具有水质净化功能的基—塘系统的探究
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摘要
本文针对水质净化基—塘系统(Water Purification Dike-pond System,WPDPS)的污水处理原理,进行了填料筛选、WPDPS小试的研究,探讨了本系统削减滇池流域大清河污染物负荷以及循环净化污水的能力,并对其核心填料在不同环境下的运行特征进行了研究。研究的主要结论如下:
1、通过对11种单一填料的静态试验可知,沸石和废混凝土分别对氨氮和溶解态总磷(DTP)的去除效果最好。20℃下24h内,5g沸石的氨氮吸附量高达5.43meq(75.9mg),5g废混凝土可去除DTP2.91mg。沸石释放的钙钠镁离子的浓度越高,沸石的氨氮吸附效率就越高;废混凝土释放出的大量钙离子使迁移态磷酸根转化为沉淀态。20℃下24h内,5g煤渣可分别去除氨氮和DTP2.12mg和1.26mg。
针对滇池流域入湖河流在冬季低温时污染负荷低和在夏季暴雨期时污染负荷高的特点,进行了填料床处理污染河水的试验。结果表明:低温期(2—12℃),废混凝土/沸石/煤渣组合对COD_(cr)、氨氮和总氮的去除率最高,分别为44.4%-65.9%、56.4%-75.1%和56.5%-63.0%;暴雨期,废混凝土/沸石/煤渣组合的抗氮磷冲击负荷能力最好,削减氨氮、亚硝氮、总氮和总磷的负荷量平均可达22.9g/(m~2·d)、0.93g/(m~2·d)、25.3g/(m~2·d)和10.3g/(m~2·d)。废混凝土/沸石/煤渣组合是冬季低温期和夏季暴雨期净化滇池流域大清河污水的适宜填料;
2、将优选填料或填料组合作为基—塘系统的“基”,与水塘相结合,组成具有水质净化功能的基—塘系统小试装置。试验包括了WPDPS对污水的循环净化能力和对污染河水净化能力的研究,分别进行了针对轻微和重度污染水的净化试验。结果表明:
轻微污染水循环试验历时36天,循环13.38次,净化水中COD和总氮浓度达到了地表水环境质量Ⅱ类水质标准(GB 3838-88)。对各填料床中主要脱氮细菌的数量进行分析,砖块上的细菌数受温度的影响较大;核桃壳上的细菌数随温度影响不大;废混凝土/沸石/煤渣组合中细菌数的增长率呈现先慢后快再慢的过程。
重度污染水循环试验历时21天,循环7.81次,水质总体达到了地表水环境质量的Ⅰ类水质标准,WSPDPS对大肠菌群和细菌的去除率分别为92.8%和86.2%,此净化水具有渔业养殖用水或对水质有更高要求行业用水的潜力。对各填料床中主要脱氮细菌的数量进行分析,硝化细菌适宜在砖块上生长;核桃壳中硝化菌生长速率总体上没有砖块的高,但反硝化菌的生长速率是最高的;废混凝土/沸石/煤渣组合在试验前期三种细菌的生长速率均最低,而到试验后期时,生长速率明显升高。
由WPDPS对轻微和重度污染河水的净化试验可知,前者池塘出水COD_(cr)和总磷浓度分别达到了地表水环境质量Ⅰ类和Ⅱ类水质标准;后者COD_(cr)、氨氮、总氮和总磷的平均去除率分别达到了64.5%、80.1%、69.6%和55.1%。在上述两个试验中,核桃壳对COD_(cr)的去除率最高,废混凝土/沸石/煤渣组合对氮磷的去除率最高。“基”是去除污染物的主要构筑物。试验表明WPDPS有较好的截污能力。
On account of the principle of wastewater treatment of the Water Purification Dike-pond System(WPDPS),a batch of packing media screening experiments and small-scale experiments of WPDPS were studied in this paper,which discussed the capacity of WPDPS in treating the pollutants load of Daqing River in Dianchi Watershed and the capacity of WPDPS in cycling purifying the wastewater.Besides,research on performance of some important packing media used in the WPDPS for treating polluted river water under different circumstances was conducted.The main results were as follows:
1.According to the results of static experiments for eleven kinds of single packing medium screening,the zeolite and waste concrete showed the best removal efficiency of the NH_4~+-N and Dissolved Total P(DTP).With water bath at 20℃and within 24 hours, the adsorption quantity of 5g zeolite can reach to 5.43meq(75.9mg),2.91mg DTP was removed by 5g waste concrete.The higher the concentration of Ca,Na,Mg ions the zeolite released,the higher adsorptive efficiency of NH_4~+-N the zeolite showed.The phosphate anions were transformed to the precipitable state owing to the existence of massive Ca ions which were released by waste concrete.With water bath at 20℃and within 24 hours,2.12mg NH_4~+-N and 1.26mg DTP was removed by 5g cinder, respectively.
According to the circumstances of water quality of Daqing River that low pollutants load at low temperatures in winter and high pollutants load at rainstorm periods in summer, research on performance of packing media beds for treating polluted water of Daqing River was conducted.The result showed that during the low-temperature-period(2-12℃), waste concrete/zeolite/cinder group(CZC) showed the highest removal efficiency with the following values:44.4%-65.9%COD_(Cr),56.4%-75.1%NH_4~+-N,56.5%-63.0%TN. During the rainstorm period,CZC had best capacity of anti-shock load of N and P in which the average removal amount of NH_4~+-N,NO_2~--N,TN and TP was 22.9g/(m~2·d), 0.93g/(m~2·d),25.3g/(m~2·d) and 10.3g/(m~2·d) respectively.CZC was suitable for treating the pollutants in Daqing River of Dianchi Watershed.
2.The small-scale experiment setting of WPDPS was constructed,which included Pond and Dike with selected single packing medium or packing media group.A batch of experiments aiming at treating the slightly and heavily polluted water,consisted of the research on the cycle purification capacity of WPDPS and the capacity of WPDPS in treating the polluted river water.The result showed that:
The slightly polluted water cycle purification experiment lasted 36 days and the polluted water in WPDPS cycled 13.38 times.The concentration of COD_(Cr) and TN in purified water met the second level of environmental quality standard for surface water (GB 3838-88).To analyze the cell number of the main denitrifying bacteria in WPDPS, the temperature had significant influence on the bacteria number in brick,while it had little effect on changing the bacteria number in nut shell.The growth rate of main denitrifying bacteria in CZC was slow,then fast,and then slow again.
The heavily polluted water cycle purification experiment lasted 21 days and the polluted water in WPDPS cycled 7.81 times.The purified water met the first level of environmental quality standard for surface water as a whole,which had potential for becoming the water supply of fishery or the industry required higher water quality.The removal efficiency of the cell number of coliform group and total number of bacteria in WPDPS was 92.8%and 86.2%respectively.To analyze the cell number of the main denitrifying bacteria in WPDPS,brick was suitable for the growth of nitrifying bacteria. The rate of growth of nitrifying bacteria in nut shell was lower than that in brick as a whole,but the rate of growth of denitrifying bacteria was the highest.During the initial period of the experiment,the rate of growth of three types of bacteria were the lowest in CZC than other packing media,but the rate increased obviously during the late period of the experiment.
Based on the experiment of WPDPS treating the slightly and heavily polluted river water,the effluent concentration of COD_(Cr) and TP of the former met the first and second level of environmental quality standard for surface water,respectively.The average removal efficiency of COD_(Cr),NH_4~+-N,TN and TP of the latter was 64.5%,80.1%,69.6% and 55.1%,respectively.With regard to the two experiments above,the nut shell had the best COD_(Cr) removal efficiency and CZC showed the best N and P removal efficiency. Compared with the pond,dike was the dominating part in removing the pollutants.It was known that the WPDPS had good capacity of retaining pollutants.
1、通过对11种单一填料的静态试验可知,沸石和废混凝土分别对氨氮和溶解态总磷(DTP)的去除效果最好。20℃下24h内,5g沸石的氨氮吸附量高达5.43meq(75.9mg),5g废混凝土可去除DTP2.91mg。沸石释放的钙钠镁离子的浓度越高,沸石的氨氮吸附效率就越高;废混凝土释放出的大量钙离子使迁移态磷酸根转化为沉淀态。20℃下24h内,5g煤渣可分别去除氨氮和DTP2.12mg和1.26mg。
针对滇池流域入湖河流在冬季低温时污染负荷低和在夏季暴雨期时污染负荷高的特点,进行了填料床处理污染河水的试验。结果表明:低温期(2—12℃),废混凝土/沸石/煤渣组合对COD_(cr)、氨氮和总氮的去除率最高,分别为44.4%-65.9%、56.4%-75.1%和56.5%-63.0%;暴雨期,废混凝土/沸石/煤渣组合的抗氮磷冲击负荷能力最好,削减氨氮、亚硝氮、总氮和总磷的负荷量平均可达22.9g/(m~2·d)、0.93g/(m~2·d)、25.3g/(m~2·d)和10.3g/(m~2·d)。废混凝土/沸石/煤渣组合是冬季低温期和夏季暴雨期净化滇池流域大清河污水的适宜填料;
2、将优选填料或填料组合作为基—塘系统的“基”,与水塘相结合,组成具有水质净化功能的基—塘系统小试装置。试验包括了WPDPS对污水的循环净化能力和对污染河水净化能力的研究,分别进行了针对轻微和重度污染水的净化试验。结果表明:
轻微污染水循环试验历时36天,循环13.38次,净化水中COD和总氮浓度达到了地表水环境质量Ⅱ类水质标准(GB 3838-88)。对各填料床中主要脱氮细菌的数量进行分析,砖块上的细菌数受温度的影响较大;核桃壳上的细菌数随温度影响不大;废混凝土/沸石/煤渣组合中细菌数的增长率呈现先慢后快再慢的过程。
重度污染水循环试验历时21天,循环7.81次,水质总体达到了地表水环境质量的Ⅰ类水质标准,WSPDPS对大肠菌群和细菌的去除率分别为92.8%和86.2%,此净化水具有渔业养殖用水或对水质有更高要求行业用水的潜力。对各填料床中主要脱氮细菌的数量进行分析,硝化细菌适宜在砖块上生长;核桃壳中硝化菌生长速率总体上没有砖块的高,但反硝化菌的生长速率是最高的;废混凝土/沸石/煤渣组合在试验前期三种细菌的生长速率均最低,而到试验后期时,生长速率明显升高。
由WPDPS对轻微和重度污染河水的净化试验可知,前者池塘出水COD_(cr)和总磷浓度分别达到了地表水环境质量Ⅰ类和Ⅱ类水质标准;后者COD_(cr)、氨氮、总氮和总磷的平均去除率分别达到了64.5%、80.1%、69.6%和55.1%。在上述两个试验中,核桃壳对COD_(cr)的去除率最高,废混凝土/沸石/煤渣组合对氮磷的去除率最高。“基”是去除污染物的主要构筑物。试验表明WPDPS有较好的截污能力。
On account of the principle of wastewater treatment of the Water Purification Dike-pond System(WPDPS),a batch of packing media screening experiments and small-scale experiments of WPDPS were studied in this paper,which discussed the capacity of WPDPS in treating the pollutants load of Daqing River in Dianchi Watershed and the capacity of WPDPS in cycling purifying the wastewater.Besides,research on performance of some important packing media used in the WPDPS for treating polluted river water under different circumstances was conducted.The main results were as follows:
1.According to the results of static experiments for eleven kinds of single packing medium screening,the zeolite and waste concrete showed the best removal efficiency of the NH_4~+-N and Dissolved Total P(DTP).With water bath at 20℃and within 24 hours, the adsorption quantity of 5g zeolite can reach to 5.43meq(75.9mg),2.91mg DTP was removed by 5g waste concrete.The higher the concentration of Ca,Na,Mg ions the zeolite released,the higher adsorptive efficiency of NH_4~+-N the zeolite showed.The phosphate anions were transformed to the precipitable state owing to the existence of massive Ca ions which were released by waste concrete.With water bath at 20℃and within 24 hours,2.12mg NH_4~+-N and 1.26mg DTP was removed by 5g cinder, respectively.
According to the circumstances of water quality of Daqing River that low pollutants load at low temperatures in winter and high pollutants load at rainstorm periods in summer, research on performance of packing media beds for treating polluted water of Daqing River was conducted.The result showed that during the low-temperature-period(2-12℃), waste concrete/zeolite/cinder group(CZC) showed the highest removal efficiency with the following values:44.4%-65.9%COD_(Cr),56.4%-75.1%NH_4~+-N,56.5%-63.0%TN. During the rainstorm period,CZC had best capacity of anti-shock load of N and P in which the average removal amount of NH_4~+-N,NO_2~--N,TN and TP was 22.9g/(m~2·d), 0.93g/(m~2·d),25.3g/(m~2·d) and 10.3g/(m~2·d) respectively.CZC was suitable for treating the pollutants in Daqing River of Dianchi Watershed.
2.The small-scale experiment setting of WPDPS was constructed,which included Pond and Dike with selected single packing medium or packing media group.A batch of experiments aiming at treating the slightly and heavily polluted water,consisted of the research on the cycle purification capacity of WPDPS and the capacity of WPDPS in treating the polluted river water.The result showed that:
The slightly polluted water cycle purification experiment lasted 36 days and the polluted water in WPDPS cycled 13.38 times.The concentration of COD_(Cr) and TN in purified water met the second level of environmental quality standard for surface water (GB 3838-88).To analyze the cell number of the main denitrifying bacteria in WPDPS, the temperature had significant influence on the bacteria number in brick,while it had little effect on changing the bacteria number in nut shell.The growth rate of main denitrifying bacteria in CZC was slow,then fast,and then slow again.
The heavily polluted water cycle purification experiment lasted 21 days and the polluted water in WPDPS cycled 7.81 times.The purified water met the first level of environmental quality standard for surface water as a whole,which had potential for becoming the water supply of fishery or the industry required higher water quality.The removal efficiency of the cell number of coliform group and total number of bacteria in WPDPS was 92.8%and 86.2%respectively.To analyze the cell number of the main denitrifying bacteria in WPDPS,brick was suitable for the growth of nitrifying bacteria. The rate of growth of nitrifying bacteria in nut shell was lower than that in brick as a whole,but the rate of growth of denitrifying bacteria was the highest.During the initial period of the experiment,the rate of growth of three types of bacteria were the lowest in CZC than other packing media,but the rate increased obviously during the late period of the experiment.
Based on the experiment of WPDPS treating the slightly and heavily polluted river water,the effluent concentration of COD_(Cr) and TP of the former met the first and second level of environmental quality standard for surface water,respectively.The average removal efficiency of COD_(Cr),NH_4~+-N,TN and TP of the latter was 64.5%,80.1%,69.6% and 55.1%,respectively.With regard to the two experiments above,the nut shell had the best COD_(Cr) removal efficiency and CZC showed the best N and P removal efficiency. Compared with the pond,dike was the dominating part in removing the pollutants.It was known that the WPDPS had good capacity of retaining pollutants.
引文
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