度为600株·hm-2)2个人工油松林样地的冠层持水能力分别为0.49mm与0.21mm,相比之下,9号模型样地与10号样地的不考虑蒸发冠层持水能力分别平均为1.03mm与0.74mm。
7.根据修正Gash模型的算法,使用Visual Basic编程软件6.0版,自行编制了“修正Gash模型模拟系统”。该系统支持模型计算所需变量数据的导入、计算结果显示与有关图件的生成与保存,可对截留散失量、树干茎流量与穿透雨量进行动态模拟；支持变参数动态模拟分析；实现了在限定、可标示有关参数情况下的参数对截留量影响的敏感度分析。用该系统对2011年9号模型样地与10号样地观测期降雨的截留散失量、树干茎流量与穿透雨量的动态拟合,并进行了模型参数对截留量影响的敏感度分析。
Investigation and experiment in three kinds of forests including planted Chinese pine forest, planted larch forest and natural secondary forest (mixed by larch birch and poplar) were completed at Beigou forest farm in Mulan forestry administration in Weichang county of Hebei province in2010,2011. Coupling relationship between water allocation function, environmental function (about meteorology and plant) and stand structure of the forests was studied. Main research results was listed as follows:
1. Stepwise regression analysis and response surface quadratic model was used to get the optimal equation to describe the relationship between throughfall rate or stem-flow rate and stand structure&rainfall class of planted Chinese pine forest and planted larch forest.
2."Gathering effect" of throughfall in planted Chinese pine forest was common. Throughfall rate under the crown of some individual tree of Chinese pine sometimes exceeded100%, and was far higher than the throughfall rate of adjacent forest gaps and rainfall outside the forest.
3. According to the measurement of self-made simple evapotranspiration measuring devices, mean daytime evapotranspiration rate (0.026mm·h-1) during July to September inside the representative planted Chinese pine forest in study area was smaller than the land with no forests (0.065mm·h-1) at most of observation time. Compared with other measuring points inside the forests, daytime evapotranspiration rate of the evapotranspiration device with covering of forest litters, shrub and grass in NO.10sample plot (at later management periods) was higher. During the same time, mean nighttime evapotranspiration rate (0.026mm·h-1) was smaller than the land with no forests (0.065mm·h-1) at during half of observation time.
4. According to the measurement of self-made simple DBH growth measuring devices, sorting (from the highest to the lowest) mean annual DBH growth rate of diameter class-standard trees of planted Chinese pine forest sample plots was as follows:NO.10sample plot (0.2597cm·a-1; with the smaller stand density of600trees·hm-2)> NO.13sample plot (0.2097cm·a-1; with a relatively smaller stand density of1080trees·hm-2) and NO.15sample plot (0.2097cm·a-1; with a relatively smaller stand density of928trees·hm-2)> NO.3sample plot (0.1413cm·a-1; with a higher stand density of2483trees·hm-2), NO.9sample plot (0.1082cm·a-1; with a higher stand density of1408trees·hm-2) and NO.12sample plot (0.1400cm·a-1; with a higher stand density of1815trees·hm-2). Smaller management density was beneficial to increase DBH growth rate of Chinese pine forest. Annual DBH growth rate of planted Chinese pine forest in study area was0.18cm·a-1at mean level during1year, and reached to0.53cm·a-1at DBH growth-peak season during June to September.
5. According to factor analysis and canonical correlation analysis, an significant canonical correlation coefficient that reflected the relation between a canonical variable about stand structure and a canonical variable about water allocation function of the forests resched0.9501(P<0.05) and the canonical structure it corresponded showed a well negative correlation between initial directivity of forest stand management and the forest function about permeability and water content.
6. Canopy storage capacity without evaporation-considering, trunk storage capacity and trunk drainage partitioning coefficient of all the sample plots of3kinds of forests was summarized. Computed by method of "Leyton-constraint with top5points", canopy storage capacity of No.9-model sample plot (with the forest density of1925trees·hm-2) and No.10sample plot (with the forest density of600trees·hm-2) were0.49mm and0.21mm respectively. In contrast with them, the canopy storage capacity without evaporation-considering of No.9-model sample plot and No.10sample plot were1.03mm and0.74mm in average respectively.
7. According to the arithmetic of revised Gash model, Visual Basic language software6.0was used to compile "System for simulation of revised Gash model". This program supports the import of the variables needed for simulation, showing of simulation results and producing and saving of related pictures. The program can simulate dynamic interception loss, stemflow and throghfall, supports the simulation and analysis under the condition of variational parameters, and actualizes sensitivity analysises of canopy parameters that affect canopy interception under the condition that related parameters have been restricted and marked. The program was used to simulate the interception loss, stemflow and throghfall of No.9-model sample plot and No.10sample plot in2011. Sensitivity analysises of canopy parameters to interception was also completed.
引文
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