盐渍化灌区油葵品质对水—肥—盐耦合的动态响应效应研究
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摘要
油料向日葵是我国第四大油料作物，具有较高的经济价值和营养价值。在盐渍化灌区需实施节水控盐的形势下，要改善油葵品质，除选择优良品种外，需合理的灌水、施肥以达到水-肥-盐最佳耦合。本文即以该实际问题为切入点，以内蒙古河套灌区为依托，以康地T562油葵为指示作物，以表征油葵品质的主要指标：粗脂肪、蛋白质、油酸、亚油酸、亚麻酸、不饱和脂肪酸、棕榈酸、棕榈油酸、硬脂酸、饱和脂肪酸为研究对象，展开盐渍化灌区油葵品质对水-肥-盐耦合的动态响应效应研究。
以SPSS19.0与Origin Pro8.6为数据分析手段，基于因子分析对试验数据所构成的10维数据空间进行降维，凝练数据结构，结果表明表征油葵品质的数据空间是随时间动态连续变化的，相同时间的采样点呈现出聚集现象。通过计算样本点累积总因子得分，得出2011年轻度含盐处理花后4周、2012年轻度含盐处理花后3周、2011年中度含盐处理花后4.3周、2012年中度含盐处理花后4.3周为各自样本的典型期。基于曲线拟合，以OriginPro8.6与DPS v7.05为实现手段，具体刻画出不同水-肥-盐耦合条件下，油葵籽仁从开始形成到最终成熟期间粗脂肪、蛋白质及主要脂肪酸组分的累积过程，并揭示出粗脂肪生长曲线符合Exponential函数；油酸生长曲线分别符合一元2次方程与一元3次方程形式；亚麻酸生长曲线符合渐次回归模型；不饱和脂肪酸生长曲线分别符合Exponential函数与一元2次方程。并确定出反应其累积过程的临界期、临界值ycr及平均累积速率等特征值。
基于系统聚类分析，以Matlab R2011b、OriginPro8.6为实现手段，进行水-肥-盐耦合对油葵典型期与成熟期品质指标的响应效应分析。结果表明水、肥、盐对油葵品质指标的影响具有交互效应。如配合追施N肥所进行的灌水能够使土壤中的水分条件满足肥料中所含N素的快速有效化，促进油葵对氮素的吸收利用，避免尿素蒸发损失，则可以促进典型期与成熟期油葵籽仁中蛋白质的合成。粗脂肪、不饱和脂肪酸、亚油酸在油葵籽仁油体中的合成过程与蛋白质互斥。当配合追施N肥所进行的灌水所构成的水分条件超出肥料在土壤中的溶解、水解、吸收、运转等需求时，多余的水分对蛋白质在典型期与成熟期的合成都是不利的。反而有利于粗脂肪、不饱和脂肪酸、亚油酸在典型期与成熟期的合成。如果配合追施N肥所进行的灌水所构成的水土环境不能够满足施入尿素有效化的需求，则多出的肥料则相当于加重土壤的含盐程度，对蛋白质的合成是不利的。同时，土壤盐渍化程度加重对粗脂肪、不饱和脂肪酸、亚油酸的合成也是不利因素。而饱和脂肪酸性质稳定，对外界水土环境反应不敏感。
在对表征品质的含量进行深入分析之后，以典型相关性分析为理论基础，以OriginPro8.6、DPS v7.05为实现手段，进行水-肥-盐对油葵品质对应的产量指标的影响进行表观性分析，结果表明在轻度含盐处理上，不同的灌水水平对油葵品质对应的产量信息有显著影响，中度含盐处理上不同的灌水水平对油葵品质对应的产量信息影响不显著。在轻度与中度含盐处理上，不同施N量均没有对油葵品质对应的产量信息产生显著的影响。盐分对轻度、中度含盐处理油葵品质对应的产量信息影响十分显著。总之，对比水、肥、盐条件，油葵品质对应的产量信息对盐分最敏感。本文研究结果可为推动盐渍化灌区优质油葵产业发展提供具体灌溉、施肥技术参数与理论支撑。
Sunflower is the fourth largest oil crop of China, and it has high economic value andnutritional value. In the situation of water-saving and salt-controlling in the salinization ofirrigation area, in order to improve the quality of oil sunflowe, it was necessary to achievethe water-fertilizer-salt optimal coupling under reasonable irrigation and fertilizationbesides choosing the fine varieties. This practical problem was regared as the breakthroughpoint of this PhD thesis. The experiment was based on the Hetaoirrigation zone, and the oilsunflower variety of Kangdi T562was used as the instructions crops, and the characterizeindicated the quality of the oil sunflower: fat, protein, oleic acid, linoleic acid, linolenicacid, an unsaturated fatty acid, palmitic acid, palm oilacid, stearic acid, saturated fattyacids was used as the study object. The thesis research the effect of sunflower qualitydynamic response on the condition of water-fertilizer-salt coupling in the salinizationdistrict.
Data analysis software SPSS19.0and Origin Pro8.6was used data analysis, based onfactor analysis10-dimensional data space of tested data was curreied out to reducedimensionality and concise data structure.
The results showed the data space characterized sunflower quality was continuouschanged dynamically over time, and the aggregation phenomenon of qualitycharacterization was founded in same time of sampling points. Cumulative total factorscore by calculating the sample points It was obtained the typical period was respectively4weeks after flowering in mild saline experimental field in2011, and3weeks afterflowering in mild saline experimental field in2012, and4.3weeks after flowering inmoderate saline experimental field in2011, and4.3weeks after flowering in moderatesaline experimental field in2012.
Based on curve fitting, it was achieved the specific depiction of cumulative process ofcrude fat, protein and fatty acid composition of sunflower from the beginning of seedformation to the final maturity under water-fertilizer-salt coupling conditions by meansof OriginPro8.6DPS V7.05softerware analysis, and revealed the growth curves of crudefat content that fit with the Exponential function in mathematics; The growth curve of oleicacid content fit with a2-equation with a3equation of the form; the growth curve oflinolenic acid content fit with the gradual regression model; unsaturated fatty acid contentfit with the2-equation with a3-equation form. Meanwhile, the eigenvalues including critical value Ycr, the critical period and average accumulation rate were determinedduring the cumulative process of these characterizations.
Based on the cluster analysis, the response effect of water-fertilizer-salt coupling onthe oil sunflower quality characterizations in typical period and mature period wasachieved by the means of softer ware analysis of Matlab R2011b, OriginPro8.6. Theresults showed that there were interactions of water, fertilizer, and salt on the oil sunflowerquality formation. the soil moisture conditions obtained by irrigation or rainfallaccompanied by top dressing N fertilizer can be able to quickly and effectively meet thenitrogen need avoiding the losses of urea with evaporation, and promote the N fertilizerabsorption and utilization of oil sunflower, so that increase the protein synthesis of oilsunflower seed during the typical period and mature period. It was mutually exclusivebetween the synthesis of fat, saturated fatty acids, linoleic acid and protein of oil sunflower.When the water conditions of soil by irrigation rainfall accompanied with top dressing Nfertilizer exceeded the demand for fertilizer dissolved, hydrolysis, absorption, andtransportation in the soil, it was disadvantageous of over water on the protein synthesis notonly during typical period but also mature period. But, it was conducive to the synthesis offat, unsaturated fatty acid, linoleic acid in the typical period as well as the mature period. Ifthe soil and water environment by the irrigation and rainfall companied with top dressingN fertilizer was not able to meet the urea fertilizer effective demand, over quantity offertilizer was equivalent to increase the degree of soil salinization, which was detrimentalon the protein synthesis is of sunflower. At the same time, the degree of soil salinizationwas unfavorable factors on the synthesis of crude fat, unsaturated fatty acids, linoleic acid.But, the synthesis of saturated fatty acid was not sensitive to the outside soil and waterenvironment as for its stable ability.
After in-depth analysis to characterize the quality indicators, canonical correlationanalysis was used as the theoretical basis, and the response effect of oil sunflower qualityindicators on the water and fertilizer salts was carried out by the means of softerwareanalysis of OriginPro8.6, DPS v7.05.The results showed that the different levels ofirrigation has a significant influence on the quality of oil sunflower in the mildexperimental field, and there was not significant influence of irrigation level on thecorresponding quality of oil sunflower production in the moderate saline experimental field.In mild and moderate saline experimental field, there was not a significant effect of thedifferent N fertilizer on the quality of oil sunflower. There was very significant effect ofsalt on the quality of oil sunflower in the mild and moderate saline experimental field. In aword, the most sensitive factor on the quality of oil sunflower was salt compared to water,fertilizer, and salt conditions. The research results may provide the irrigation, fertilization technical parameters and theoretical support on industrial development of the high-qualityoil sunflower to in the salinization of irrigation zone.
以SPSS19.0与Origin Pro8.6为数据分析手段，基于因子分析对试验数据所构成的10维数据空间进行降维，凝练数据结构，结果表明表征油葵品质的数据空间是随时间动态连续变化的，相同时间的采样点呈现出聚集现象。通过计算样本点累积总因子得分，得出2011年轻度含盐处理花后4周、2012年轻度含盐处理花后3周、2011年中度含盐处理花后4.3周、2012年中度含盐处理花后4.3周为各自样本的典型期。基于曲线拟合，以OriginPro8.6与DPS v7.05为实现手段，具体刻画出不同水-肥-盐耦合条件下，油葵籽仁从开始形成到最终成熟期间粗脂肪、蛋白质及主要脂肪酸组分的累积过程，并揭示出粗脂肪生长曲线符合Exponential函数；油酸生长曲线分别符合一元2次方程与一元3次方程形式；亚麻酸生长曲线符合渐次回归模型；不饱和脂肪酸生长曲线分别符合Exponential函数与一元2次方程。并确定出反应其累积过程的临界期、临界值ycr及平均累积速率等特征值。
基于系统聚类分析，以Matlab R2011b、OriginPro8.6为实现手段，进行水-肥-盐耦合对油葵典型期与成熟期品质指标的响应效应分析。结果表明水、肥、盐对油葵品质指标的影响具有交互效应。如配合追施N肥所进行的灌水能够使土壤中的水分条件满足肥料中所含N素的快速有效化，促进油葵对氮素的吸收利用，避免尿素蒸发损失，则可以促进典型期与成熟期油葵籽仁中蛋白质的合成。粗脂肪、不饱和脂肪酸、亚油酸在油葵籽仁油体中的合成过程与蛋白质互斥。当配合追施N肥所进行的灌水所构成的水分条件超出肥料在土壤中的溶解、水解、吸收、运转等需求时，多余的水分对蛋白质在典型期与成熟期的合成都是不利的。反而有利于粗脂肪、不饱和脂肪酸、亚油酸在典型期与成熟期的合成。如果配合追施N肥所进行的灌水所构成的水土环境不能够满足施入尿素有效化的需求，则多出的肥料则相当于加重土壤的含盐程度，对蛋白质的合成是不利的。同时，土壤盐渍化程度加重对粗脂肪、不饱和脂肪酸、亚油酸的合成也是不利因素。而饱和脂肪酸性质稳定，对外界水土环境反应不敏感。
在对表征品质的含量进行深入分析之后，以典型相关性分析为理论基础，以OriginPro8.6、DPS v7.05为实现手段，进行水-肥-盐对油葵品质对应的产量指标的影响进行表观性分析，结果表明在轻度含盐处理上，不同的灌水水平对油葵品质对应的产量信息有显著影响，中度含盐处理上不同的灌水水平对油葵品质对应的产量信息影响不显著。在轻度与中度含盐处理上，不同施N量均没有对油葵品质对应的产量信息产生显著的影响。盐分对轻度、中度含盐处理油葵品质对应的产量信息影响十分显著。总之，对比水、肥、盐条件，油葵品质对应的产量信息对盐分最敏感。本文研究结果可为推动盐渍化灌区优质油葵产业发展提供具体灌溉、施肥技术参数与理论支撑。
Sunflower is the fourth largest oil crop of China, and it has high economic value andnutritional value. In the situation of water-saving and salt-controlling in the salinization ofirrigation area, in order to improve the quality of oil sunflowe, it was necessary to achievethe water-fertilizer-salt optimal coupling under reasonable irrigation and fertilizationbesides choosing the fine varieties. This practical problem was regared as the breakthroughpoint of this PhD thesis. The experiment was based on the Hetaoirrigation zone, and the oilsunflower variety of Kangdi T562was used as the instructions crops, and the characterizeindicated the quality of the oil sunflower: fat, protein, oleic acid, linoleic acid, linolenicacid, an unsaturated fatty acid, palmitic acid, palm oilacid, stearic acid, saturated fattyacids was used as the study object. The thesis research the effect of sunflower qualitydynamic response on the condition of water-fertilizer-salt coupling in the salinizationdistrict.
Data analysis software SPSS19.0and Origin Pro8.6was used data analysis, based onfactor analysis10-dimensional data space of tested data was curreied out to reducedimensionality and concise data structure.
The results showed the data space characterized sunflower quality was continuouschanged dynamically over time, and the aggregation phenomenon of qualitycharacterization was founded in same time of sampling points. Cumulative total factorscore by calculating the sample points It was obtained the typical period was respectively4weeks after flowering in mild saline experimental field in2011, and3weeks afterflowering in mild saline experimental field in2012, and4.3weeks after flowering inmoderate saline experimental field in2011, and4.3weeks after flowering in moderatesaline experimental field in2012.
Based on curve fitting, it was achieved the specific depiction of cumulative process ofcrude fat, protein and fatty acid composition of sunflower from the beginning of seedformation to the final maturity under water-fertilizer-salt coupling conditions by meansof OriginPro8.6DPS V7.05softerware analysis, and revealed the growth curves of crudefat content that fit with the Exponential function in mathematics; The growth curve of oleicacid content fit with a2-equation with a3equation of the form; the growth curve oflinolenic acid content fit with the gradual regression model; unsaturated fatty acid contentfit with the2-equation with a3-equation form. Meanwhile, the eigenvalues including critical value Ycr, the critical period and average accumulation rate were determinedduring the cumulative process of these characterizations.
Based on the cluster analysis, the response effect of water-fertilizer-salt coupling onthe oil sunflower quality characterizations in typical period and mature period wasachieved by the means of softer ware analysis of Matlab R2011b, OriginPro8.6. Theresults showed that there were interactions of water, fertilizer, and salt on the oil sunflowerquality formation. the soil moisture conditions obtained by irrigation or rainfallaccompanied by top dressing N fertilizer can be able to quickly and effectively meet thenitrogen need avoiding the losses of urea with evaporation, and promote the N fertilizerabsorption and utilization of oil sunflower, so that increase the protein synthesis of oilsunflower seed during the typical period and mature period. It was mutually exclusivebetween the synthesis of fat, saturated fatty acids, linoleic acid and protein of oil sunflower.When the water conditions of soil by irrigation rainfall accompanied with top dressing Nfertilizer exceeded the demand for fertilizer dissolved, hydrolysis, absorption, andtransportation in the soil, it was disadvantageous of over water on the protein synthesis notonly during typical period but also mature period. But, it was conducive to the synthesis offat, unsaturated fatty acid, linoleic acid in the typical period as well as the mature period. Ifthe soil and water environment by the irrigation and rainfall companied with top dressingN fertilizer was not able to meet the urea fertilizer effective demand, over quantity offertilizer was equivalent to increase the degree of soil salinization, which was detrimentalon the protein synthesis is of sunflower. At the same time, the degree of soil salinizationwas unfavorable factors on the synthesis of crude fat, unsaturated fatty acids, linoleic acid.But, the synthesis of saturated fatty acid was not sensitive to the outside soil and waterenvironment as for its stable ability.
After in-depth analysis to characterize the quality indicators, canonical correlationanalysis was used as the theoretical basis, and the response effect of oil sunflower qualityindicators on the water and fertilizer salts was carried out by the means of softerwareanalysis of OriginPro8.6, DPS v7.05.The results showed that the different levels ofirrigation has a significant influence on the quality of oil sunflower in the mildexperimental field, and there was not significant influence of irrigation level on thecorresponding quality of oil sunflower production in the moderate saline experimental field.In mild and moderate saline experimental field, there was not a significant effect of thedifferent N fertilizer on the quality of oil sunflower. There was very significant effect ofsalt on the quality of oil sunflower in the mild and moderate saline experimental field. In aword, the most sensitive factor on the quality of oil sunflower was salt compared to water,fertilizer, and salt conditions. The research results may provide the irrigation, fertilization technical parameters and theoretical support on industrial development of the high-qualityoil sunflower to in the salinization of irrigation zone.
引文
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