水母暴发与浮游植物群落的相互影响研究
|
摘要
通过室内受控实验以及现场模拟实验，对水母暴发与浮游植物群落的相互影响进行了研究。
首先是从下行控制的角度出发，研究水母是否能够对浮游植物进行直接摄食。通过海月水母水螅体、碟状体和水母体对中肋骨条藻和东海原甲藻的摄食活动的研究表明，水螅体和碟状体对中肋骨条藻和东海原甲藻的摄食率随藻细胞密度的升高而升高。碟状体的摄食率高于水螅体。经过藻类饵料适应处理的水螅体对藻类的摄食率会有显著增加。
其次，从浮游植物对水母的影响的角度，研究不同类型的浮游植物对水母的生长的影响。实验结果表明，对于刚刚释放的海月水母碟状体，中肋骨条藻和东海原甲藻对碟状体的生长无贡献，而亚心形扁藻和夜光藻对碟状体前12天的生长有一定贡献，但在12天之后无法维持碟状体的进一步生长发育。卤虫则能支持碟状体在12天内持续生长并发育成水母体，说明对于海月水母碟状体，动物性饵料明显优于植物性饵料。
最后，从上行控制角度，研究了水母的代谢及分解过程以及该过程中浮游植物群落结构的变化。实验结果表明，沙海蜇在代谢过程在短时间内大量消耗水体中的DO，使水体出现低氧和轻度酸化。代谢过程释放出大量营养盐，使水体中的DIN浓度在24h内增加为原来的12倍，DIP浓度增加了40多倍，进而引起水体中叶绿素a浓度的增加。
沙海蜇在分解过程使水体表现出明显的低氧(缺氧)和酸化现象。沙海蜇生物量越大，分解时间越长，对水体的改变程度越明显。沙海蜇分解过程还释放出大量的营养盐并改变原有的营养盐结构，可以刺激甲藻和绿藻的生长，甚至引发藻华，进一步引起纤毛虫的丰度剧增。
The interaction of jellyfish blooms and phytoplankton community was studiedvia laboratory controlled experiments and in situ experiments.
First, we studied the top-down regulation of phytoplankton by jellyfish viafeeding rate definition. The effects of different microalgal species and cell densitieson the feedings of polyps, ephyrae and medusae of Aurelia sp.1under controlledlaboratory conditions were investigated. Two species of microalgae, Skeletonemacostatum and Prorocentrum donghaiense, were used. With the increasing ofmicroalgal cell desities, the ingestion rates (IR) of polyps and ephyrae increased whilethe clearance rates (CR) decreased, and the IR of ephyrae were higher than those ofpolyps. The adaption of microalgae made IR of polyps increased about ten times.
Second, we evaluated the effects of different microalgal species on the growth ofnewly released Aurelia sp.1ephyrae under the controlled laboratory conditions.Results showed that newly released ephyrae can utilize some species of microalgaefor growth in the earliest development stage. Chain diatom Skeletonema costatum anddinoflagellate Prorocentrum donghaiense could not be utilized by ephyrae, while Noctiluca scintillans and chlorophyta Platymonas subcordiformis could support thegrowth for the ephyrae for the first12days. However, the ephyrae fed withphytoplankton could not develop to medusae.
Last, we studied the bottom-up regulation of phytoplankton by jellyfish duringrespiration and decomposition. Results suggested that the seawater acidification andhypoxia occurred during the respiration of Nemopilema nomurai in24hours.Meanwhile, inorganic nutrients regenerated by N. nomurai greatly increased theconcentrations of DIN and DIP in the seawater, which led to the increase ofchlorophyll a concentration.
The decomposition of N. nomurai led the seawater to significant oxygen deficitand acidification, and it got more severe when the biomass of N. nomurai was higher.Numerous inorganic nutrients were released to the seawater and the structure ofinorganic nutrients was greatly changed and dinoflagellates and chlorophyta bloomed.Furthermore, the abundance of ciliates increased due to the sufficient food.
首先是从下行控制的角度出发，研究水母是否能够对浮游植物进行直接摄食。通过海月水母水螅体、碟状体和水母体对中肋骨条藻和东海原甲藻的摄食活动的研究表明，水螅体和碟状体对中肋骨条藻和东海原甲藻的摄食率随藻细胞密度的升高而升高。碟状体的摄食率高于水螅体。经过藻类饵料适应处理的水螅体对藻类的摄食率会有显著增加。
其次，从浮游植物对水母的影响的角度，研究不同类型的浮游植物对水母的生长的影响。实验结果表明，对于刚刚释放的海月水母碟状体，中肋骨条藻和东海原甲藻对碟状体的生长无贡献，而亚心形扁藻和夜光藻对碟状体前12天的生长有一定贡献，但在12天之后无法维持碟状体的进一步生长发育。卤虫则能支持碟状体在12天内持续生长并发育成水母体，说明对于海月水母碟状体，动物性饵料明显优于植物性饵料。
最后，从上行控制角度，研究了水母的代谢及分解过程以及该过程中浮游植物群落结构的变化。实验结果表明，沙海蜇在代谢过程在短时间内大量消耗水体中的DO，使水体出现低氧和轻度酸化。代谢过程释放出大量营养盐，使水体中的DIN浓度在24h内增加为原来的12倍，DIP浓度增加了40多倍，进而引起水体中叶绿素a浓度的增加。
沙海蜇在分解过程使水体表现出明显的低氧(缺氧)和酸化现象。沙海蜇生物量越大，分解时间越长，对水体的改变程度越明显。沙海蜇分解过程还释放出大量的营养盐并改变原有的营养盐结构，可以刺激甲藻和绿藻的生长，甚至引发藻华，进一步引起纤毛虫的丰度剧增。
The interaction of jellyfish blooms and phytoplankton community was studiedvia laboratory controlled experiments and in situ experiments.
First, we studied the top-down regulation of phytoplankton by jellyfish viafeeding rate definition. The effects of different microalgal species and cell densitieson the feedings of polyps, ephyrae and medusae of Aurelia sp.1under controlledlaboratory conditions were investigated. Two species of microalgae, Skeletonemacostatum and Prorocentrum donghaiense, were used. With the increasing ofmicroalgal cell desities, the ingestion rates (IR) of polyps and ephyrae increased whilethe clearance rates (CR) decreased, and the IR of ephyrae were higher than those ofpolyps. The adaption of microalgae made IR of polyps increased about ten times.
Second, we evaluated the effects of different microalgal species on the growth ofnewly released Aurelia sp.1ephyrae under the controlled laboratory conditions.Results showed that newly released ephyrae can utilize some species of microalgaefor growth in the earliest development stage. Chain diatom Skeletonema costatum anddinoflagellate Prorocentrum donghaiense could not be utilized by ephyrae, while Noctiluca scintillans and chlorophyta Platymonas subcordiformis could support thegrowth for the ephyrae for the first12days. However, the ephyrae fed withphytoplankton could not develop to medusae.
Last, we studied the bottom-up regulation of phytoplankton by jellyfish duringrespiration and decomposition. Results suggested that the seawater acidification andhypoxia occurred during the respiration of Nemopilema nomurai in24hours.Meanwhile, inorganic nutrients regenerated by N. nomurai greatly increased theconcentrations of DIN and DIP in the seawater, which led to the increase ofchlorophyll a concentration.
The decomposition of N. nomurai led the seawater to significant oxygen deficitand acidification, and it got more severe when the biomass of N. nomurai was higher.Numerous inorganic nutrients were released to the seawater and the structure ofinorganic nutrients was greatly changed and dinoflagellates and chlorophyta bloomed.Furthermore, the abundance of ciliates increased due to the sufficient food.
引文
Anninsky B E.1988. The rate and efficiency of copepod assimilation by scyphoidmedusa Aurelia aurita L. Ekologiya Morya,28:5864.
Arai M N.1997. A Functional Biology of Scyphozoa. Chapman&Hall, London.
B mstedt U.1988. Ecological significance of individual variability in copepodbioenergetics. Hydrobiologia,167(1):43-59.
B mstedt U, Ishii H, Martinussen M B.1997. Is the scyphomedusa Cyanea capillata(L.) dependent on gelatinous prey for its early development? Sarsia,82:269-273.
B msted U, Martinussen M B, Matsakis S.1994. Trophodynamics of the twoscyphozoan jellyfishes, Aurelia aurita and Cyanea capillata, in western Norway.ICES Journal of Marine Science,51(4):369-382.
B mstedt U, Nejstgaard J C, Solberg P T, H is ter T.1999. Utilisationof small-sizedfood algae by Calanus finmarchicus (Copepoda, Calanoida) and the significanceof feeding history. Sarsia,84(1):19-38.
B mstedt U, Wild B, Martinussen M.2001. Significance of food type for growth ofephyrae Aurelia aurita (Scyphozoa).Marine Biology,139(4):641-650.
Biggs D.1977. Respiration and ammonium excretion by openocean gelatinouszooplankton. Limnology and Oceanography,22:108117.
Bilio M, Niermann U.2004Is the comb jelly really to blame for it all? Mnemiopsisleidyi and the ecological concerns about the Caspian Sea. Marine EcologyProgress Series269:173-183
Brodeur R, Sugisaki H, Hunt G J.2002. Increases in jellyfish biomass in the BeringSea: implications for the ecosystem. Marine Ecology Progress Series233:89103.
Bronk D A, See J H, Bradley P, Killberg L.2006. DON as a source of bioavailablenitrogen for phytoplankton. Biogeosciences Discussions,3:12471277.
Cheng J, Li S, Ding F, Yan L.2004. Primary analysis on the jellyfish blooms and itscause in the East China Sea and the Yellow Sea. Journal of Modern FisheriesInformation,19:10-12(in Chinese with English abstract)
Cheng J, Ding F, Li S, Yan L, Ling J, Li J, Liu Y.2005. A study on the quantitydistribution of macro-jellyfish and its relationship to sea water temperature andsalinity in the East China Sea Region.Acta Ecologica Sinica,25:440-445.(inChinese with English abstract)
Conover, R. J.,1966. Assimilation of organic matter by zooplankton. Limnology andOceanography,11:338345.
Costello J.1991. Complete carbon and nitrogen budgets for the hydromedusaCladonema californicum (Anthomedusa: Cladonemidae). Marine Biology,108:119128.
Ding F, Cheng J.2005. The analysis on fish stock characteristics in the distributionareas of large jellyfish during summer and autumn in the East China Searegion.Marine Fisheries,27:120-128.(in Chinese with English abstract)
Dong J, Liu C, Wang Y, Wang B.2006. Laboratory observations on the life cycle ofCyanea nozakii(Semeo-stomida, Scyphozoa). Acta Zoologica Sinica,52(2):389-395.
Granéli E, Turner JT.2002. Top-down regulation in ctenophore copepodciliate diatom phytoflagellate communities in coastal waters: a mesocosm study.Marine Ecology Progress Series239:5768
Greve W1994. The1989German Bight invasion of Muggiaea atlantica. ICESJournal of Marine Science,51:355358.
Guillard R RL, Ryther J H.1962. Studies of marine planktonic diatoms: i. Cyclotellanana Hustedt, and Detonula confervacea (Cleve) Gran. Canadian Journal ofMicrobiology,8(2):229-239.
Han C H, Uye S.2010. Combined effects of food supply and temperature on asexualreproduction and somatic growth of polyps of the common jellyfish Aureliaaurita s.l. Plankton Benthos Research,5(3):98-105.
Hernroth L, G ndahl F.1985. On the biology of Aurelia aurita (L.):2. Major factorsregulating the occurrence of ephyrae and young medusae in the Gullmar fjord,western Sweden. Bulletin of Marine Science,37(2):567-576.
Ishii H.2001. The influence of environmental changes upon the coastal planktonecosystems, with special reference to mass occurrence of jellyfish.Bulletin ofPlankton Society of Japan,48:55-61.(in Japanese with English abstract)
Kideys AE (1994) Recent dramatic changes in the Black Sea ecosystem: the reasonfor the sharp decline in Turkish anchovy fisheries. Journal of Marine Systems5:171-181
Kerstan M.1977. Untersuchungen zur Nahrungs kologie von Aurelia aurita Lam.Diplomarbeit, Universit t Kiel, Kiel,1-95.
Kremer P.1979. Predation by the ctenophore Mnemiopsis leidyi. Narragansett Bay,Rhode Island. Estuaries,2:97105.
Larson R J.1986. Water-Content, Organic Content, and Carbon and NitrogenComposition of Medusae from the Northeast Pacific. J Exp Mar Biol Ecol,99(2):107-120
Escaravage V, Prins T C, Smaal A C, Peeters J C H.1996. The response o fphytoplankton communities to phosphorus input reduction in mesocosmexperiments. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology,198(1):55-79.
Fenchel T, King G M, Blackburn T H.1998. Bacterial Biogeochemistry: TheEcophysiology of Mineral Cycling. Academic Press, San Diego:307pp.
Ferguson J C.1982. A comparative study of the net metabolic benefits derived fromthe uptake and release of free amino acids by marine invertebrates. BiologicalBulletin,162:117.
Ferguson J C.1988. Autoradiographic demonstration of the use of free amino acid bySargasso Sea zooplankton. Journal of Plankton Research,10:12251238.
Graham W M.2001. Numerical increases and distributional shifts of Chrysaoraquinquecirrha (Desor) and Aurelia aurita (L.)(Cnidaria: Scyphozoa) in thenorthern Gulf of Mexico, Hydrobiologia,451, pp.97111
Graham W M, Martin D L, Felder D L, Asper V L, Perry H M.2003. Ecological andeconomic implications of a tropical jellyfish invader in the Gulf of Mexico.Biological Invasions,5(1-2):53-69.
Hansson, L J, Norman B.1995. Release of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) by thescyphozoan jellyfish Aurelia aurita and its potential influence on the productionof planktonic bacteria. Marine Biology,121:527532.
Hay S.2006. Marine ecology: gelatinous bells may bring change in marineecosystems. Current Biology,16:679-682.
Jacobsen A, Egge J K, Heimdal B R.1995. Effects of increased concentration ofnitrate and phosphate during a spring bloom experiment in mesocosm. Journal ofExperimental Marine Biology and Ecology,187(2):239-251.
Jickells T D.1998. Nutrient biogeochemistry of the coastal zone. Science,281(5374):217-222.
Kamiyama T.2011. Planktonic ciliates as a food source for the scyphozoan Aureliaaurita (sl): Feeding activity and assimilation of the polyp stage. Journal ofExperimental Marine Biology and Ecology,407(2):207-215.
Katechakis A, Stirbor H, Sommer U, Hansen T.2004. Feeding selectivities and foodniche separation of Acartia clausi, Penilia avirostris (Crustacea) and Doliolumdenticulatum (Thaliacea) in Blanes Bay (Catalan Sea, NW Mediterranean).Journal of Plankton Research,26:589603.
Kremer P.1975. Excretion and body composition of the ctenophore Mnemiopsis leidyi(A. Agassiz): comparisons and consequences. In10th European Symposium onMarine Biology, Ostend, Belgium:351362.
Ianora A, Poulet S A, Miralto A.1995. A comparative study of the inhibitory effect ofdiatoms on the reproductive biology of the copepod Temora stylifera.MarineBiology,121(3):533-539.
Ishii H.2001. The influence of environmental changes upon the coastal planktonecosystems, with special reference to mass occurrence of jellyfish.Bulletin ofPlankton Society of Japan,48:55-61.(in Japanese with English abstract)
Jonasdottir S H, Fields D, Pantoja S.1995. Copepod egg production in Long IslandSound, USA, as a function of the chemical composition of seston.MarineEcology Progress Series,119:87-98.
Kremer P.1977. Respiration and excretion by the ctenophore Mnepiopsis leidyi.Marine Biology,44(1):43-50.
Kremer P.1982. Effect of food availability on the metabolism of the ctenophoreMnemiopsis mccradyi. Marine Biology,71:149156.
Kremer P.2005. Ingestion and elemental budgets for Linuche unguiculata, ascyphomedusa with zooxanthellae. Journalof the Marine Biological Associationof the UnitedKingdom,85:613625.
Kremer P, Canino M F, Gilmer R W.1986. Metabolism of epipelagic tropicalctenophores. Marine Biology,90:403412.
Kremer P, Costello J, Kremer J, Canino M.1990. Significance of photosyntheticendosymbionts to the carbon budget of the scyphomedusa Linuche unguiculata.Limnology and Oceanography,35:609624.
Kremer P, Reeve M R.1989. Growth dynamics of a ctenophore (Mnemiopsis) inrelation to variable food supply.2. Carbon budgets and growth model. Journal ofPlankton Research,11:553574
Larson R J.1986. Water content, organic content, and carbon and nitrogencomposition of medusae from the northeast Pacific. Journal of ExperimentalMarine Biology and Ecology,99:107120.
Lee J H, Choi H W, Chae J, Kim D S, Lee S B.2006. Performance analysis of intakescreens in power plants on mass impingement of marine organisms. Ocean andPolar Research,28:385-393.
Lilley M K S, Houghton J D R, Hays G C.2009. Distribution, extent of inter-annualvariability and diet of the bloom-forming jellyfish Rhizostoma in Europeanwaters. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom,89(01):39-48.
Lo W T, Purcell J E, Hung J J, Su H M, Hsu P K.2008. Enhancement of jellyfish(Aurelia aurita) populations by extensive aquaculture rafts in a coastal lagoon inTaiwan. ICES Journal of Marine Science,65(3):453-461.
Lucas C H.1994. Biochemical composition of Aurelia aurita in relation to age andsexual maturity. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology,183:179182.
Lucas C H, Williams J A.1994. Population dynamics of the scyphomedusa Aureliaaurita in Southampton Water. Journal of Plankton Research,16(7),879-895.
Lucas C H.1996. Population dynamics of Aurelia aurita (Scyphozoa) from anisolated brackish lake, with particular reference to sexual reproduction. Journalof Plankton Research,18(6):987-1007.
Lutcavage M, Lutz P L.1986. Metabolic rate and food energy requirements of theleatherback sea turtle, Dermochelys coriacea. Copeia1986:796798.
Lynam C P, Heath M R, Hay S J, Brierley A S.2005. Evidence for impacts byjellyfish on North Sea herring recruitment. Marine Ecology Progress Series,298:157-167.
Malej A.1989. Respiration and excretion rates of Pelagia noctiluca (Semaeostomeae,Scyphozoa).In Proceedingsof the21st EMBS. Polish Academy of Sciences,Instituteof Oceanology, Gdansk:107113.
Malej A.1991. Rates of metabolism of jellyfish as related to body weight, chemicalcomposition and temperature UNEP: jellyfish blooms in the Mediterranean. InProceedings of the II Workshop on Jellyfish in the Mediterranean. UNEP, Athens:253259.
Malej A, Faganeli J, Pezdic J.1993. Stable isotope and biochemical fractionation inthe marine pelagic food-chain: the jellyfish Pelagia noctiluca and netzooplankton. Marine Biology,116:565570.
Matsakis S.1992. Ammonia excretion rate of Clytia spp. hydromedusae (CnidariaThecata): effects of individual dry weight, temperature and food availability.Marine Ecology Progress Series,84:5563.
McCloskey L R, Muscatine L, Wilkerson F P.1994. Daily photosynthesis, respiration,and carbon budgets in a tropical marine jellyfish (Mastigias sp.) Marine Biology,119:1322.
Miller C, Glibert P.1998. Nitrogen excretion by the calanoid copepod Acartia tonsa:results of mesocosm experiments. Journal of Plankton Research,20:17671780.
Miller R J.1970. Distribution and energetics of an estuarine population of thectenopHore, Mnemiopsis leidyi. PH.D. Thesis, Department of Zoology, NorthCarolina State University, Raleigh.
Mills C E.1995. Medusae, siphonophores, and ctenophoresas planktivorous predatorsin changing global ecosystems. ICES Journal of Marine Science,52:575581.
Mills C E,2001. Jellyfish blooms: are populations increasing globally in response tochanging ocean conditions? Hydrobiologia,451:5568.
Mironov G N.1967. Feeding of planktonic predators III Food utilization and dailyrations of Aurelia aurita (L.). Biology and distribution of plankton in southernseas, Academy Nauka, Moscow.(In Russian),124-137.
M ller H.1980. Population dynamics of Aurelia aurita medusae in Kiel Bight,Germany (FRG). Marine Biology,60:123-128.
M ller H.1984. Reduction of a larval herring population by jellyfish predator.Science,224(4649):621-622.
M ller L F, Riisg rd H U. Feeding, bioenergetics and growth in the common jellyfishAurelia aurita and two hydromedusae, Sarsia tubulosa and Aequorea vitrina.Marine Ecology Progress Series,346:167-177.
Nagai T.2003. Recovery of fish stocks in the Seto Inland Sea. Marine pollutionbulletin,47(1):126-131.
Nemazie D A, Purcell J E, Glibert P M.1993. Ammonium excretion by gelatinouszooplankton and their contribution to the ammonium requirements ofmicroplankton in Chesapeake Bay. Marine Biology,116:451458.
Nielsen A S, Pedersen A W, Riisg rd H U.1997. Implications of density drivencurrents for interaction between jellyfish (Aurelia aurita) and zooplankton in aDanish fjord. Sarsia,82(4):297-305.
Officer C B, Ryther J H.1980. The possible importance of silicon in marineeutrophication. Marine Ecology Progress Series,3(1):83-91.
Omori M, Ishii H, Fujinaga A.1995. Life history strategy of Aurelia aurita (Cnidaria,Scyphomedusa) and its impact on the zooplankton community of Tokyo Bay.ICES Journal of Marine Science,52:597-603.
Omori M, Kitamura M.2004. Taxonomic review of three Japanese species of ediblejellyfish (Scyphozoa: Rhizostomeae). Plankton Biology and Ecology,51(1):36-51.
Olesen N J, Frandsen K, Riisg rd H U.1994. Population dynamics, growth andenergetics of jellyfish Aurelia aurita in a shallow fjord. Marine Ecology ProgressSeries,105:9-18.
Pauly D, Graham W M, Libralato S, Morissette L, den Palomares M L.2009. Jellyfishin ecosystems, online databases, and ecosystem models. Hydrobiologia,616:67-85.
Parsons T R, Lalli C M.2002. Jellyfish population explosions: revisiting a hypothesisof possible causes. Lamer,40:111-121.
Pérez-Ruzafa A, Gilabert J, Gutiérrez J M, Fernández A I, Marcos C, Sabah S.2002.Evidence of a planktonic food web response to changes in nutrient inputdynamics in the Mar Menor coastal lagoon, Spain. Hydrobiologia,475(1):359-369.
Pitt K A, Kingsford M J.2003. Temporal variation in the virgin biomass of the ediblejellyfish, Catostylus mosaicus (Scyphozoa, Rhizostomeae) Fisheries Research,63:303313.
Pitt K A, Kingsford M, Rissik D, et al.2007. Jellyfish modify the response ofplanktonic assemblages to nutrient pulses[J]. Marine Ecology Progress Series,351:1-13.
Pitt K A, Koop K, Rissik D.2005. Contrasting contributions to inorganic nutrientrecycling by the co-occurring jellyfishes, Catostylus mosaicus and Phyllorhizapunctate(Scyphozoa, Rhizostomeae). Journal of Experimental Marine Biologyand Ecology,315:7186.
Pitt K A, Welsh D T, Condon R H.2009. Influence of jellyfish blooms on carbon,nitrogen and pHospHorus cycling and plankton production. Hydrobiologia,616:133-149.
Purcell J E.1997. Pelagic cnidarians and ctenophores as predators: selective predation,feeding rates and effects on prey populations. Annales de l’Institut océanographique, Paris,73:125137.
Purcell J E, B mstedt U, B mstedt A.1999. Prey, feeding rates, and asexualreproduction rates of the introduced oligohaline hydrozoan Moerisia lyonsi.Marine Biology,134(2):317-325.
Purcell J E.2008. Extension of methods for jellyfish and ctenophore trophic ecologyto large-scale research. Hydrobiologia,206:23-50.
Purcell J E, Kremer P.1983. Feeding and metabolism of the siphonophoreSphaeronectes gracili. Journal of Plankton Research,5:95106.
Purcell J E.1981. Dietary composition and diel feeding patterns of epipelagicsiphonophores. Marine Biology,65(1):83-90.
Purcell J E.1983. Digestion rates and assimilation efficiencies of siphonophores fedzooplankton prey. Marine Biology,73(3):257-261.
Purcell J E.1984. Predation on fish larvae by Physalia physalis, the Portuguese manof war. Marine ecology progress series,19(1):189-191.
Purcell J E.1991. A review of cnidarians and ctenophores feeding on competitors inthe plankton. In Coelenterate Biology: recent research on cnidaria andctenophore (pp.335-342). Springer Netherlands.
Purcell J E, Arai M N.2001. Interactions of pelagic cnidarians and ctenopHores withfishes: a review. Hydrobiologia,451:27-44.
Purcell J E.2005. Climate effects on formation of jellyfish and ctenophore blooms: areview. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom,85(3):461-476.
Purcell J E, Uye S, Lo W T.2007. Anthropogenic causes of jellyfish blooms and theirdirect consequences for humans: a review. Marine Ecology Progress Series,350:153.
Purcell J E.2012. Jellyfish and ctenophore blooms coincide with human proliferationsand environmental perturbations. Annual Review of Marine Science,4:209-235.
Raffealli D G, Raven R A, Poole L J.1998. Ecological impact of green macro algalblooms. Oceanography and Marine Biology: An Annual Review,36:97125.
Redfield A C, Ketchum B H, Richards F A.1963.The influence of organisms on thecomposition of seawater. In Hill, M. N.(ed.), The Sea, Vol.2. Interscience,NewYork:2677.
Reeve M R, Walter M A, Ikeda T.1978. Laboratory studies of ingestion and foodutilization in lobate and tentaculate ctenophores. Limnology and Oceanography,24:740751.
Richardson A J, Bakun A, Hays G C, et al.2009. The jellyfish joyride: causes,consequences and management responses to a more gelatinous future. Trends inecology&evolution,24(6):312-322.
Riemann L, Titelman J, B mstedt U.2006. Links between jellyfish and microbes in ajellyfish dominated fjord. Marine Ecology Progress Series,325:2942.
Schneider G, Behrends G.1994. Population dynamics and the tropHic role of Aureliaaurita medusae in the Kiel Bight and western Baltic. ICES Journal of MarineScience,51(4):359-367.
Schneider G, Behrends G.1998. Top-down control in a neritic plankton system byAurelia aurita medusa3a summary. Ophelia,48(2):71-82.
Schneider G.1989. The common jellyfish Aurelia aurita: standing stock, excretionand nutrient regeneration in the Kiel Bight, Western Baltic. Marine Biology,100:507514.
Schneider G.1990. A comparison of carbon based ammonia excretion rates betweengelatinous and non-gelatinous zooplankton: implications and consequences.Marine Biology,106:219225.
Shick J M.1975. Uptake and utilization of dissolved glycine by Aurelia auritascyphistomae: temperature effects on the uptake process; nutritional role ofdissolved amino acids. The Biological Bulletin,148(1),:117-140.
Shiganova T, Mirzoyan Z, Studenikina E, Volovik S, Siokou-Frangou I, Zervoudaki S,Dumont H.2001. Population development of the invader ctenophore Mnemiopsisleidyi, in the Black Sea and in other seas of the Mediterranean basin. MarineBiology,139(3):431-445.
Shimauchi H, Uye S.2007. Excretion and respiration rates of the scyphomedusaAurelia aurita from the Inland Sea of Japan. Journal of Oceanography,63:2734.
Sommer U, Stibor H, Katechakis A, Sommer F, Hansen, T.2002. Pelagic food webconfigurations at different levels of nutrient richness and their implications forthe ratio fish production: primary production. Hydrobiologia,484(1-3):11-20.
Sun S, Huo Y, Yang B.2010. Zooplankton functional groups on the continental shelfof the yellow sea. Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography,57(11):1006-1016.
Sun X, Wang S, Sun S.2011. Introduction to the China jellyfish project. ChineseJournal of Oceanology and Limnology,29(2):491-492.
Southward A J.1955. Observations on the ciliary currents of the jellyfish Aureliaaurita L. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom,34:201-216.
Southwell M W, Popp B N, Martens C. S.2008. Nitrification controls on fluxes andisotopic composition of nitrate from Florida Keys sponges. Marine Chemistry,108:96108.
Stibor H, Vadstein O, Diehl S, Gelzleichter A and others (2004) Copepods act as aswitch between alternative trophic cascades in marine pelagic food webs. EcolLett,7:321328
Sullivan B K, Suchman C L, Costello J H.1997. Mechanics of prey selection byepHyrae of the scypHomedusa Aurelia aurita. Marine Biology,130:213-222.
Toyokawa M, Furota T, Terazaki M.2000. Life history and seasonal abundance ofAurelia aurita medusae in Tokyo Bay, Japan. Plankton Biology and Ecology,47:48-58.
Uye S, Ueta U.2004.Recent increase of jellyfish populations and their nuisance tofisheries in the Inland Sea of Japan.Bulletin of Japanese Society of FisheryOceanograpHy,68(1):9-19.(in Japanese with English abstract)
Uye S.2008. Blooms of the giant jellyfish Nemopilema nomurai: a threat to thefisheries sustainability of the East Asian Marginal Seas. Plankton BenthosResearch,3(Suppl):125-131.
Wang R, Conover R J,1986. Dynamics of gut pigment in the copepod Temoralongicornis and the determination of in situ grazing rates. Limnol Oceanogr,31:867—877
Titelman J, Riemann L, S rnes, T A, Nilsen T, Griekspoor P, B mstedt U.2006.Turnover of dead jellyfish: stimulation and retardation of microbial activity.Marine Ecology Progress Series,325:4358.
Uye S. Shimauchi H.2005. Population biomass, feeding, respiration and growth rates,and carbon budget of the scyphomedusa Aurelia aurita in the Inland sea of Japan.Journal of Plankton Research,27:237248.
Valiela I, McClelland J, Hauxwell J, Behr P J, Hersh D, Foreman K.1997. Macroalgal blooms in shallow estuaries: controls and ecophysiological and ecosystemconsequences. Limnology and Oceanography,42:11051118.
Viaroli P, Bartoli M, Bondavalli C, Naldi M.1995.Oxygen fluxes and dystrophy in acoastal lagoon colonized by Ulva rigida (Sacca di Goro, Po River Delta,NorthernItaly). Fresenius Environmental Bulletin,4:381386.
Welsh D T, Castadelli G,2004. Bacterial nitrification activity directly associated withisolated benthic marine animals. Marine Biology,144:10291037.
West E J, Welsh D T, Pitt K A.2008. Influence of decomposing jellyfish on sedimentoxygen demand and nutrient dynamics. Hydrobiologia,616:151-160
Wilkerson F P, Kremer P.1992. DIN, DON and PO4flux by a medusa with algalsymbionts. Marine Ecology Progress Series,90:237250.
Yan L, Li S, Ding F.2004. The preliminary studies on the dynamics of macro-jellyfishresources and their relationship with fisheries in the East China Sea and YellowSea. Marine Fisheries,26:9-12.(in Chinese with English abstract)
Zhang F, Sun S, Jin X, Li C.2012. Associations of large jellyfish distributions withtemperature and salinity in the Yellow Sea and East China Sea. Hydrobiologia,690(1):81-96.
Zheng S, Sun X X, Sun S.2012. The grazing of Aurelia sp.1on Skeletonema costatumand Prorocentrum Donghaiense.Oceanologia et Limnologia Sinica,43(3):445-450.(in Chinese with English abstract)
Zhou M J, Shen Z L, Yu R C.2008. Responses of a coastal phytoplankton communityto increased nutrient input from the Changjiang (Yangtze) River. ContinentalShelf Research,28(12):1483-1489.
丁峰元，程家骅,2005.东海区夏、秋季大型水母分布区渔业资源特征分析.海洋渔业，27(2)：120-128
王荣,范春雷,1997.东海浮游桡足类的摄食活动及其对垂直碳通量的贡献.海洋与湖沼,28(6):579—587
王修林，李克强，石晓勇.2006.胶州湾主要化学污染物海洋环境容量，科学出版社，北京，pp.48
孙军,刘东艳,钱树本,1999.浮游植物生物量研究Ⅰ.浮游植物生物量细胞体积转换法.海洋学报,21(1):114—121
孙松,于志刚,李超伦,黄邦钦,庄志猛,魏皓,孙晓霞.2012.黄,东海水母暴发机理及其生态环境效应研究进展.海洋与湖沼,43(3).
孙晓霞,孙松,吴玉霖等.2011.胶州湾网采浮游植物群落结构的长期变化[J].海洋与湖沼,42(5):639-646
宋金明,马清霞,李宁,李学刚,袁华茂,段丽琴,曲宝晓.2012.沙海蜇(Nemopilema nomurai)消亡过程中海水.海洋与湖沼,43(3):
李学刚,李宁,马清霞,袁华茂,段丽琴,宋金明.2012.沙海蜇(Nemopilemanomurai)模拟消亡过程中.海洋与湖沼,43(3):
林昱，庄栋法，陈孝麟，唐森铭.1994.初析赤潮成因研究的围隔实验结果Ⅱ.浮游植物群落演替与甲藻赤潮，应用生态学报，5(3):314-318
张芳,孙松,李超伦.2009.海洋水母类生态学研究进展.自然科学进展,19(2):121-130.
郑凤英,陈四清,倪佳,2010.海月水母的生物学特征及其爆发.海洋科学进展,28(1):126—132
郑珊,孙晓霞,孙松.2012.海月水母(Aurelia sp.1)对中肋骨条藻(Skeletonemacostatum)和东海原甲藻(Prorocentrum donghaiense)摄食的研究.海洋与湖沼,43(03):445-450
郎卫东,章小明,杨逸萍.1998.中国近岸海域潜在性富营养化程度的评价.台湾海峡,17(1):64-70.
高尚武,洪惠馨,张士美,2002.中国动物志(第27卷):水螅虫纲钵水母纲.北京:科学出版社,1—8
程家骅,李圣法,丁峰元,严利平.2004.东,黄海大型水母暴发现象及其可能成因浅析.现代渔业信息,19(5):10-12.
程家骅,丁峰元,李圣法,严利平,凌建忠,李建生,刘勇.2005.东海区大型水母数量分布特征及其与温盐度的关系.生态学报,25(3):440-445.
董婧,孙明,赵云,王彬,刘修泽,于旭光,刘春洋.2012.中国北部海域灾害水母沙蜇(Nemopilema nomurai).海洋与湖沼,43(3).
Arai M N.1997. A Functional Biology of Scyphozoa. Chapman&Hall, London.
B mstedt U.1988. Ecological significance of individual variability in copepodbioenergetics. Hydrobiologia,167(1):43-59.
B mstedt U, Ishii H, Martinussen M B.1997. Is the scyphomedusa Cyanea capillata(L.) dependent on gelatinous prey for its early development? Sarsia,82:269-273.
B msted U, Martinussen M B, Matsakis S.1994. Trophodynamics of the twoscyphozoan jellyfishes, Aurelia aurita and Cyanea capillata, in western Norway.ICES Journal of Marine Science,51(4):369-382.
B mstedt U, Nejstgaard J C, Solberg P T, H is ter T.1999. Utilisationof small-sizedfood algae by Calanus finmarchicus (Copepoda, Calanoida) and the significanceof feeding history. Sarsia,84(1):19-38.
B mstedt U, Wild B, Martinussen M.2001. Significance of food type for growth ofephyrae Aurelia aurita (Scyphozoa).Marine Biology,139(4):641-650.
Biggs D.1977. Respiration and ammonium excretion by openocean gelatinouszooplankton. Limnology and Oceanography,22:108117.
Bilio M, Niermann U.2004Is the comb jelly really to blame for it all? Mnemiopsisleidyi and the ecological concerns about the Caspian Sea. Marine EcologyProgress Series269:173-183
Brodeur R, Sugisaki H, Hunt G J.2002. Increases in jellyfish biomass in the BeringSea: implications for the ecosystem. Marine Ecology Progress Series233:89103.
Bronk D A, See J H, Bradley P, Killberg L.2006. DON as a source of bioavailablenitrogen for phytoplankton. Biogeosciences Discussions,3:12471277.
Cheng J, Li S, Ding F, Yan L.2004. Primary analysis on the jellyfish blooms and itscause in the East China Sea and the Yellow Sea. Journal of Modern FisheriesInformation,19:10-12(in Chinese with English abstract)
Cheng J, Ding F, Li S, Yan L, Ling J, Li J, Liu Y.2005. A study on the quantitydistribution of macro-jellyfish and its relationship to sea water temperature andsalinity in the East China Sea Region.Acta Ecologica Sinica,25:440-445.(inChinese with English abstract)
Conover, R. J.,1966. Assimilation of organic matter by zooplankton. Limnology andOceanography,11:338345.
Costello J.1991. Complete carbon and nitrogen budgets for the hydromedusaCladonema californicum (Anthomedusa: Cladonemidae). Marine Biology,108:119128.
Ding F, Cheng J.2005. The analysis on fish stock characteristics in the distributionareas of large jellyfish during summer and autumn in the East China Searegion.Marine Fisheries,27:120-128.(in Chinese with English abstract)
Dong J, Liu C, Wang Y, Wang B.2006. Laboratory observations on the life cycle ofCyanea nozakii(Semeo-stomida, Scyphozoa). Acta Zoologica Sinica,52(2):389-395.
Granéli E, Turner JT.2002. Top-down regulation in ctenophore copepodciliate diatom phytoflagellate communities in coastal waters: a mesocosm study.Marine Ecology Progress Series239:5768
Greve W1994. The1989German Bight invasion of Muggiaea atlantica. ICESJournal of Marine Science,51:355358.
Guillard R RL, Ryther J H.1962. Studies of marine planktonic diatoms: i. Cyclotellanana Hustedt, and Detonula confervacea (Cleve) Gran. Canadian Journal ofMicrobiology,8(2):229-239.
Han C H, Uye S.2010. Combined effects of food supply and temperature on asexualreproduction and somatic growth of polyps of the common jellyfish Aureliaaurita s.l. Plankton Benthos Research,5(3):98-105.
Hernroth L, G ndahl F.1985. On the biology of Aurelia aurita (L.):2. Major factorsregulating the occurrence of ephyrae and young medusae in the Gullmar fjord,western Sweden. Bulletin of Marine Science,37(2):567-576.
Ishii H.2001. The influence of environmental changes upon the coastal planktonecosystems, with special reference to mass occurrence of jellyfish.Bulletin ofPlankton Society of Japan,48:55-61.(in Japanese with English abstract)
Kideys AE (1994) Recent dramatic changes in the Black Sea ecosystem: the reasonfor the sharp decline in Turkish anchovy fisheries. Journal of Marine Systems5:171-181
Kerstan M.1977. Untersuchungen zur Nahrungs kologie von Aurelia aurita Lam.Diplomarbeit, Universit t Kiel, Kiel,1-95.
Kremer P.1979. Predation by the ctenophore Mnemiopsis leidyi. Narragansett Bay,Rhode Island. Estuaries,2:97105.
Larson R J.1986. Water-Content, Organic Content, and Carbon and NitrogenComposition of Medusae from the Northeast Pacific. J Exp Mar Biol Ecol,99(2):107-120
Escaravage V, Prins T C, Smaal A C, Peeters J C H.1996. The response o fphytoplankton communities to phosphorus input reduction in mesocosmexperiments. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology,198(1):55-79.
Fenchel T, King G M, Blackburn T H.1998. Bacterial Biogeochemistry: TheEcophysiology of Mineral Cycling. Academic Press, San Diego:307pp.
Ferguson J C.1982. A comparative study of the net metabolic benefits derived fromthe uptake and release of free amino acids by marine invertebrates. BiologicalBulletin,162:117.
Ferguson J C.1988. Autoradiographic demonstration of the use of free amino acid bySargasso Sea zooplankton. Journal of Plankton Research,10:12251238.
Graham W M.2001. Numerical increases and distributional shifts of Chrysaoraquinquecirrha (Desor) and Aurelia aurita (L.)(Cnidaria: Scyphozoa) in thenorthern Gulf of Mexico, Hydrobiologia,451, pp.97111
Graham W M, Martin D L, Felder D L, Asper V L, Perry H M.2003. Ecological andeconomic implications of a tropical jellyfish invader in the Gulf of Mexico.Biological Invasions,5(1-2):53-69.
Hansson, L J, Norman B.1995. Release of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) by thescyphozoan jellyfish Aurelia aurita and its potential influence on the productionof planktonic bacteria. Marine Biology,121:527532.
Hay S.2006. Marine ecology: gelatinous bells may bring change in marineecosystems. Current Biology,16:679-682.
Jacobsen A, Egge J K, Heimdal B R.1995. Effects of increased concentration ofnitrate and phosphate during a spring bloom experiment in mesocosm. Journal ofExperimental Marine Biology and Ecology,187(2):239-251.
Jickells T D.1998. Nutrient biogeochemistry of the coastal zone. Science,281(5374):217-222.
Kamiyama T.2011. Planktonic ciliates as a food source for the scyphozoan Aureliaaurita (sl): Feeding activity and assimilation of the polyp stage. Journal ofExperimental Marine Biology and Ecology,407(2):207-215.
Katechakis A, Stirbor H, Sommer U, Hansen T.2004. Feeding selectivities and foodniche separation of Acartia clausi, Penilia avirostris (Crustacea) and Doliolumdenticulatum (Thaliacea) in Blanes Bay (Catalan Sea, NW Mediterranean).Journal of Plankton Research,26:589603.
Kremer P.1975. Excretion and body composition of the ctenophore Mnemiopsis leidyi(A. Agassiz): comparisons and consequences. In10th European Symposium onMarine Biology, Ostend, Belgium:351362.
Ianora A, Poulet S A, Miralto A.1995. A comparative study of the inhibitory effect ofdiatoms on the reproductive biology of the copepod Temora stylifera.MarineBiology,121(3):533-539.
Ishii H.2001. The influence of environmental changes upon the coastal planktonecosystems, with special reference to mass occurrence of jellyfish.Bulletin ofPlankton Society of Japan,48:55-61.(in Japanese with English abstract)
Jonasdottir S H, Fields D, Pantoja S.1995. Copepod egg production in Long IslandSound, USA, as a function of the chemical composition of seston.MarineEcology Progress Series,119:87-98.
Kremer P.1977. Respiration and excretion by the ctenophore Mnepiopsis leidyi.Marine Biology,44(1):43-50.
Kremer P.1982. Effect of food availability on the metabolism of the ctenophoreMnemiopsis mccradyi. Marine Biology,71:149156.
Kremer P.2005. Ingestion and elemental budgets for Linuche unguiculata, ascyphomedusa with zooxanthellae. Journalof the Marine Biological Associationof the UnitedKingdom,85:613625.
Kremer P, Canino M F, Gilmer R W.1986. Metabolism of epipelagic tropicalctenophores. Marine Biology,90:403412.
Kremer P, Costello J, Kremer J, Canino M.1990. Significance of photosyntheticendosymbionts to the carbon budget of the scyphomedusa Linuche unguiculata.Limnology and Oceanography,35:609624.
Kremer P, Reeve M R.1989. Growth dynamics of a ctenophore (Mnemiopsis) inrelation to variable food supply.2. Carbon budgets and growth model. Journal ofPlankton Research,11:553574
Larson R J.1986. Water content, organic content, and carbon and nitrogencomposition of medusae from the northeast Pacific. Journal of ExperimentalMarine Biology and Ecology,99:107120.
Lee J H, Choi H W, Chae J, Kim D S, Lee S B.2006. Performance analysis of intakescreens in power plants on mass impingement of marine organisms. Ocean andPolar Research,28:385-393.
Lilley M K S, Houghton J D R, Hays G C.2009. Distribution, extent of inter-annualvariability and diet of the bloom-forming jellyfish Rhizostoma in Europeanwaters. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom,89(01):39-48.
Lo W T, Purcell J E, Hung J J, Su H M, Hsu P K.2008. Enhancement of jellyfish(Aurelia aurita) populations by extensive aquaculture rafts in a coastal lagoon inTaiwan. ICES Journal of Marine Science,65(3):453-461.
Lucas C H.1994. Biochemical composition of Aurelia aurita in relation to age andsexual maturity. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology,183:179182.
Lucas C H, Williams J A.1994. Population dynamics of the scyphomedusa Aureliaaurita in Southampton Water. Journal of Plankton Research,16(7),879-895.
Lucas C H.1996. Population dynamics of Aurelia aurita (Scyphozoa) from anisolated brackish lake, with particular reference to sexual reproduction. Journalof Plankton Research,18(6):987-1007.
Lutcavage M, Lutz P L.1986. Metabolic rate and food energy requirements of theleatherback sea turtle, Dermochelys coriacea. Copeia1986:796798.
Lynam C P, Heath M R, Hay S J, Brierley A S.2005. Evidence for impacts byjellyfish on North Sea herring recruitment. Marine Ecology Progress Series,298:157-167.
Malej A.1989. Respiration and excretion rates of Pelagia noctiluca (Semaeostomeae,Scyphozoa).In Proceedingsof the21st EMBS. Polish Academy of Sciences,Instituteof Oceanology, Gdansk:107113.
Malej A.1991. Rates of metabolism of jellyfish as related to body weight, chemicalcomposition and temperature UNEP: jellyfish blooms in the Mediterranean. InProceedings of the II Workshop on Jellyfish in the Mediterranean. UNEP, Athens:253259.
Malej A, Faganeli J, Pezdic J.1993. Stable isotope and biochemical fractionation inthe marine pelagic food-chain: the jellyfish Pelagia noctiluca and netzooplankton. Marine Biology,116:565570.
Matsakis S.1992. Ammonia excretion rate of Clytia spp. hydromedusae (CnidariaThecata): effects of individual dry weight, temperature and food availability.Marine Ecology Progress Series,84:5563.
McCloskey L R, Muscatine L, Wilkerson F P.1994. Daily photosynthesis, respiration,and carbon budgets in a tropical marine jellyfish (Mastigias sp.) Marine Biology,119:1322.
Miller C, Glibert P.1998. Nitrogen excretion by the calanoid copepod Acartia tonsa:results of mesocosm experiments. Journal of Plankton Research,20:17671780.
Miller R J.1970. Distribution and energetics of an estuarine population of thectenopHore, Mnemiopsis leidyi. PH.D. Thesis, Department of Zoology, NorthCarolina State University, Raleigh.
Mills C E.1995. Medusae, siphonophores, and ctenophoresas planktivorous predatorsin changing global ecosystems. ICES Journal of Marine Science,52:575581.
Mills C E,2001. Jellyfish blooms: are populations increasing globally in response tochanging ocean conditions? Hydrobiologia,451:5568.
Mironov G N.1967. Feeding of planktonic predators III Food utilization and dailyrations of Aurelia aurita (L.). Biology and distribution of plankton in southernseas, Academy Nauka, Moscow.(In Russian),124-137.
M ller H.1980. Population dynamics of Aurelia aurita medusae in Kiel Bight,Germany (FRG). Marine Biology,60:123-128.
M ller H.1984. Reduction of a larval herring population by jellyfish predator.Science,224(4649):621-622.
M ller L F, Riisg rd H U. Feeding, bioenergetics and growth in the common jellyfishAurelia aurita and two hydromedusae, Sarsia tubulosa and Aequorea vitrina.Marine Ecology Progress Series,346:167-177.
Nagai T.2003. Recovery of fish stocks in the Seto Inland Sea. Marine pollutionbulletin,47(1):126-131.
Nemazie D A, Purcell J E, Glibert P M.1993. Ammonium excretion by gelatinouszooplankton and their contribution to the ammonium requirements ofmicroplankton in Chesapeake Bay. Marine Biology,116:451458.
Nielsen A S, Pedersen A W, Riisg rd H U.1997. Implications of density drivencurrents for interaction between jellyfish (Aurelia aurita) and zooplankton in aDanish fjord. Sarsia,82(4):297-305.
Officer C B, Ryther J H.1980. The possible importance of silicon in marineeutrophication. Marine Ecology Progress Series,3(1):83-91.
Omori M, Ishii H, Fujinaga A.1995. Life history strategy of Aurelia aurita (Cnidaria,Scyphomedusa) and its impact on the zooplankton community of Tokyo Bay.ICES Journal of Marine Science,52:597-603.
Omori M, Kitamura M.2004. Taxonomic review of three Japanese species of ediblejellyfish (Scyphozoa: Rhizostomeae). Plankton Biology and Ecology,51(1):36-51.
Olesen N J, Frandsen K, Riisg rd H U.1994. Population dynamics, growth andenergetics of jellyfish Aurelia aurita in a shallow fjord. Marine Ecology ProgressSeries,105:9-18.
Pauly D, Graham W M, Libralato S, Morissette L, den Palomares M L.2009. Jellyfishin ecosystems, online databases, and ecosystem models. Hydrobiologia,616:67-85.
Parsons T R, Lalli C M.2002. Jellyfish population explosions: revisiting a hypothesisof possible causes. Lamer,40:111-121.
Pérez-Ruzafa A, Gilabert J, Gutiérrez J M, Fernández A I, Marcos C, Sabah S.2002.Evidence of a planktonic food web response to changes in nutrient inputdynamics in the Mar Menor coastal lagoon, Spain. Hydrobiologia,475(1):359-369.
Pitt K A, Kingsford M J.2003. Temporal variation in the virgin biomass of the ediblejellyfish, Catostylus mosaicus (Scyphozoa, Rhizostomeae) Fisheries Research,63:303313.
Pitt K A, Kingsford M, Rissik D, et al.2007. Jellyfish modify the response ofplanktonic assemblages to nutrient pulses[J]. Marine Ecology Progress Series,351:1-13.
Pitt K A, Koop K, Rissik D.2005. Contrasting contributions to inorganic nutrientrecycling by the co-occurring jellyfishes, Catostylus mosaicus and Phyllorhizapunctate(Scyphozoa, Rhizostomeae). Journal of Experimental Marine Biologyand Ecology,315:7186.
Pitt K A, Welsh D T, Condon R H.2009. Influence of jellyfish blooms on carbon,nitrogen and pHospHorus cycling and plankton production. Hydrobiologia,616:133-149.
Purcell J E.1997. Pelagic cnidarians and ctenophores as predators: selective predation,feeding rates and effects on prey populations. Annales de l’Institut océanographique, Paris,73:125137.
Purcell J E, B mstedt U, B mstedt A.1999. Prey, feeding rates, and asexualreproduction rates of the introduced oligohaline hydrozoan Moerisia lyonsi.Marine Biology,134(2):317-325.
Purcell J E.2008. Extension of methods for jellyfish and ctenophore trophic ecologyto large-scale research. Hydrobiologia,206:23-50.
Purcell J E, Kremer P.1983. Feeding and metabolism of the siphonophoreSphaeronectes gracili. Journal of Plankton Research,5:95106.
Purcell J E.1981. Dietary composition and diel feeding patterns of epipelagicsiphonophores. Marine Biology,65(1):83-90.
Purcell J E.1983. Digestion rates and assimilation efficiencies of siphonophores fedzooplankton prey. Marine Biology,73(3):257-261.
Purcell J E.1984. Predation on fish larvae by Physalia physalis, the Portuguese manof war. Marine ecology progress series,19(1):189-191.
Purcell J E.1991. A review of cnidarians and ctenophores feeding on competitors inthe plankton. In Coelenterate Biology: recent research on cnidaria andctenophore (pp.335-342). Springer Netherlands.
Purcell J E, Arai M N.2001. Interactions of pelagic cnidarians and ctenopHores withfishes: a review. Hydrobiologia,451:27-44.
Purcell J E.2005. Climate effects on formation of jellyfish and ctenophore blooms: areview. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom,85(3):461-476.
Purcell J E, Uye S, Lo W T.2007. Anthropogenic causes of jellyfish blooms and theirdirect consequences for humans: a review. Marine Ecology Progress Series,350:153.
Purcell J E.2012. Jellyfish and ctenophore blooms coincide with human proliferationsand environmental perturbations. Annual Review of Marine Science,4:209-235.
Raffealli D G, Raven R A, Poole L J.1998. Ecological impact of green macro algalblooms. Oceanography and Marine Biology: An Annual Review,36:97125.
Redfield A C, Ketchum B H, Richards F A.1963.The influence of organisms on thecomposition of seawater. In Hill, M. N.(ed.), The Sea, Vol.2. Interscience,NewYork:2677.
Reeve M R, Walter M A, Ikeda T.1978. Laboratory studies of ingestion and foodutilization in lobate and tentaculate ctenophores. Limnology and Oceanography,24:740751.
Richardson A J, Bakun A, Hays G C, et al.2009. The jellyfish joyride: causes,consequences and management responses to a more gelatinous future. Trends inecology&evolution,24(6):312-322.
Riemann L, Titelman J, B mstedt U.2006. Links between jellyfish and microbes in ajellyfish dominated fjord. Marine Ecology Progress Series,325:2942.
Schneider G, Behrends G.1994. Population dynamics and the tropHic role of Aureliaaurita medusae in the Kiel Bight and western Baltic. ICES Journal of MarineScience,51(4):359-367.
Schneider G, Behrends G.1998. Top-down control in a neritic plankton system byAurelia aurita medusa3a summary. Ophelia,48(2):71-82.
Schneider G.1989. The common jellyfish Aurelia aurita: standing stock, excretionand nutrient regeneration in the Kiel Bight, Western Baltic. Marine Biology,100:507514.
Schneider G.1990. A comparison of carbon based ammonia excretion rates betweengelatinous and non-gelatinous zooplankton: implications and consequences.Marine Biology,106:219225.
Shick J M.1975. Uptake and utilization of dissolved glycine by Aurelia auritascyphistomae: temperature effects on the uptake process; nutritional role ofdissolved amino acids. The Biological Bulletin,148(1),:117-140.
Shiganova T, Mirzoyan Z, Studenikina E, Volovik S, Siokou-Frangou I, Zervoudaki S,Dumont H.2001. Population development of the invader ctenophore Mnemiopsisleidyi, in the Black Sea and in other seas of the Mediterranean basin. MarineBiology,139(3):431-445.
Shimauchi H, Uye S.2007. Excretion and respiration rates of the scyphomedusaAurelia aurita from the Inland Sea of Japan. Journal of Oceanography,63:2734.
Sommer U, Stibor H, Katechakis A, Sommer F, Hansen, T.2002. Pelagic food webconfigurations at different levels of nutrient richness and their implications forthe ratio fish production: primary production. Hydrobiologia,484(1-3):11-20.
Sun S, Huo Y, Yang B.2010. Zooplankton functional groups on the continental shelfof the yellow sea. Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography,57(11):1006-1016.
Sun X, Wang S, Sun S.2011. Introduction to the China jellyfish project. ChineseJournal of Oceanology and Limnology,29(2):491-492.
Southward A J.1955. Observations on the ciliary currents of the jellyfish Aureliaaurita L. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom,34:201-216.
Southwell M W, Popp B N, Martens C. S.2008. Nitrification controls on fluxes andisotopic composition of nitrate from Florida Keys sponges. Marine Chemistry,108:96108.
Stibor H, Vadstein O, Diehl S, Gelzleichter A and others (2004) Copepods act as aswitch between alternative trophic cascades in marine pelagic food webs. EcolLett,7:321328
Sullivan B K, Suchman C L, Costello J H.1997. Mechanics of prey selection byepHyrae of the scypHomedusa Aurelia aurita. Marine Biology,130:213-222.
Toyokawa M, Furota T, Terazaki M.2000. Life history and seasonal abundance ofAurelia aurita medusae in Tokyo Bay, Japan. Plankton Biology and Ecology,47:48-58.
Uye S, Ueta U.2004.Recent increase of jellyfish populations and their nuisance tofisheries in the Inland Sea of Japan.Bulletin of Japanese Society of FisheryOceanograpHy,68(1):9-19.(in Japanese with English abstract)
Uye S.2008. Blooms of the giant jellyfish Nemopilema nomurai: a threat to thefisheries sustainability of the East Asian Marginal Seas. Plankton BenthosResearch,3(Suppl):125-131.
Wang R, Conover R J,1986. Dynamics of gut pigment in the copepod Temoralongicornis and the determination of in situ grazing rates. Limnol Oceanogr,31:867—877
Titelman J, Riemann L, S rnes, T A, Nilsen T, Griekspoor P, B mstedt U.2006.Turnover of dead jellyfish: stimulation and retardation of microbial activity.Marine Ecology Progress Series,325:4358.
Uye S. Shimauchi H.2005. Population biomass, feeding, respiration and growth rates,and carbon budget of the scyphomedusa Aurelia aurita in the Inland sea of Japan.Journal of Plankton Research,27:237248.
Valiela I, McClelland J, Hauxwell J, Behr P J, Hersh D, Foreman K.1997. Macroalgal blooms in shallow estuaries: controls and ecophysiological and ecosystemconsequences. Limnology and Oceanography,42:11051118.
Viaroli P, Bartoli M, Bondavalli C, Naldi M.1995.Oxygen fluxes and dystrophy in acoastal lagoon colonized by Ulva rigida (Sacca di Goro, Po River Delta,NorthernItaly). Fresenius Environmental Bulletin,4:381386.
Welsh D T, Castadelli G,2004. Bacterial nitrification activity directly associated withisolated benthic marine animals. Marine Biology,144:10291037.
West E J, Welsh D T, Pitt K A.2008. Influence of decomposing jellyfish on sedimentoxygen demand and nutrient dynamics. Hydrobiologia,616:151-160
Wilkerson F P, Kremer P.1992. DIN, DON and PO4flux by a medusa with algalsymbionts. Marine Ecology Progress Series,90:237250.
Yan L, Li S, Ding F.2004. The preliminary studies on the dynamics of macro-jellyfishresources and their relationship with fisheries in the East China Sea and YellowSea. Marine Fisheries,26:9-12.(in Chinese with English abstract)
Zhang F, Sun S, Jin X, Li C.2012. Associations of large jellyfish distributions withtemperature and salinity in the Yellow Sea and East China Sea. Hydrobiologia,690(1):81-96.
Zheng S, Sun X X, Sun S.2012. The grazing of Aurelia sp.1on Skeletonema costatumand Prorocentrum Donghaiense.Oceanologia et Limnologia Sinica,43(3):445-450.(in Chinese with English abstract)
Zhou M J, Shen Z L, Yu R C.2008. Responses of a coastal phytoplankton communityto increased nutrient input from the Changjiang (Yangtze) River. ContinentalShelf Research,28(12):1483-1489.
丁峰元，程家骅,2005.东海区夏、秋季大型水母分布区渔业资源特征分析.海洋渔业，27(2)：120-128
王荣,范春雷,1997.东海浮游桡足类的摄食活动及其对垂直碳通量的贡献.海洋与湖沼,28(6):579—587
王修林，李克强，石晓勇.2006.胶州湾主要化学污染物海洋环境容量，科学出版社，北京，pp.48
孙军,刘东艳,钱树本,1999.浮游植物生物量研究Ⅰ.浮游植物生物量细胞体积转换法.海洋学报,21(1):114—121
孙松,于志刚,李超伦,黄邦钦,庄志猛,魏皓,孙晓霞.2012.黄,东海水母暴发机理及其生态环境效应研究进展.海洋与湖沼,43(3).
孙晓霞,孙松,吴玉霖等.2011.胶州湾网采浮游植物群落结构的长期变化[J].海洋与湖沼,42(5):639-646
宋金明,马清霞,李宁,李学刚,袁华茂,段丽琴,曲宝晓.2012.沙海蜇(Nemopilema nomurai)消亡过程中海水.海洋与湖沼,43(3):
李学刚,李宁,马清霞,袁华茂,段丽琴,宋金明.2012.沙海蜇(Nemopilemanomurai)模拟消亡过程中.海洋与湖沼,43(3):
林昱，庄栋法，陈孝麟，唐森铭.1994.初析赤潮成因研究的围隔实验结果Ⅱ.浮游植物群落演替与甲藻赤潮，应用生态学报，5(3):314-318
张芳,孙松,李超伦.2009.海洋水母类生态学研究进展.自然科学进展,19(2):121-130.
郑凤英,陈四清,倪佳,2010.海月水母的生物学特征及其爆发.海洋科学进展,28(1):126—132
郑珊,孙晓霞,孙松.2012.海月水母(Aurelia sp.1)对中肋骨条藻(Skeletonemacostatum)和东海原甲藻(Prorocentrum donghaiense)摄食的研究.海洋与湖沼,43(03):445-450
郎卫东,章小明,杨逸萍.1998.中国近岸海域潜在性富营养化程度的评价.台湾海峡,17(1):64-70.
高尚武,洪惠馨,张士美,2002.中国动物志(第27卷):水螅虫纲钵水母纲.北京:科学出版社,1—8
程家骅,李圣法,丁峰元,严利平.2004.东,黄海大型水母暴发现象及其可能成因浅析.现代渔业信息,19(5):10-12.
程家骅,丁峰元,李圣法,严利平,凌建忠,李建生,刘勇.2005.东海区大型水母数量分布特征及其与温盐度的关系.生态学报,25(3):440-445.
董婧,孙明,赵云,王彬,刘修泽,于旭光,刘春洋.2012.中国北部海域灾害水母沙蜇(Nemopilema nomurai).海洋与湖沼,43(3).