基于全寿命周期的公路建设政策理论、方法与应用
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摘要
我国公路建设在经历了近20年的快速发展，取得了巨大成就的同时，也出现了工程质量、结构耐久性、环境保护等方面的问题。面临公路建设在未来20年持续发展的局面，在原有公路建设经验的基础上，学习和借鉴国外全寿命周期理论的先进经验与做法，研究公路建设与管理的相关政策，对于公路建设资源集约利用、提高工程质量与耐久性、保护生态环境、确保工程安全等方面意义重大。
本研究分析了我国公路建设存在的问题以及经济发展对公路建设提出的新要求，得出了我国公路建设政策改进尤其迫切的基本结论；明确了公共物品理论、公共管理理论等管理学、经济学理论与公路政策制定的理论联系和方法指导，全面总结了全寿命周期理论的核心内容及其应用情况。
研究提出了制定基于全寿命周期的公路建设政策基本理论，包括政策制定环境、总体设计、基本体系、技术手段等主要内容，分析了政策参与主体与实施保障措施，建立了基于全寿命周期的公路建设政策理论框架。在比较了传统的公路建设成本分析方法和全寿命成本分析之不同，明确了制定基于全寿命周期的公路建设政策的基本技术经济原理，用具体实例说明了全寿命建设思路的优势。
研究从规划政策、建设政策、管养政策三方面丰富了该体系的内涵。首先明确了基于全寿命周期的规划政策需以土地集约利用为核心思想的主要政策方向，提出公路规划政策建议；从管理制度、质量管理、环境保护等方面归纳总结了公路建设过程中所需要的政策保障措施，明确了生态设计、人性设计和耐久设计等关键政策理念，提出了相应的建设政策；基于我国公路设施运营养护工作的现状和问题及需求，初步建立了养护政策制定的经济学基础，提出了基于全寿命周期的公路养护管理政策建议。
最后通过对沪宁高速公路改扩建、沈大高速公路建设决策和某跨海桥梁三个实际工程进行案例分析，对在建设过程中全寿命周期理念的具体应用和政府科学决策的重要性进行了较为详细的分析。
总体看来，本文研究在以下三点有显著创新：
(1)提出了我国基于全寿命周期理论的公路建设政策理论框架；
(2)明确了基于全寿命周期最优考虑的公路建设政策的基本技术经济原理；
(3)从规划政策、建设政策、管养政策三方面详细论证了基于全寿命周期的公路建设政策制定的方法、总体策略和技术经济原理等关键性问题。
Besides the fast development and glorious achievements in the highwayconstruction of China, there are still some problems in construction quality andenvironment protect as well as structural durability etc. The theoretical andmethodological policy systems of the highway construction based on the optimizedlife-cycle benefit have been studied in three aspects of highway layout policies,construction policies and maintenance policies in this dissertation
The existed highway construction policy of China is reviewed. The author cameto a conclusion that there is an urgent need in improving our highway constructionpolicy system. The important role of the public goods theory, public managementtheory in management and economics theories is clarified, and their theoreticalrelationship and methodological guide on the constituting of highway policies areemphasized.
The basic theory of highway construction policy is proposed, including itspracticability from policy making environment, policy overall design, policy system,policy technical means and fundamental principles. The theoretical framework of theconstituting of highway construction policy is generally set up, based on life-cycleconsideration. The traditional highway construction cost analysis and LCCA arecompared with each other. In the meanwhile, the general plans and basic techniqueeconomic principles of highway construction policy is stated, and the basic methodsystem of highway construction policy-making based on LCCA is finally established.
The intension of the system proposed in this dissertation is further enriched inthe layout policies, construction policies, and management and maintenance policies.It is strengthened that the layout policy based on the life-cycle cost analysis requiredthe major policies orientation of land consolidation and utilization. Policy safeguardmechanisms required in the highway construction process are concluded here fromregulatory regime, quality control and environmental protection. Based on circulareconomy theory, the economics foundation of construction policy-making is established preliminarily, emphasizing the ecological design concept, the humanitydesign concept, the durability performance design concept, and such key policyconcepts, thereby establishing comparatively suitable theory and method systems inthe highway construction phase based on the life-cycle design strategy. With thesummarization of current management and maintenance stations and future demandof management and maintenance work in China, the author states clearly what isneeded to be improved. Then the technical gist of life-cycle management andmaintenance and raised proposals about policy-making of life-cycle highwaymanagement and maintenance is explanted.
本研究分析了我国公路建设存在的问题以及经济发展对公路建设提出的新要求，得出了我国公路建设政策改进尤其迫切的基本结论；明确了公共物品理论、公共管理理论等管理学、经济学理论与公路政策制定的理论联系和方法指导，全面总结了全寿命周期理论的核心内容及其应用情况。
研究提出了制定基于全寿命周期的公路建设政策基本理论，包括政策制定环境、总体设计、基本体系、技术手段等主要内容，分析了政策参与主体与实施保障措施，建立了基于全寿命周期的公路建设政策理论框架。在比较了传统的公路建设成本分析方法和全寿命成本分析之不同，明确了制定基于全寿命周期的公路建设政策的基本技术经济原理，用具体实例说明了全寿命建设思路的优势。
研究从规划政策、建设政策、管养政策三方面丰富了该体系的内涵。首先明确了基于全寿命周期的规划政策需以土地集约利用为核心思想的主要政策方向，提出公路规划政策建议；从管理制度、质量管理、环境保护等方面归纳总结了公路建设过程中所需要的政策保障措施，明确了生态设计、人性设计和耐久设计等关键政策理念，提出了相应的建设政策；基于我国公路设施运营养护工作的现状和问题及需求，初步建立了养护政策制定的经济学基础，提出了基于全寿命周期的公路养护管理政策建议。
最后通过对沪宁高速公路改扩建、沈大高速公路建设决策和某跨海桥梁三个实际工程进行案例分析，对在建设过程中全寿命周期理念的具体应用和政府科学决策的重要性进行了较为详细的分析。
总体看来，本文研究在以下三点有显著创新：
(1)提出了我国基于全寿命周期理论的公路建设政策理论框架；
(2)明确了基于全寿命周期最优考虑的公路建设政策的基本技术经济原理；
(3)从规划政策、建设政策、管养政策三方面详细论证了基于全寿命周期的公路建设政策制定的方法、总体策略和技术经济原理等关键性问题。
Besides the fast development and glorious achievements in the highwayconstruction of China, there are still some problems in construction quality andenvironment protect as well as structural durability etc. The theoretical andmethodological policy systems of the highway construction based on the optimizedlife-cycle benefit have been studied in three aspects of highway layout policies,construction policies and maintenance policies in this dissertation
The existed highway construction policy of China is reviewed. The author cameto a conclusion that there is an urgent need in improving our highway constructionpolicy system. The important role of the public goods theory, public managementtheory in management and economics theories is clarified, and their theoreticalrelationship and methodological guide on the constituting of highway policies areemphasized.
The basic theory of highway construction policy is proposed, including itspracticability from policy making environment, policy overall design, policy system,policy technical means and fundamental principles. The theoretical framework of theconstituting of highway construction policy is generally set up, based on life-cycleconsideration. The traditional highway construction cost analysis and LCCA arecompared with each other. In the meanwhile, the general plans and basic techniqueeconomic principles of highway construction policy is stated, and the basic methodsystem of highway construction policy-making based on LCCA is finally established.
The intension of the system proposed in this dissertation is further enriched inthe layout policies, construction policies, and management and maintenance policies.It is strengthened that the layout policy based on the life-cycle cost analysis requiredthe major policies orientation of land consolidation and utilization. Policy safeguardmechanisms required in the highway construction process are concluded here fromregulatory regime, quality control and environmental protection. Based on circulareconomy theory, the economics foundation of construction policy-making is established preliminarily, emphasizing the ecological design concept, the humanitydesign concept, the durability performance design concept, and such key policyconcepts, thereby establishing comparatively suitable theory and method systems inthe highway construction phase based on the life-cycle design strategy. With thesummarization of current management and maintenance stations and future demandof management and maintenance work in China, the author states clearly what isneeded to be improved. Then the technical gist of life-cycle management andmaintenance and raised proposals about policy-making of life-cycle highwaymanagement and maintenance is explanted.
引文
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1 周伟，Joseph S. Szyliowicz主编．中国可持续交通发展战略与政策研究系列丛书．北京：人民交通出版社，2005年．
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① [美]罗伯特·平狄克，丹尼尔·鲁宾费尔德．微观经济学．北京：中国人民大学出版社．
① 吴庆．基础设施的自然垄断性与政府的角色．中国经济时报，2001年2月．
① 陈迅，尤建新．新公共管理对中国城市管理的现实意义．中国行政管理，2003年第2期．
① 陈振明．政策科学——公共政策分析导论．北京：中国人民大学出版社，2003年．
① 季令．交通运输政策．北京：中国铁道出版社，2003年．
① 伊恩·英法特．可持续发展——原则、分析和政策．北京：经济科学出版社，2002年．
① 周海林．可持续发展原理．北京：商务印书馆，2004年．
① 冯之浚．循环经济导论．北京：人民出版社，2004年．
① 汪应洛．系统工程理论、方法与应用．北京：高等教育出版社，1998年．
① 周建亮博士论文．我国城市基础设施民营化监管研究，2005年．
① Allan Astrup Jensen, Arne Remmen. Introduction to sustainability and life cycle thinking.April, 2005.
① Asko Sarja. Integrated Life Cycle Design of Structures. SPON PRESS. London and New York, 2002, 1-137.
① Asko Sarja. Integrated Life Cycle Design of Structures. SPON PRESS. London and New York, 2002, 1-137.
① 交通部公路司．新理念公路设计指南．北京：人民交通出版社，2005年．
① Douglass C. North "Institrtional" Jornal of Economic Review, September, 1992.
② 戴维·伊斯顿．政治生活的系统分析．北京，华夏出版社．
① [澳]欧文·休斯．公共管理导论．北京：中国人民大学出版社，2001年．
① 冯之浚．循环经济导论．北京：人民出版社，2004年．
① U. S. Department of Transportation. Life-Cycle Cost Analysis Primer.2002.
① 裴玉龙．公路网规划．北京：人民交通出版社，2002年．
① 交通部规划研究院．节约型交通行业发展战略研究报告．2005年．
① 姜志德．中国土地资源可持续利用战略研究．北京：中国农业出版社，2004年．
① 王金南，庄国泰．生态补偿机制与政策设计国际研讨会论文集．北京：中国环境科学出版社，2006年．
① Marie Peden等著，刘光远译。世界预防道路交通伤害报告。北京：人民卫生出版社，2004年．
① 苏秦．质量管理与可靠性．北京：机械工业出版社，2006年．
① 世界银行．永续运输——论政策改革之优先课题．北京：中国建筑工业出版社，2004年．
① 董小林．环境经济学．北京：人民交通出版社，2004年．
① 陈艾荣，马军海．桥梁全寿命设计与关键科学科学问题．北京：人民交通出版社，2005年．
① 上海公路处，同济大学．上海市公路网管理水平评价方法研究报告．2004年．
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