典型阔叶红松林主要乔木树种种子及幼苗更新动态
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摘要
研究种子扩散及幼苗更新对了解种群分布规律和和森林更新机制有重要意义。本文样地于2005年在黑龙江凉水国家级自然保护区9 hm2阔叶红松林永久样地中心地带设置299个面积为0.5m2的种子接收器和319个1m×1m的幼苗小样方来进行种子雨和一年生幼苗的更新调查。通过连续五年的调查,对阔叶红松林中主要乔木树种种子雨的组成、大小、林隙对种子雨的影响以及种子雨和幼苗的相关关系、幼苗的萌发、死亡、季节动态、林隙对幼苗的影响和幼苗的存活周期进行分析。结果表明：阔叶红松林主要乔木树种种子雨的组成在各年份间基本保持稳定,枫桦是种子雨组成的优势树种。水曲柳、糠椴和红皮云杉在一些年份中结实量很小甚至不结实。蒙古栎种子只在2009年中发现。种子雨的散布有明显的季节波动,除春榆的种子雨掉落高峰是6月份之外,其余树种种子雨掉落的高峰集中在每年的9月到10月。冷杉、水曲柳、青楷槭、花楷槭、五角械、春榆的种子雨与幼苗生长均体现出了显著相关性。水曲柳是幼苗更新的优势树种,青楷槭次之。水曲柳和青楷槭幼苗更新密度最大年份占总更新数量的80%和46.1%。冷杉、水曲柳、青楷槭、花楷槭和五角槭幼苗萌发的数量均有显著年际间差异,而其他树种年际间差异不明显。一年生幼苗季节性规律表现为,每年6月中旬到7月中旬大量新生幼苗开始萌发,每年生长季结束后的冬季到次年春季大量幼苗死亡。林隙对个别树种一年生幼苗的存活有显著的抑制作用。红松、水曲柳和青楷槭幼苗林隙和非F林隙下死亡有显著的差异性。一年生幼苗死亡周期集中出现在幼苗出生后的第一年和第二年的冬季。
Seed dispersal and seedling recruitment are important for understanding the population distributing and the mechanisms of forest regeneration. Set the plot in 2005, we established 299 seed traps (seed traps acreage 0.5 m2) and 319 seedling sample plot (1×1) to survey the seed rain and one-year-old seedling in the central of the permanent sample plots of the broadleaved-Korean pine in Liangshui nature reserve. The composition and size of the seed rain, the gap effect to the seed rain and the relation between seed rain and the one-year-old seedling, seedling germination, death, seasonal dynamics, the gap effect to the seeding and one-year-old seeding and life cycle were analysis during the past five years. The result showed that:The composition of seed rain of major species of the broadleaved-Korean pine had a great interannual variation, Betula costata was the dominant tree specie of seed rain. The densities of Fraxinus mandshurica, Tilia mandshurica and Picea koraiensis were very little in some years however were not have seed. Quercus mangolica was found only in 2009. The gap was not significantly affected the seed rain. The pertinence was very clear between the seed rain and the one-year-old seedlings of the Abies nephrolepis, Fraxinus mandshurica, Acer mono, A. tegmentosum, A. ukurunduense and Ulmu japonica. Fraxinus mandshurica was the dominant tree specie of the one-year-old seedling, A. tegmentosum was less than Fraxinus mandshurica. The largest density of Fraxinus mandshurica and A. tegmentosum was 80% and 46.1% respectively of thefive years. The one-year-old seedlings of Abies nephrolepis, Fraxinus mandshurica, Acer mono, A. tegmentosum, A. ukurunduense were changed significantly different in various years. There were a lot of one-year-old seedlings appeared from the mid-June to the mid-July in every year. There were a lot of one-year-old seedlings died because of the cold and aridity of the winter form the end of each growing season to the next spring. Gap have significant inhibition to the seedlings, the non-gap growing environment is the major factor which caused the seedlings'death. The limiting factor of seedlings death was the soil moisture, so the death cycle of seedlings centrally appeared in the first and the second winter.
Seed dispersal and seedling recruitment are important for understanding the population distributing and the mechanisms of forest regeneration. Set the plot in 2005, we established 299 seed traps (seed traps acreage 0.5 m2) and 319 seedling sample plot (1×1) to survey the seed rain and one-year-old seedling in the central of the permanent sample plots of the broadleaved-Korean pine in Liangshui nature reserve. The composition and size of the seed rain, the gap effect to the seed rain and the relation between seed rain and the one-year-old seedling, seedling germination, death, seasonal dynamics, the gap effect to the seeding and one-year-old seeding and life cycle were analysis during the past five years. The result showed that:The composition of seed rain of major species of the broadleaved-Korean pine had a great interannual variation, Betula costata was the dominant tree specie of seed rain. The densities of Fraxinus mandshurica, Tilia mandshurica and Picea koraiensis were very little in some years however were not have seed. Quercus mangolica was found only in 2009. The gap was not significantly affected the seed rain. The pertinence was very clear between the seed rain and the one-year-old seedlings of the Abies nephrolepis, Fraxinus mandshurica, Acer mono, A. tegmentosum, A. ukurunduense and Ulmu japonica. Fraxinus mandshurica was the dominant tree specie of the one-year-old seedling, A. tegmentosum was less than Fraxinus mandshurica. The largest density of Fraxinus mandshurica and A. tegmentosum was 80% and 46.1% respectively of thefive years. The one-year-old seedlings of Abies nephrolepis, Fraxinus mandshurica, Acer mono, A. tegmentosum, A. ukurunduense were changed significantly different in various years. There were a lot of one-year-old seedlings appeared from the mid-June to the mid-July in every year. There were a lot of one-year-old seedlings died because of the cold and aridity of the winter form the end of each growing season to the next spring. Gap have significant inhibition to the seedlings, the non-gap growing environment is the major factor which caused the seedlings'death. The limiting factor of seedlings death was the soil moisture, so the death cycle of seedlings centrally appeared in the first and the second winter.
引文
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[2]彭闪江,黄忠良,彭少麟,欧阳学军,徐国良.植物天然史新过程中种子和幼苗死亡的影响因素.广西植物,2004,24,113-124.
[3]Yang L-D.Yang Y. Wang G-X.et al. Effects of forest litter on seed germ ination and seedling growth:A review. Chinese Journal of Ecology,2010,29(9):1820-1826.
[4]鲁长虎.种子传播-动物的作用,2003,东北林业大学出版社.
[5]班勇.植物生活史对策的进化.生态学报,1995,14(3)：33-39.
[6]Greene D. F. and E. A. Johnson. Long distance wind dispersal of tree seeds. Canadian Journal of Botany,1995,73:1036-1045.
[7]Hovestadt T. P. Yao and K. E. Linsenmair. Seed dispersal mechanisms and the vegetation of Forest Island in a West African Forest-Savannamosaic (Comoe National Park Ivory Coast). Plant Ecology,1999,144:1-25.
[8]Medellin, R. A. and O. Gaona. Seed dispersal by bats and birds in forest and disturbed habitats of Chiapas, Mexico. Biotropica,1999,31:478-485.
[9]Nystrand, O. and A. Geranstrom. Predation on Pinus sylvestris seeds and juvenile seedlings in Swedish boreal forest in relation to stand disturbance by logging. Journal of Applied Ecology,2000,37:449-463.
[10]Chambers J C. A day in the life of a seed:movements and fates of seeds and their implications for natural and managed systems. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics,1994,25,263-293.
[11]于顺利,郎南军,彭明俊,赵琳,郭永清,郑科,张立新,温绍龙,李晖.种子雨研究进展.生态学杂志,2007,26(10)：1646-1652.
[12]Rabinowicz D, Rapp JK. Seed rain in a north American all grass prairie:The resemblance of their abundance and compositions to dispersing seeds. Oikos,1980,36: 191-195.
[13]黄雍容,马祥庆,庄凯,刘明新.黄丹丹福建闽清福建青冈天然林种子雨和种子库.热带亚热带植物学报,2010,18(1)：68-74.
[14]刘彤,周志强.蒙古栎种群种子雨与地表种子库.东北林业大学学报,2007,35(5)：22-23
[15]Wagner RH. The annual seed rain of adventive herbs in a radiation damaged forest. Ecology,1965,46:517-520.
[16]Levey D.J.and Byrne M.M. Complex.ant-plant interactions:rain forest ants as secondary dispersers and post-dispersal seed interactions:rain forest predators. Journal of Ecology,1993,74:1802-1812.
[17]Caroline E. C. and Maureen L. S. Cryptic consequences of a disprsal mutualism:seed burial, elaiosome removal, and seed-bank dynamics. Ecology,2004,85(4):1101-1110.
[18]Edwards G. Rand Crawley M.J. Rodent seed predation and seedling recruitment in mesic grassland. Oecologia,1999,118:228-296.
[19]Bleher B. and Bohning-Gaese K. Consequences of frugivores diversity for seed dispersal, seedling establishment and the spatial pattern of seedlings and trees. Oecologia,2001,129:385-394.
[20]Corlett R.T. Frugivory and seed dispersal by birds in Hong Kong shrubland. Forktail, 1998,13:23-37.
[21]刘足根,朱教君,袁小兰,王贺新,谭辉.辽东山区长白落叶松种子雨和种子库.生态学报,2007,27(2)：579-587.
[22]胡星明,蔡永立,李恺,张天澍.浙江天童常绿阔叶林栲树种子雨的时空格局.应用生态学报,2005,16(5)：815-819.
[23]韩有志,王政权.天然次生林中水曲柳种子的扩散格局.植物生态学报,2002,26(1)：51-57.
[24]周先叶,李鸣光,王伯荪.广东黑石顶森林群落黄果厚壳桂幼苗出生和死亡特征.生态科学,1996,(1)：4-8.
[25]Szwagrzyk J, Szewczyk. J, Bodziarczyk J. Dynamics of seedling banks in beech forest: result of a 10-year study on germination, growth and survival. Forest ecology and management,2001,141:237-250.
[26]Clark J.S. Why trees biology and the paleorecord migrate so fast:confronting theory with dispersal invasion. The American Naturalist.1998.152:204-224.
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