基于公共经济理论的我国农村公路管养问题研究
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摘要
农村公路作为公路网络的基础,关系到统筹城乡协调发展战略目标的实现。随着里程规模迅速增长,农村公路迫切需要转变发展方式,由专注于建设向管养与运输并重转变。因此,有必要根据公共经济学理论,在公路管养体制框架中,科学研究并致力解决我国农村公路管养问题,夯实社会主义新农村的发展基础。
     本文以公共经济学理论分析为基础,对基于我国公路管养体制理论框架的农村公路管养体制机制及资金筹措等问题进行了系统而全面的研究,方法上注重理论研究与实践分析、系统分析与重点突出、定性研究与定量分析的有效结合,深入解析了我国农村公路管养要素,科学设计了农村公路管养体制机制,并对农村公路管养资金进行了系统而深入的定量研究,进一步对中央投资补助方式进行了设计与探讨。
     基于公共经济学原理,本文主要在以下几个方面进行了创新性研究与分析:一是构建了理论模型与函数关系,系统研究了不同情况下公路经济属性特点及理论量化边界条件,并构建了公路管养体制理论框架;二是构建了公共部门与私人部门投资公路设施的理论模型与函数关系,进一步构建了公路投资效率优化理论模型,系统研究了公共财政与私人投资实现经济效率最优的理论条件;三是构建了农村公路社区供给理论效用函数与平衡关系模型,全面系统研究了实现经济效率与社会公平的理论条件与方法,以及农民群众所愿支付相应成本的理论量化值;四是在理论指导下,以深入解析农村公路管养四大要素为基础,立足实际创新构建了我国农村公路管养体制机制及相应的投资体制机制,并创新分析方法对我国农村公路养护资金情况进行了科学测算。
     本文研究表明,作为服务经济社会发展的重要基础设施,不同公路项目的经济属性特点不同且具有可变性,应采取相应的投资与监管方式。农村公路属于社区性或地方性纯公共产品与基本公共服务。以国民经济效益最大化为原则,边际公共投资和私人投资投入公路设施后所产生的国民经济收益应等于其机会成本之和,在公路制约经济社会发展的阶段,同时加大公共投资与私人投资力度是有经济效率的,但最终回归本质属性完全由公共财政投资符合帕累托效率最优要求。农村公路以成本自愿支付为前提的社区供给符合发展趋势与我国国情,是符合经济效率与社会公平的重要补充方式,其自愿承担成本量符合与间接效用函数最大化式对偶的最小支出函数关系,进一步根据服务功能与使用需求精细化分类后可实现高效与公平管养。合理构建公路管养体制框架的理论逻辑关系是公路项目经济属性决定提供责任与投资关系,投资关系与实施效率决定管养体制框架,“分权定理”则是采取以地方为主的公路管养体制的理论基础。
     我国农村公路管养体制机制设计必须符合分级管理,分类管理,责、权、利相一致,决策、执行、监督相分离,政事分开与政企分开,政府主导等原则,需要专设农村公路管养机构,建立县级及以下机构与人员为主体的“金字塔”形体制,采取符合实际、因地制宜、专群结合的农村公路管养体制机制。我国公路管养专项资金收支情况呈明显的地区差异性,且成品油价格和税费改革不会对收支总量及结构产生实质影响。农村公路管养资金缺口将长期存在,经济落后地区和较低行政等级的农村公路问题尤为突出,可基于科学的评价指标体系,对农村公路管养中央投资采取“以奖代补”的投资体制机制。
As the basis of highway network, rural highways are important to realization of the strategicobjective of coordinated development between urban and rural areas. With the rapid growth of milescale, it is urgently needed to change the mode of development for rural highways, from focusing onthe construction to paying equal attention to management, maintenance and transportation. Therefore,it is necessary to study the issue of management and maintenance of rural highways, in the frameworkof highway management and maintenance system, so that to strengthen foundation of socialist newrural development.
     Based on the theory of public economics, the article made a comprehensive and systematic studyon management and maintenance system and financing problem of rural highways in the theoreticalframework of highway management and maintenance system. Methods of the research emphasizedon the effective combination of practice and theory analysis, that of systemic analysis and key-pointanalysis, that of qualitative and quantitative analysis. The article analyzed the elements of managementand maintenance about rural highways, designed the related systems and mechanisms, and made aquantitative research about financing, then designed and discussed the central investment program.
     Based on the principles of public economics, the paper made creative study and analysis in thefollowing aspects. Firstly, a theoretical model and function correlations have been constructed to makea systematic study on highways' economic attribute and theoretical quantitative boundary conditionsunder different circumstances, and a theoretical framework of road management and maintenancehas been developed. Secondly, the theoretical model and function correlations of highway facilityinvestment by public and private sectors have been developed, which further optimized the highwayinvestment efficiency model and studied theoretical conditions for the realization of optimaleconomic efficiency by public financing and private investment. Thirdly, utility function andbalancing model of rural highway community's supply theory have been established, which made acomprehensive study on the theoretical conditions and methodologies to realize economic efficiencyand social justice, and the corresponding cost that rural residents would like to pay. Fourthly, guidedby theories, the paper analysed the four elements of management and maintenance of ruralhighways, then creatively developed the management and maintenace mechanism and investmentmechanism for rural highways in accordance with the reality, and further innovated the analyticalmethodology to forcast the funds needed for rural highway maintenance in our country.
     This study shows that, as an important infrastructure serving for economic and socialdevelopment, there are differences and changeability in economic attribute of different highwayprojects. Thus, the corresponding investment and supervising method should be adopted. Ruralhighways belong to community-based or local public product and basic public services. For themaximum benefit to national economy, the national income from the marginal public investment orprivate investment put into the highway facilities, should be equal to the sum of its opportunity cost.At the stage of highway restrict development of economic and social, it has the economic benefit toincrease the public investment and private investment at the same time. With the precondition ofassume cost voluntarily, the community provides rural highways accord Chinese conditions, that isthe important complementary approach with the economic efficiency. The cost based payment ofrural highway supply is compatible with the development trend and our national conditions, whichis an important supplement to realize economic efficiency and social justice. The cost that ruralresidents are willing to pay is identical with the minimum payment function, which can achievehighly efficient and fair management and maintenace after being classified according to servicefeatures and usage requirements. The logic relationship for the theoretical framework of highwaymanagement and maintenance system is that the economic character of highway project decided theprovide liability and investor relations, investor relations and efficient of implementation decided the theoretical framework of highway management and maintenance system."DecentralizationTheorem" is the basic theory for highway management and maintenance system in which the dutyof subjects are local governments.
     To design the management and maintenance system of rural highways, these principles mustbe obeyed, which are grading management, classification management, responsibilities and rightsand interests consistent, separating decision and execution and supervision, separating the functionsof government from those of institutions and enterprise management, government leadership, and soon. It is need to establish special management and maintenance institution of rural highways, that isto establish a pyramid shaped structure based on county-level and the following agencies andpersonnel, to take environment-concerned treatment, combination of specialists and masses, and soon. In China the revenue and expenditure of special fund of highway management and maintenancewas significant regional difference, and the oil price and tax reform will not impact on its balanceand the structure. Rural highway funding gap will exist for a long time, especially in economicallybackward areas and lower administrative levels. The central government invest system to replacesubvention with bonus can be adopted, which is based on scientific evaluation index system.
引文
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