高层建筑逆作法的应用与研究
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摘要
采用逆作法施工技术有很多的优点，但是逆作法施工技术的不完善制约了逆作法的推广与发展，本文结合具体的逆作法施工实例开展了大量的逆作法施工技术的研究工作。
逆作法施工技术研究包括对基坑及边坡、地下室钢筋混凝土结构和工程桩的应力与应变(沉降)研究。此外，逆作法施工的临测及环境监护研究也是逆作法施工技术研究的重要内容。鉴于国内外的研究把重点放在大力发展工程桩的实验室承载力监测方法与设备、如何使土方开挖机械现代化及对周围建筑的临测方法上，本文提出了现场利用声波层析成像技术监测钢砼桩内部质量的方法与程序，并得出了声波层析成像技术是砼桩的动态质量检测的有效手段，这对指导施有积极、现实意义；提出了综合运用朗肯土压力理论、基坑空间和时间效应影响理论来分析逆作法施工过程中基坑边坡土体应力及应变的变化情况，指出粘土地区也应考虑时间效应，并且进一步分析了基坑边坡土体的塑性区形成和发展，找出边坡最不利的区域，以确定地下室土体的挖掘的方式和顺序，指出凭主观臆断与经验来施工是不可取的；在分析、经较逆作法与大开挖顺作法的地下室结构体系受力情况及施工顺序的不同，提出了节点处理技术；分析了逆作法施工期间桩的沉降变化原因及由此而产生的差异，并探讨了解决的方法；本文还提出了环境振动对土体边坡稳定产生影响的观点，并分析了在环境振动影响下，土体的应力状态及土休失稳破坏概率，并且还运用弹性力学知识和数学分析的方法定量地分析了地下混凝土墙受力状态，指出了被监测墙体的最大应力、应变位置。
在系统地论述了逆作法的基础上，本文指出了逆作法技术应用与推广中存在的问题，并提出自己相应的建议，为逆作法工程应用提供了有益的参考。
Although advantages of reverse order, the development of reverse order for construction is limited by its incompleteness. A lot of studies are finished.
Researching on the technology If reverse order is to study strains If pits,structural systems If basement,environmental surwey and underpinnings. On account of emphasizing developing methods If checking strength If pick-ets,modemizing machenes of excavation and studying methods of underpinning is put forward and is a way If controlling the quality of pickets in sites, which leads an active effect;synthetic application If rankintheory,spatial and time effect theory to excavation tl aanalyze the state of soil force and strain is brought forward and
the time effect should be considered in the zone of clay, the formation and development of soil plasticity are analyzed and the most dangerous zone to decide how to excavate and where to begin is found; analyzing the cause of picket settlement during reverse order and the differential settlement and discussing hlw to solute it .Duringh the temporary survey and the environmental warship,bringing rorward the theory of environmental vibration and analyzing the state of soil force and probability of losing stabilization of soil under the effect of environmental vibration; analyzing the state offeree in underground concrete wall by the method of mathematics and pointing out the place of the maximum force and deformation. Based on systematic illustrating the reverse order, problems about application and development of reverse order and suggestions also are expressed.
逆作法施工技术研究包括对基坑及边坡、地下室钢筋混凝土结构和工程桩的应力与应变(沉降)研究。此外，逆作法施工的临测及环境监护研究也是逆作法施工技术研究的重要内容。鉴于国内外的研究把重点放在大力发展工程桩的实验室承载力监测方法与设备、如何使土方开挖机械现代化及对周围建筑的临测方法上，本文提出了现场利用声波层析成像技术监测钢砼桩内部质量的方法与程序，并得出了声波层析成像技术是砼桩的动态质量检测的有效手段，这对指导施有积极、现实意义；提出了综合运用朗肯土压力理论、基坑空间和时间效应影响理论来分析逆作法施工过程中基坑边坡土体应力及应变的变化情况，指出粘土地区也应考虑时间效应，并且进一步分析了基坑边坡土体的塑性区形成和发展，找出边坡最不利的区域，以确定地下室土体的挖掘的方式和顺序，指出凭主观臆断与经验来施工是不可取的；在分析、经较逆作法与大开挖顺作法的地下室结构体系受力情况及施工顺序的不同，提出了节点处理技术；分析了逆作法施工期间桩的沉降变化原因及由此而产生的差异，并探讨了解决的方法；本文还提出了环境振动对土体边坡稳定产生影响的观点，并分析了在环境振动影响下，土体的应力状态及土休失稳破坏概率，并且还运用弹性力学知识和数学分析的方法定量地分析了地下混凝土墙受力状态，指出了被监测墙体的最大应力、应变位置。
在系统地论述了逆作法的基础上，本文指出了逆作法技术应用与推广中存在的问题，并提出自己相应的建议，为逆作法工程应用提供了有益的参考。
Although advantages of reverse order, the development of reverse order for construction is limited by its incompleteness. A lot of studies are finished.
Researching on the technology If reverse order is to study strains If pits,structural systems If basement,environmental surwey and underpinnings. On account of emphasizing developing methods If checking strength If pick-ets,modemizing machenes of excavation and studying methods of underpinning is put forward and is a way If controlling the quality of pickets in sites, which leads an active effect;synthetic application If rankintheory,spatial and time effect theory to excavation tl aanalyze the state of soil force and strain is brought forward and
the time effect should be considered in the zone of clay, the formation and development of soil plasticity are analyzed and the most dangerous zone to decide how to excavate and where to begin is found; analyzing the cause of picket settlement during reverse order and the differential settlement and discussing hlw to solute it .Duringh the temporary survey and the environmental warship,bringing rorward the theory of environmental vibration and analyzing the state of soil force and probability of losing stabilization of soil under the effect of environmental vibration; analyzing the state offeree in underground concrete wall by the method of mathematics and pointing out the place of the maximum force and deformation. Based on systematic illustrating the reverse order, problems about application and development of reverse order and suggestions also are expressed.
引文
[1] 叶可明．王允恭．李宝江．上海高层建设多层地下室逆作法施工技术．建筑施工．1988，(4)：2—7页
[2] 董毅滨．孟庆慧．冯兆印．城市地下过街通道的逆作法施工—哈尔滨南岗秋林双层地下过街通道的施工实践。施工技术．1998，(1)：4—7页
[3] 李多玲．费雨竹．寒区逆作法施工．低温建筑技术．1996，(4)：ZI～22页
[4] 程宝坪．深圳赛路广拥下室全逆作法施工技术．施工技术．1999，(4)：6—7页
[5] 夏继君．一德路中心市场地下室半逆作法施工技术．施工技术．2000，(1)：30～31页
[6] 牛青山．地下工程逆作法的现状及发展趋势．工业建筑．1995，25(3)：3～8页
[7] 现行建筑施工规范大全．中国建筑工业出版社，1995：83～88页，182页
[8] 余志成．施文华等．深基坑支护设计与施工．中国建筑工业出版社，1998：47页，270～272页
[9] 陈颖．软土地基多层地下室逆作法施工技术．建筑施工．1994，15(5)：26～29页
[10] 董树恩．杜峰．逆作法施工工艺在北京王府并在厦工程中的应用．建筑技术．2000，(5)：298～300页
[11] 陈宗严．地下楼层逆作法施工．施工技术．1990，(2)：8～10页
[12] 上海市第二建筑工程公司李定江等．高层建筑多层地下室结构逆作法施工工法(YJGF—02—96)．施工技术．1998，27(2)：37～39页
[13] M Markarchia H. G. Poulous. Simplified Method Pro—design of Underpinning. Joural of Geo—technicaf Engineering. 1996, 122(9): 745～751 P
[14] P. Clany M. F. Randolph. Simple Design Tools For Plies Raft Foundatlofl Geotechnlque. 1996, 46(2): 313～328 P
[15] K. Horlskoshi, M.F. Randolph. A Contribution of optimal Design of Piled Rafts. Getechnique. 1998, 48 (3): 301～307 P
[16] 刘宗仁．建筑施工技术．北京科技出版社，1993：94～96，171～174页
[17] 张国珠．白素洁等．建筑安装工程质量控制与检验评定手册．中国建筑工业出版社，1994：96～101页
[18] 王有为．夏靖华．杜文库等．城市地下室间开发利用设计施工技术若干问题．建筑科学．2000，(3)：5～6页
[19] 华南理工大学等．地基及基础．中国建筑出版社，1991：122～128页
[20] C. J. Wolschlay, J. R. Byrne, D. M. Cotton. Suspension Wall Shoring System. ASCE National Conference on GeoEnggneering For Underground Facllltles, Urbana, 1999, IL, USA: 200～211P
[21] June Sharp, Ted Splitter, JOhn Sturman. Case Study of Support Critical Utilities During Excavation. ASCE Natlonal Conference on Geo—Engineering For Underground Facilities, Urbana, 1999, IL, USA: 1060～1069P
[22] LILi, MichelAubertifl RIchard Siron. Stability Analysis of Underground openings Using Multi—axial Failure Criterion. ASCE National Conference on Geo—Engineering For Underground Facilities, Urbana, 1999, IL, USA: 47～482P
[23] C. Y. OU, D. C. Chion, T. S. WU. Three Dimensional Finite Element Analysis of Deep Excavation. Journal of Geo—technical Engineering. ASCE, 1999, 122(5): 337～345P
[24] 吴光龙．朱碧堂．深基坑开挖周围上体变形时空效应初探．土工基础．1999，13(3)：5～6页
[25] 金瑞君．徐伟．深大基坑开挖施工中的塑造区发展规律分析应用．建筑技术．2000，31(11)：767～770页
[26] J. S. Kuszaul, Estimation Key—block Size In Underground Excavation: Accounting For Joint Set Spacing. International Journal of Rock Mechanical Mln Science. 1999, 36(2): 217～232 P
[27] F. Baslle. No—Linear Analysis of Pile Groups. Proceedings of InternatlonalClvllEnslneering: GeotichnlcalEngineering. 1999, 137(2): 10P, 5～115P
[28] Chun wei Huang, Alan C. Lin. Curvature—Adjustment Approach To Curve Smoothing In Reverse Engineering. Journal of Chinese Society of Mechanical Engineering. 1999, (20 (3): 301～307P
[29] 汤永净．逆作法施工时结构共同作用性状分析．上海铁道大学学报．1998，19(8)：20～25页
[30] N. O. Nawari, R. Ling. Characterlzation of Uncertainty In Underground Structure. ASCE National Conference on Geo—Engineering For Underground Facilities, Urbana, 1999, IL, USA: 282～293P
[31] 张健儿．道作法施工过程中应注意的几个问题．建筑施工．1999，(2)：36～39页
[32] Laurent X. Luccioni, Juan M. Pestana, Demetrlous C. Kousoftas. Modeling Deformation Around Excavation In Soft Clays. ASCE National Conference On Geo-engineering For Underground Facilities, Urbana, 1999, IL, USA: 231～242P
[33] Masslmo Guarascio Carmela D. Bella. Risk Assessment And Safe Crlterla For Underground Caverns. ASCE Nataonal Conference on GeoEnglneering For Underground Fac ± littes, Urbana; 1999, IL, USA: 797～809P
[34] 张莉莉．逆作法施工条件下土压力的分布及其对地下连续墙的影响．建筑施工．1998，(4)：35～37页
[35] 穆保岗．施明证．龚维明．蒋永生．桩基逆作法在各层建筑中的应用．东南大学学报．2000，30(1)：95～100页
[36] 汤永净．侯学渊．高层建筑地下室逆作法测试与分析．建筑技术．1999，(5)：332～333页
[37] W. D. Guo, M. F Randdph. Effident Approach For Settlement Prediction of pile groups. Geotechnique. 1999, 49 (2): 161～179P
[38] Shani Wallis, No—dig Is the Answer For Congested Bankok Tunnels And Tunneling International. 1998, 30 (5): 26～30P
[39] Mike Page. No-dig Events At Genoa And Seattle. Tunnels And Tunneling Internatiional. 1997, (4): 28～30P
[40] 孙均．市内基坑开挖施工的环境土问题．地下空间．1999，19(4)：32～33页
[41] 胡昌元．基坑维护及周边环境观测．施工技术．1997，(9)：17—18页
[42] D. E. Alien. Feedback Service For Reducing Losses Due to Building Problems. Journal of Thermal Envelope Build Science. 1999, 22: 249～264P
[43] Eric Telcholz, JoelN. ors. Computer—Integrated Manufacturing Handbook. MoGraw Hill Book Company. 1987: 32～36
[44] 徐伟．陈震等．建筑工程施工的智能方法．同济大学出版社．1997：91～104页
[45] Nathan hlolentha. Expert System And Artlflclal intelligence. Weber System Inc, 1987: 51～59P
[46] 江继军．张利一建筑施工中高新技术的展望与对策．四J!!建筑．2000，(5)：52～54页
[47] Julio C. Martinez, Photlos G. J Ioannou. General-Purpose System For Effective Construction Simulation Construction Engineering Management. 1999, 125M: 265～276P
[2] 董毅滨．孟庆慧．冯兆印．城市地下过街通道的逆作法施工—哈尔滨南岗秋林双层地下过街通道的施工实践。施工技术．1998，(1)：4—7页
[3] 李多玲．费雨竹．寒区逆作法施工．低温建筑技术．1996，(4)：ZI～22页
[4] 程宝坪．深圳赛路广拥下室全逆作法施工技术．施工技术．1999，(4)：6—7页
[5] 夏继君．一德路中心市场地下室半逆作法施工技术．施工技术．2000，(1)：30～31页
[6] 牛青山．地下工程逆作法的现状及发展趋势．工业建筑．1995，25(3)：3～8页
[7] 现行建筑施工规范大全．中国建筑工业出版社，1995：83～88页，182页
[8] 余志成．施文华等．深基坑支护设计与施工．中国建筑工业出版社，1998：47页，270～272页
[9] 陈颖．软土地基多层地下室逆作法施工技术．建筑施工．1994，15(5)：26～29页
[10] 董树恩．杜峰．逆作法施工工艺在北京王府并在厦工程中的应用．建筑技术．2000，(5)：298～300页
[11] 陈宗严．地下楼层逆作法施工．施工技术．1990，(2)：8～10页
[12] 上海市第二建筑工程公司李定江等．高层建筑多层地下室结构逆作法施工工法(YJGF—02—96)．施工技术．1998，27(2)：37～39页
[13] M Markarchia H. G. Poulous. Simplified Method Pro—design of Underpinning. Joural of Geo—technicaf Engineering. 1996, 122(9): 745～751 P
[14] P. Clany M. F. Randolph. Simple Design Tools For Plies Raft Foundatlofl Geotechnlque. 1996, 46(2): 313～328 P
[15] K. Horlskoshi, M.F. Randolph. A Contribution of optimal Design of Piled Rafts. Getechnique. 1998, 48 (3): 301～307 P
[16] 刘宗仁．建筑施工技术．北京科技出版社，1993：94～96，171～174页
[17] 张国珠．白素洁等．建筑安装工程质量控制与检验评定手册．中国建筑工业出版社，1994：96～101页
[18] 王有为．夏靖华．杜文库等．城市地下室间开发利用设计施工技术若干问题．建筑科学．2000，(3)：5～6页
[19] 华南理工大学等．地基及基础．中国建筑出版社，1991：122～128页
[20] C. J. Wolschlay, J. R. Byrne, D. M. Cotton. Suspension Wall Shoring System. ASCE National Conference on GeoEnggneering For Underground Facllltles, Urbana, 1999, IL, USA: 200～211P
[21] June Sharp, Ted Splitter, JOhn Sturman. Case Study of Support Critical Utilities During Excavation. ASCE Natlonal Conference on Geo—Engineering For Underground Facilities, Urbana, 1999, IL, USA: 1060～1069P
[22] LILi, MichelAubertifl RIchard Siron. Stability Analysis of Underground openings Using Multi—axial Failure Criterion. ASCE National Conference on Geo—Engineering For Underground Facilities, Urbana, 1999, IL, USA: 47～482P
[23] C. Y. OU, D. C. Chion, T. S. WU. Three Dimensional Finite Element Analysis of Deep Excavation. Journal of Geo—technical Engineering. ASCE, 1999, 122(5): 337～345P
[24] 吴光龙．朱碧堂．深基坑开挖周围上体变形时空效应初探．土工基础．1999，13(3)：5～6页
[25] 金瑞君．徐伟．深大基坑开挖施工中的塑造区发展规律分析应用．建筑技术．2000，31(11)：767～770页
[26] J. S. Kuszaul, Estimation Key—block Size In Underground Excavation: Accounting For Joint Set Spacing. International Journal of Rock Mechanical Mln Science. 1999, 36(2): 217～232 P
[27] F. Baslle. No—Linear Analysis of Pile Groups. Proceedings of InternatlonalClvllEnslneering: GeotichnlcalEngineering. 1999, 137(2): 10P, 5～115P
[28] Chun wei Huang, Alan C. Lin. Curvature—Adjustment Approach To Curve Smoothing In Reverse Engineering. Journal of Chinese Society of Mechanical Engineering. 1999, (20 (3): 301～307P
[29] 汤永净．逆作法施工时结构共同作用性状分析．上海铁道大学学报．1998，19(8)：20～25页
[30] N. O. Nawari, R. Ling. Characterlzation of Uncertainty In Underground Structure. ASCE National Conference on Geo—Engineering For Underground Facilities, Urbana, 1999, IL, USA: 282～293P
[31] 张健儿．道作法施工过程中应注意的几个问题．建筑施工．1999，(2)：36～39页
[32] Laurent X. Luccioni, Juan M. Pestana, Demetrlous C. Kousoftas. Modeling Deformation Around Excavation In Soft Clays. ASCE National Conference On Geo-engineering For Underground Facilities, Urbana, 1999, IL, USA: 231～242P
[33] Masslmo Guarascio Carmela D. Bella. Risk Assessment And Safe Crlterla For Underground Caverns. ASCE Nataonal Conference on GeoEnglneering For Underground Fac ± littes, Urbana; 1999, IL, USA: 797～809P
[34] 张莉莉．逆作法施工条件下土压力的分布及其对地下连续墙的影响．建筑施工．1998，(4)：35～37页
[35] 穆保岗．施明证．龚维明．蒋永生．桩基逆作法在各层建筑中的应用．东南大学学报．2000，30(1)：95～100页
[36] 汤永净．侯学渊．高层建筑地下室逆作法测试与分析．建筑技术．1999，(5)：332～333页
[37] W. D. Guo, M. F Randdph. Effident Approach For Settlement Prediction of pile groups. Geotechnique. 1999, 49 (2): 161～179P
[38] Shani Wallis, No—dig Is the Answer For Congested Bankok Tunnels And Tunneling International. 1998, 30 (5): 26～30P
[39] Mike Page. No-dig Events At Genoa And Seattle. Tunnels And Tunneling Internatiional. 1997, (4): 28～30P
[40] 孙均．市内基坑开挖施工的环境土问题．地下空间．1999，19(4)：32～33页
[41] 胡昌元．基坑维护及周边环境观测．施工技术．1997，(9)：17—18页
[42] D. E. Alien. Feedback Service For Reducing Losses Due to Building Problems. Journal of Thermal Envelope Build Science. 1999, 22: 249～264P
[43] Eric Telcholz, JoelN. ors. Computer—Integrated Manufacturing Handbook. MoGraw Hill Book Company. 1987: 32～36
[44] 徐伟．陈震等．建筑工程施工的智能方法．同济大学出版社．1997：91～104页
[45] Nathan hlolentha. Expert System And Artlflclal intelligence. Weber System Inc, 1987: 51～59P
[46] 江继军．张利一建筑施工中高新技术的展望与对策．四J!!建筑．2000，(5)：52～54页
[47] Julio C. Martinez, Photlos G. J Ioannou. General-Purpose System For Effective Construction Simulation Construction Engineering Management. 1999, 125M: 265～276P