上海浦东新区快速城市化进程中河网变迁特征及水系保护研究
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摘要
平原河网地区城市化进程中河流水系结构破坏及河道功能退化状况比较突出,城市化地区河网水系变化及其结构和功能保护研究是河网水系保护和管理的研究热点。水系结构和水域景观的环境意义及其与区域景观特征内在联系的研究对于城市水系保护及景观建设具有重要的理论和现实意义。论文尝试从河流地貌学、景观生态学、环境管理学等多学科综合研究角度,以浦东新区为案例区域,对区域城市化发展历程及水环境质量演化特征进行回顾基础上,对快速城市化过程中河网水系变化的时空特征进行了较为系统的论述和分析,并从陆域景观和区域景观格局的不同尺度,探讨河网水系变化可能的景观效应。最终提出不同城市化发展阶段的河网水系的适应性管理对策,论文主要工作和研究结论可归纳为以下几个方面：
(1)选用水面率(Wp)、河网密度(Rd)、河频率(Rf)、平均分枝比(Rb)、河网复杂度(Pc)和支流发展系数(Rz)六大指标6大河网水系形态结构表征指标,研究多指标、多尺度、多时相下浦东新区近40a河网水系变化特征,并对各个城市化发展阶段的河网形态结构进行了对比分析,研究结论表明：①浦东新区河网水系城市化进程中河网水系总体呈逐年缩减趋势,经历了主干河道改造与支流缓慢缩减(1965～1989),支流急剧缩减(1989～2000),支流缓慢缩减(2000～2006)三个阶段,河网水系经历了干支流密布的网状水系到少数主干河道支撑,支流显著缩减的变化趋势。②区域河网水系结构变化具有典型的时空特征：时间尺度上,河网指标值逐年减少,河网形态和结构发育异常；空间尺度上,高度城市化区域河网结构自然状态受损,城市化辐射边缘区域河网仍保持近自然网状特征。③城市化建设活动是河网快速缩减的直接原因。工业小区建设、道路修建、市政工程建设、居住区扩建等城市建设活动是河网缩减的主要驱动因素,居住用地建设、道路广场修建则是城市边缘区河网缩减的直接原因。
(2)采用相关分析、水质评价、景观指数法,分析城市化进程中河网水系结构和河网水质的变化,对水域景观、陆域景观及区域景观格局可能产生的影响作出探讨,研究结果表明：①城市化进程中河网水质受到显著影响,较高等级河道水质优于较低等级河道水质；城市化边缘区水质优于城市化影响区域；②城市进程中水域景观面积和水域斑块数量、水域斑块的优势度相对减小,河网连通性受阻；陆域景观以工业用地、道路交通和居住用地等城市用地景观增加为特征。③河网水系变化会对区域景观斑块类型的分布及斑块形状复杂性产生影响,各类斑块空间上趋向混杂与均衡化分布。
(3)对浦东新区河网水系变化的关键问题识别基础上,尝试提出不同尺度、不同城市化发展阶段的河网水系保护的控制性指标,初步提出浦东新区河网保护与水系景观规划建设的适应性管理对策和建议,研究结论为：①对于高度城市化区域和城市郊区,提出了水面率(Ｗp)、河网密度(Rb)、支流发展系数(Rb)不同的指标控制要求。②建议顺应城市化发展的阶段性特征,将指标控制与其他环境保护系统规划和管理相结合,对宏观、中观和微观尺度上对控制指标和管理对策进行适时控制与调整,并建议对中度城市化区域和城市化边缘区的河网变化指标进行跟踪评估。③建议在农村区域逐步实施退涵还桥,沟通水系,调活水体,恢复和维持河流的自然风貌；对于高度城市化区域,可基于河流沿岸绿色廊道地域性特征,加强水系的自然和人文景观塑造,以期充分发挥河网水系的生态和环境功能。
The problems of river networks damage and its function degradation under rapid urbanization have become ever more prominent in plain river network region. Study on the characteristics of river network changes and protection measures for river networks structure and its function have become the research focus in the field of river system conservation and management. Moreover, study on the environment significance of river network,the landscape features of river system and its intrinsic relationship with the regional landscape pattern have important theoretical and practical significance to the urban landscape planning and construction. From an integrated perspective of geomorphology of rivers, landscape ecology and environmental management, based on the review of developing of regional urbanization and water quality evolution, the spatial and temporal characteristics of river network changes under rapid urbanization were exposited and analyzed systematically, taking Pudong New Area in Shanghai as an empirical study area in this paper.And then, the effects river network changes may produce on the landscape pattern during long time scale were discussed from different spatial scales, which were riparian terrestrial landscape and whole region landscape respectively. Finally, adaptive management strategies for river networks protection in different stages of urbanization were put forward in thesis from the following main headings.
(1) Six indicators including surface water ratio(Wp),the density of rivers(Rd), distribution frequency of river(Rf) and the integrity and complexity of river network(Rc), average branching ratio of rivers(Rb), developing coefficient of branch rivers(Rz) were selected to quantitively describe the characteristics of river networks changes in Pudong New Area for nealy 40 years, based on an integrated multi-indicators, multi-scale and multi-temporal methods.Morever, the difference of river networks morphology and structure in different urbanization level were futher analysed and compared. Research findings showed that:①River networks has experienced three changing phases:Trunk rivers man-made modifying and branch rivers decling(1965～1989), sharp reducing of tributary(1989～2000) and slowing down of tributaries decline (2000～2006), characterized by the disappearance of branch rivers in suburb region. River networks experienced the changes from a natural river networks crisscrossing with highly dense mainstream and tributaries into a simplified river networks characterized by only mainstream and highly reduced branch river.②River networks have been changing with a typical spatial and temporal features:on the time scale, the value of river networks indicators tended to reduce year by year, showing that the changes of river morphology and structure didn't comply with the law of nature; on the spatial scale, river networks changes showed a spatial difference, the original river networks have been damaged in highly urbanized region and ramian a nealy natural morphology and structure on the fringes of urbanization region.③City construction activities were the directive causes of river rapid reduction tendency, the building of industrial zone, road and municipal works, and construction of residential district and other construction activity were the main drivers of river networks reduction, and road building and residential district expansion may be the direct causes of river networks reduction on the fringe of urbanization region.
(2)Integrated methods including correlation analysis, water quality assessment, and landscape index were used in this paper, to analysis the changes of water quality and river system structure, and further discuss the impact river network changes may produce on the water landscape,terrestrial landscape and regional landscape under rapid urbanization. The results showed that:①Water quality was significantly affected under the rapid process of urbanization, river water quality in the higher grade was generally better than a river in lower grade; Water quality in fringe areas of urbanization was generally better than the urbanizing region; Terrestrial landscape changes characterized by the increase of industrial land, road traffic land and residential landscape.②The area, number and have reduced apparently, as a result, dominance of water patch in the region landscape also decreased, the connectivity of river network also got disrupted.③River networks change impacted the distribution and complexity of other landscape pattern, and every patche showed a tendency of equalizing and mixing with other patches.
(3)Based on the identification of key issues on the changes of river networks in Pudong New Area, controlling indicators were put forword to protect river networks from different spatial scales and time stages, and an attempt study on the adaptive management countermeasures to the river system was proposed in Pudong New Area, the results concluded that:①Different controlling requrirements for indicators, including surface water ratio(Wp),the density of rivers(Rd), developing coefficient of branch rivers(Rz) were proposed in the highly urbanized region and suburban region.②Taking the development characteristics of different urbanization stage as a factor for consideration, combing controlling indicators with other environmental protection system planning and management, from the macro, meso and micro scale respectively, the proposals to control and adjust the controlling indicators and management countermeasures at the right time was brought forward finally in this paper, and an tracking evaluation on the river networks changes in half-urbanized region and fringe areas of urban indicators was proposed.③It was proposed that some countermesures should be taken to preserve and restore natural landscape in surburban region by exchange the culvert with bridge and improve the connectitvity of river system and fluidity of water body;and for theprotection of river system in highly urbanized region, it was suggested that the building of human cultural landscape and natural landscape function should be enhanced, based on regional characteristics of green corridor of riparian zone,expecting to give full play to the environmental and ecological function.
(1)选用水面率(Wp)、河网密度(Rd)、河频率(Rf)、平均分枝比(Rb)、河网复杂度(Pc)和支流发展系数(Rz)六大指标6大河网水系形态结构表征指标,研究多指标、多尺度、多时相下浦东新区近40a河网水系变化特征,并对各个城市化发展阶段的河网形态结构进行了对比分析,研究结论表明：①浦东新区河网水系城市化进程中河网水系总体呈逐年缩减趋势,经历了主干河道改造与支流缓慢缩减(1965～1989),支流急剧缩减(1989～2000),支流缓慢缩减(2000～2006)三个阶段,河网水系经历了干支流密布的网状水系到少数主干河道支撑,支流显著缩减的变化趋势。②区域河网水系结构变化具有典型的时空特征：时间尺度上,河网指标值逐年减少,河网形态和结构发育异常；空间尺度上,高度城市化区域河网结构自然状态受损,城市化辐射边缘区域河网仍保持近自然网状特征。③城市化建设活动是河网快速缩减的直接原因。工业小区建设、道路修建、市政工程建设、居住区扩建等城市建设活动是河网缩减的主要驱动因素,居住用地建设、道路广场修建则是城市边缘区河网缩减的直接原因。
(2)采用相关分析、水质评价、景观指数法,分析城市化进程中河网水系结构和河网水质的变化,对水域景观、陆域景观及区域景观格局可能产生的影响作出探讨,研究结果表明：①城市化进程中河网水质受到显著影响,较高等级河道水质优于较低等级河道水质；城市化边缘区水质优于城市化影响区域；②城市进程中水域景观面积和水域斑块数量、水域斑块的优势度相对减小,河网连通性受阻；陆域景观以工业用地、道路交通和居住用地等城市用地景观增加为特征。③河网水系变化会对区域景观斑块类型的分布及斑块形状复杂性产生影响,各类斑块空间上趋向混杂与均衡化分布。
(3)对浦东新区河网水系变化的关键问题识别基础上,尝试提出不同尺度、不同城市化发展阶段的河网水系保护的控制性指标,初步提出浦东新区河网保护与水系景观规划建设的适应性管理对策和建议,研究结论为：①对于高度城市化区域和城市郊区,提出了水面率(Ｗp)、河网密度(Rb)、支流发展系数(Rb)不同的指标控制要求。②建议顺应城市化发展的阶段性特征,将指标控制与其他环境保护系统规划和管理相结合,对宏观、中观和微观尺度上对控制指标和管理对策进行适时控制与调整,并建议对中度城市化区域和城市化边缘区的河网变化指标进行跟踪评估。③建议在农村区域逐步实施退涵还桥,沟通水系,调活水体,恢复和维持河流的自然风貌；对于高度城市化区域,可基于河流沿岸绿色廊道地域性特征,加强水系的自然和人文景观塑造,以期充分发挥河网水系的生态和环境功能。
The problems of river networks damage and its function degradation under rapid urbanization have become ever more prominent in plain river network region. Study on the characteristics of river network changes and protection measures for river networks structure and its function have become the research focus in the field of river system conservation and management. Moreover, study on the environment significance of river network,the landscape features of river system and its intrinsic relationship with the regional landscape pattern have important theoretical and practical significance to the urban landscape planning and construction. From an integrated perspective of geomorphology of rivers, landscape ecology and environmental management, based on the review of developing of regional urbanization and water quality evolution, the spatial and temporal characteristics of river network changes under rapid urbanization were exposited and analyzed systematically, taking Pudong New Area in Shanghai as an empirical study area in this paper.And then, the effects river network changes may produce on the landscape pattern during long time scale were discussed from different spatial scales, which were riparian terrestrial landscape and whole region landscape respectively. Finally, adaptive management strategies for river networks protection in different stages of urbanization were put forward in thesis from the following main headings.
(1) Six indicators including surface water ratio(Wp),the density of rivers(Rd), distribution frequency of river(Rf) and the integrity and complexity of river network(Rc), average branching ratio of rivers(Rb), developing coefficient of branch rivers(Rz) were selected to quantitively describe the characteristics of river networks changes in Pudong New Area for nealy 40 years, based on an integrated multi-indicators, multi-scale and multi-temporal methods.Morever, the difference of river networks morphology and structure in different urbanization level were futher analysed and compared. Research findings showed that:①River networks has experienced three changing phases:Trunk rivers man-made modifying and branch rivers decling(1965～1989), sharp reducing of tributary(1989～2000) and slowing down of tributaries decline (2000～2006), characterized by the disappearance of branch rivers in suburb region. River networks experienced the changes from a natural river networks crisscrossing with highly dense mainstream and tributaries into a simplified river networks characterized by only mainstream and highly reduced branch river.②River networks have been changing with a typical spatial and temporal features:on the time scale, the value of river networks indicators tended to reduce year by year, showing that the changes of river morphology and structure didn't comply with the law of nature; on the spatial scale, river networks changes showed a spatial difference, the original river networks have been damaged in highly urbanized region and ramian a nealy natural morphology and structure on the fringes of urbanization region.③City construction activities were the directive causes of river rapid reduction tendency, the building of industrial zone, road and municipal works, and construction of residential district and other construction activity were the main drivers of river networks reduction, and road building and residential district expansion may be the direct causes of river networks reduction on the fringe of urbanization region.
(2)Integrated methods including correlation analysis, water quality assessment, and landscape index were used in this paper, to analysis the changes of water quality and river system structure, and further discuss the impact river network changes may produce on the water landscape,terrestrial landscape and regional landscape under rapid urbanization. The results showed that:①Water quality was significantly affected under the rapid process of urbanization, river water quality in the higher grade was generally better than a river in lower grade; Water quality in fringe areas of urbanization was generally better than the urbanizing region; Terrestrial landscape changes characterized by the increase of industrial land, road traffic land and residential landscape.②The area, number and have reduced apparently, as a result, dominance of water patch in the region landscape also decreased, the connectivity of river network also got disrupted.③River networks change impacted the distribution and complexity of other landscape pattern, and every patche showed a tendency of equalizing and mixing with other patches.
(3)Based on the identification of key issues on the changes of river networks in Pudong New Area, controlling indicators were put forword to protect river networks from different spatial scales and time stages, and an attempt study on the adaptive management countermeasures to the river system was proposed in Pudong New Area, the results concluded that:①Different controlling requrirements for indicators, including surface water ratio(Wp),the density of rivers(Rd), developing coefficient of branch rivers(Rz) were proposed in the highly urbanized region and suburban region.②Taking the development characteristics of different urbanization stage as a factor for consideration, combing controlling indicators with other environmental protection system planning and management, from the macro, meso and micro scale respectively, the proposals to control and adjust the controlling indicators and management countermeasures at the right time was brought forward finally in this paper, and an tracking evaluation on the river networks changes in half-urbanized region and fringe areas of urban indicators was proposed.③It was proposed that some countermesures should be taken to preserve and restore natural landscape in surburban region by exchange the culvert with bridge and improve the connectitvity of river system and fluidity of water body;and for theprotection of river system in highly urbanized region, it was suggested that the building of human cultural landscape and natural landscape function should be enhanced, based on regional characteristics of green corridor of riparian zone,expecting to give full play to the environmental and ecological function.
引文
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