基于Partnering的项目管理机制研究
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摘要
目前,我国的建筑业管理水平远远落后于制造业等其他行业。究其原因,主要包括了“金字塔”式的项目管理组织导致信息沟通渠道不畅,由此带来的“信息不对称”与“信息孤岛”;项目各方之间的对立态度引发工程变更与索赔增多;项目管理组织间的不信任使得交易成本增长,管理效率低下等。因此,有必要探索一套新的工程管理理论与方法。
本文借鉴了国内外相关研究成果,提出应用Partnering解决现阶段工程管理所面临的一系列问题,对其项目管理机制进行分析,并应用博弈论知识和相关信息技术构建了Partnering管理的利益分配机制和沟通机制。
首先,分析了Partnering管理的核心理念与特点,提出Partnering工程项目管理机制包括了利益分配机制、沟通机制、信任机制与协作机制。其中,利益分配机制和沟通机制是基础,关系着整个项目团队的凝聚力。解决Partnering项目管理机制的关键就是解决利益分配机制和沟通机制。
合作博弈研究的主要内容即如何在合作联盟体内部分配合作利益。工程实际中,各主体之间的利益分配就是相互博弈的过程,具体包括业主与承包商之间的纵向博弈和承包商群体之间的横向博弈。对于纵向博弈,采用贝叶斯估计后验概率的方法,考虑博弈方的当前行为对另一博弈方下次行为的影响,模拟了双方走向合作的过程;而横向博弈,则采用复制方程方法,模拟承包商群体通过相互效仿、相互学习,走向合作的过程。纵向博弈过程中的两大主体之间存在组织上不完全平等,双方需要通过谈判过程进行利益分配,文中应用“谈判理论”对其建模;横向博弈过程中的群体利益分配则更注重公平原则,即“风险共担,利益共享”,可应用基于边际效益的分摊方法,即Sharpley值法建立利益分配模型。最后,提出了Partnering利益分配机制的应用原则与流程。
信息不对称是博弈各方不合作的主要诱因。本文探讨的沟通机制包括了三个层次,即应用信息技术构建项目沟通框架、保证信息在项目过程中的高度共享以及在此基础之上的项目各方的协调与合作。工程实际中,专业化的分工使得项目各主体之间产生各说各话的局面。如果信息系统中存有的数据只能应用于单个的主体或某一专业的工程管理人员,那么信息就无法在项目各主体之间进行流转。这就要求系统能够集成各种编码体系,在数据传递过程中打破各组织与各专业之间的信息屏障。为此,作者建立了n维编码体系集成模型,并对其构建n维数据存储结构,方便不同专业、不同职责的参建主体之间信息沟通和多管理视角分析,挖掘其信息价值。同时,还讨论了如何在信息沟通共享的基础上,采用多主体协商技术对工程实施过程中相关议题进行协商,消除沟通过程冲突,保证合作的顺利进行。
有效地将Partnering理论与运行机制应用到工程实践中是学者们研究的热点。本文只是对其进行了初步的探讨,还需要在建设项目中不断的完善与发展。
At present, construction management level is far behind that of manufacturing industry. The main reasons include low efficient information communication caused by‘pyramid‘organization structure, raising number of construction alteration and counterclaim, high transaction cost caused by opposite attitude in project and so on. A set of new theories and methods should be explored to solve the problems we met.
Profited from the related domestic and foreign research results, this thesis proposes to use partnering theory to solve a series of problems which present project administration centers face. Also, the partnering project management mechanism is analyzed combined with the situation of our country and detailed application methods are given in the thesis.
First of all, the core characteristics and critical success factors of partnering management idea are analyzed which are the highest leadership support, effective communication, trust, normally team conference and to improve continually. Project management mechanisms under the partnering environment are proposed which include the benefit assignment mechanism, the communication mechanism, the trust mechanism and the cooperation mechanism. Thereinto, the benefit assignment mechanism and communication mechanism are the foundation of trust and cooperation mechanism for they relate with the entire project team's cohesive force. The key point of solving the partnering management mechanism is establishing an appropriate benefit assignment and communication mechanism.
The main content of cooperative theory is how to distribute collabaive profit in the union. In construction reality, profit allocation among every participant is the process of gambling. Concretely, it can be divided into two kinds which are vertical type and horizontal type, namely between the owner and the contractor and among contractor communities. Bayesian probability and replicator equation are applied to simulate the trend of cooperation in construction. Besides, ?the bargin theory‘and ?the Shapley value‘method are used in different gambling process's benefit apportion model. What‘s more, the partnering benefit assignment mechanism application principle and the flow are proposed in this thesis.
Information asymmetry is the main inducement of noncooperation. Implementation of information technology has provided the technical support to partnering project management communication mechanism for it eliminates the information distortion and it avoids to be lagged. In this thesis, communication mechanism is divided into three layers which are system schema based on web, highly integrated information and cooperation negotiation based on them. In practice construction, every participant uses different information code system so that it is difficult to transfer the data among them correctly. An n-demension integrated code model is built to facilitate information communication among different specialists. Also, an n-demension data structure is given to help managers analyzing data from multiple views to mine the information value. At the same time, a negotiation model is provided in the end of the thesis to help engineers communicate more effectively and eliminate conflict in communication process so that it guarantees the cooperation going on wheels smoothly.
Effecive measure of partnering management contains two aspects. One of it is applying benefit apportion model unified with partnering protocol to guarantee the benefit assignment mechanism realization. The other one is providing information exchange environment among the partnering workshop through constructing an information system which penertrates the entire project phases and involves the main participants without time and space limitation. It realizes sharing information among all different participants and eliminates―information isolated island‖and―low effective information communication‖.
Partnering theory and operational mechanism in the project practice research becomes the hot spot of scholars‘studies. The preliminary discussion to it has been carried on in this thesis. It needs to be developed and consummated in future work supported by other specialists and experts.
本文借鉴了国内外相关研究成果,提出应用Partnering解决现阶段工程管理所面临的一系列问题,对其项目管理机制进行分析,并应用博弈论知识和相关信息技术构建了Partnering管理的利益分配机制和沟通机制。
首先,分析了Partnering管理的核心理念与特点,提出Partnering工程项目管理机制包括了利益分配机制、沟通机制、信任机制与协作机制。其中,利益分配机制和沟通机制是基础,关系着整个项目团队的凝聚力。解决Partnering项目管理机制的关键就是解决利益分配机制和沟通机制。
合作博弈研究的主要内容即如何在合作联盟体内部分配合作利益。工程实际中,各主体之间的利益分配就是相互博弈的过程,具体包括业主与承包商之间的纵向博弈和承包商群体之间的横向博弈。对于纵向博弈,采用贝叶斯估计后验概率的方法,考虑博弈方的当前行为对另一博弈方下次行为的影响,模拟了双方走向合作的过程;而横向博弈,则采用复制方程方法,模拟承包商群体通过相互效仿、相互学习,走向合作的过程。纵向博弈过程中的两大主体之间存在组织上不完全平等,双方需要通过谈判过程进行利益分配,文中应用“谈判理论”对其建模;横向博弈过程中的群体利益分配则更注重公平原则,即“风险共担,利益共享”,可应用基于边际效益的分摊方法,即Sharpley值法建立利益分配模型。最后,提出了Partnering利益分配机制的应用原则与流程。
信息不对称是博弈各方不合作的主要诱因。本文探讨的沟通机制包括了三个层次,即应用信息技术构建项目沟通框架、保证信息在项目过程中的高度共享以及在此基础之上的项目各方的协调与合作。工程实际中,专业化的分工使得项目各主体之间产生各说各话的局面。如果信息系统中存有的数据只能应用于单个的主体或某一专业的工程管理人员,那么信息就无法在项目各主体之间进行流转。这就要求系统能够集成各种编码体系,在数据传递过程中打破各组织与各专业之间的信息屏障。为此,作者建立了n维编码体系集成模型,并对其构建n维数据存储结构,方便不同专业、不同职责的参建主体之间信息沟通和多管理视角分析,挖掘其信息价值。同时,还讨论了如何在信息沟通共享的基础上,采用多主体协商技术对工程实施过程中相关议题进行协商,消除沟通过程冲突,保证合作的顺利进行。
有效地将Partnering理论与运行机制应用到工程实践中是学者们研究的热点。本文只是对其进行了初步的探讨,还需要在建设项目中不断的完善与发展。
At present, construction management level is far behind that of manufacturing industry. The main reasons include low efficient information communication caused by‘pyramid‘organization structure, raising number of construction alteration and counterclaim, high transaction cost caused by opposite attitude in project and so on. A set of new theories and methods should be explored to solve the problems we met.
Profited from the related domestic and foreign research results, this thesis proposes to use partnering theory to solve a series of problems which present project administration centers face. Also, the partnering project management mechanism is analyzed combined with the situation of our country and detailed application methods are given in the thesis.
First of all, the core characteristics and critical success factors of partnering management idea are analyzed which are the highest leadership support, effective communication, trust, normally team conference and to improve continually. Project management mechanisms under the partnering environment are proposed which include the benefit assignment mechanism, the communication mechanism, the trust mechanism and the cooperation mechanism. Thereinto, the benefit assignment mechanism and communication mechanism are the foundation of trust and cooperation mechanism for they relate with the entire project team's cohesive force. The key point of solving the partnering management mechanism is establishing an appropriate benefit assignment and communication mechanism.
The main content of cooperative theory is how to distribute collabaive profit in the union. In construction reality, profit allocation among every participant is the process of gambling. Concretely, it can be divided into two kinds which are vertical type and horizontal type, namely between the owner and the contractor and among contractor communities. Bayesian probability and replicator equation are applied to simulate the trend of cooperation in construction. Besides, ?the bargin theory‘and ?the Shapley value‘method are used in different gambling process's benefit apportion model. What‘s more, the partnering benefit assignment mechanism application principle and the flow are proposed in this thesis.
Information asymmetry is the main inducement of noncooperation. Implementation of information technology has provided the technical support to partnering project management communication mechanism for it eliminates the information distortion and it avoids to be lagged. In this thesis, communication mechanism is divided into three layers which are system schema based on web, highly integrated information and cooperation negotiation based on them. In practice construction, every participant uses different information code system so that it is difficult to transfer the data among them correctly. An n-demension integrated code model is built to facilitate information communication among different specialists. Also, an n-demension data structure is given to help managers analyzing data from multiple views to mine the information value. At the same time, a negotiation model is provided in the end of the thesis to help engineers communicate more effectively and eliminate conflict in communication process so that it guarantees the cooperation going on wheels smoothly.
Effecive measure of partnering management contains two aspects. One of it is applying benefit apportion model unified with partnering protocol to guarantee the benefit assignment mechanism realization. The other one is providing information exchange environment among the partnering workshop through constructing an information system which penertrates the entire project phases and involves the main participants without time and space limitation. It realizes sharing information among all different participants and eliminates―information isolated island‖and―low effective information communication‖.
Partnering theory and operational mechanism in the project practice research becomes the hot spot of scholars‘studies. The preliminary discussion to it has been carried on in this thesis. It needs to be developed and consummated in future work supported by other specialists and experts.
引文
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