红古区农业土壤的综合评价及改良利用研究
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摘要
通过调查和试验,对几种土壤形态特征进行了系统性的比较,对土壤资源利用现状、特点及存在问题进行了深刻的分析,并结合土壤资源评价结果,提出了土壤资源改良利用的具体措施。结果表明:
1.兰州市红古区主要的土壤类型有:灌淤土、黄绵土、灰钙土、潮土,其中灌淤土是红古区四大土类中的主要土类,集中分布于大通河和湟水河的河谷一、二级阶地。灌溉便利,主要生产粮食作物和经济作物。灰钙土占全区土地面积的81.72%,川水地面积约107.5hm~2,主要分布于海拔为1590～1770 m的位置。黄绵土全区均有分布,其中川水地中主要分布于湟水河流域,面积为126.4hm~2,占川水地总面积的3.11%。潮土的面积在该区为最小,面积仅有18.6hm~2,占川水地面积0.46%,主要分布在红古乡新庄村和窑街镇红山村一带。
2.全区现有灌淤土面积3814.1hm~2,占川水地面积的93.79%,其中红吃劲土壤面积3597hm~2,占川水地面积的88.46%,是红古区的主要土壤类型。调查发现,在32～77cm深度,红吃劲土壤剖面存在一层粘土层,保水保肥性能强,透水透气性能差,土壤固气相比例不协调,导致果树叶片变黄、农作物烂根和死苗。
3.红古区耕层土壤小于0.01mm粒级占总粒级的33.46%,大于0.01mm的占总粒级66.54%,中壤土占85.92%,轻壤土占14.08%,土壤剖面从上往下是由轻壤向重壤过渡。
4.红古区耕层土壤pH值平均为8.26,碳酸钙含量变幅在8.44～14.17%,平均为11.44%,微碱性石灰土壤与pH值密切相关,对土壤磷的活性和利用率影响较大,导致农业低产。
5.红古区土壤剖面全盐量耕作层平均为(0～20cm)0.1667%,犁底层平均为0.1733%,心土层平均为0.1974%,底土层平均为0.1571%。表明心土层有明显的盐分沉积作用,在干旱和排水不良的环境条件下,容易返盐和导致产生次生盐渍化。
6.红古区农业土壤(0～20cm)养分状况为:缺氮、少磷、钾丰富,有机质偏低。各乡镇土壤养分分布次序平安镇＞花庄镇＞河嘴乡＞红古乡＞海石镇＞窑街镇＞坪台地。经回归分析发现,土壤养分含量、分布与作物产量有显著的线性相关关系。
7.根据土壤资源评价原则和红古区四种土类的发生、发展的成土过程、数量、质量、分布、理化性质与环境的相关性,红古区耕作土壤可分为四等:一等耕作土壤包括灌淤土类中的红吃劲土、黄吃劲土、灰茬土三个土种,共计3636.2hm~2,占耕作土壤面积的54.43%,分布在河谷1～2阶地,海拔在1590～1770m。二等耕作土壤包括厚层灌淤漏砂土、薄层灌淤漏砂土、薄层灌淤淤砂土、底砂上潮土、中位湿潮土、川台水地黄绵土、川台水地绵白土七个土种,共计1534.3hm~2,占耕作土壤面积的22.97%,主要分布在1～4阶地,海拔在1590～1940m。三等耕作土壤包括耕种山台灰钙土、耕种山台黄绵土,共计1742.4hm~2,占耕作土壤面积的26.08%,在全区山地、丘陵、台地都有分布,海拔约1800～2100m。四等耕作土壤包括盐化灌淤土中的氯化物硫酸盐和硫酸盐两个土种,现有面积17.7hm~2,占耕地面积的0.026%。
8.各种农业土壤类型的改良措施:
8.1灌淤土:对厚层灌淤土而言,需加客土、掺砂、增加有机质;对薄层灌淤土而言,应筑坝围田,加深土体厚度;对地下水位高的盐化灌淤土而言,降低地下水位,进行少量多次灌溉,控制渠道渗漏。
8.2灰钙土:对有水源的川台地和山坡地而言,应大力发展灌溉农业,增加有机肥料,提高地力;对无水源的地区而言,通过地膜覆盖和梯田种植等农业措施,提高土壤蓄水能力:对丘陵地区农田而言,水土流失严重,肥力下降明显,应退耕还林还草。
8.3潮土:一是挖排水沟,降低地下水位;二是伏翻晒地,中耕除草;三是增施有机肥料,提倡高茬收割和秸秆还田;四是根据土壤情况调整作物布局,做到用养结合。
8.4黄绵土:兴修梯田,植树种草,做好水土保持,加强抗旱保墒的耕作措施,进行绿肥和豆类作物的种植。
Characteristics of several soil types were systematically compared after investigation and experiment, at same time utilization status, specific and existing problem of soil resources were profoundly analyzed, the treatments of amendments and utilization were concluded according to result analysis of soil resources, and results were followed:
1. Irrigation-silted soil is the main soil type in Honggu district of Lanzhou city along with loessial soil, sierozem and fluvo-aquic soil. Irrigation-silted soil is mainly distributed along the terrace 1 and terrace 2 in Datong river valley and Huangshui river valley. Irrigation was convenient, grain crops and economical corps are planted in this district, the area occupation rate of sierozem soil is 81.72%, the area is about 107.5 hectares in plain, and the altitude of sierozem soil is from 1590 m to 1770 m. The loessial soil was can be found in many places in the district, but the loessial soil is mainly distributed in Huangshui river valley, the area of loessial soil is about 126.4 hectares, the area occupation rate is about 3.11%. The area of fluvo-aquic soil is the minimum in the district, which is about 18.6 hectares, the area occupation rate is about 0.46%, the fluvo-aquic soil are mainly distributed along Honggu new village and Yiaojie red mountain village.
2. The area of irrigation-silted soil is about 3814.1 hectares, the area occupation rate is about 93.79% in plain irrigation lands, Hongchijin soil is main soil type of irrigation-silted soil in the district, the area of Hongchijin soil is about 3597 hectares, its area occupation rate is 88.46%.The clay soil layer was existed in 32-77cm profile in Hongchijin soil, clay soil layer had a good effect of water retained and fertilizer retain, at same time it had a bad effect of water permeation and air permeation, the rate of solid particle to air and to soil water is not better for crops growth, resulting in leaves becoming yellow, root decay and seeding death.
3. The rate occupation of less than 0.01mm soil particle size is 3.46%, the rate occupation of more than 0.01mm soil particle size is 66.54%, the rate occupation medium clay soil is 85.92%, the rate occupation light clay soil is 14.08%, the light clay soil is becoming heavy clay soil with the depth increase in soil profile.
4. The soil pH value is 8.26 in plough layer, the CaCO_3 content is varied from 8.44% to 14.17%, the average value is 11.44%, the alkaline limestone soil has good correlation with pH, pH has evident impact on activity and utilization of phosphorus, which result in the agriculture production decreased.
5. The average salt content is about 0.1667% in 0-20 cm soil profile, the average salt content is about 0.1733%, 0.1974% and 0.1571 % under plough payer, in medium plough layer and at bottom of plough layer respectively, the medium plough layer has an evident salt accumulation, it is easy to come into being salinization under dry and bad drainage condition
6. The soil nutrient status is lack of nitrogen, less phosphorus, rich kalium and low organic matter. Soil nutrient in order of is Pingan town > Huazhuang town > Hezui rural > Honggu rural > Haishi town > Yaojie town > Ping platform. The regression analysis showed that the content and distribution of soil nutrients had a significant linear correlation with crop yield.
7. The tillage soil can classified to 4 grades, according to principles of soil resources evaluation and the correlation between occurrence, development process, quantity, quality, distribution, physic-chemical properties with environment,. The area of Hongjin soil, Huangjin soil and Huicha soil is 636.2 hectares in grade 1, the area occupation rate of Hongjin soil, Huangjin soil and Huicha soil to whole farming lands is 54.43%, distributing in terrace land terrace 2 lands, and the altitude is from 1590m to 1770m. The thick irrigation-silted permeation sandy soil, thin irrigation-silted permeation sandy soil, thin irrigation-silted accumulation sandy soil, bottom fluvo-aquic sandy soil, medium fluvo-aquic soil, terrace loessial soil and terrace white loessial soil are classified in grade 2, the total area of those soil types is 1534.3 hectares, the area occupation rate is 22.97%, mainly distributing from terrace 1 lands to terrace 4 lands, and the altitude is from 1590m to 940m. The mountain sierozem soil, tillage loessial soil are classified in grade 3, the total area is 1742.4 hectares, the area occupation rate is 6.08%, distributing in mountains and hilly and plain lands, and the altitude is from 1800m to 2100m. The salty irrigation-silted soil are containing kraft chloride and sulphate in grade 4, the area is 17.7 hectares, the area occupation rate is 0.026%,
8. The improvement measures of several agriculture soil types
8.1 Irrigation-silted soil: farmlands soil, sandy and organic matter should be added to thick irrigation-silted Hongjin soil, dam construction should be used for land reforming and increase soil layer for thin irrigation-silted, the underground water level should be controlled to avoid salinization, less amount of irrigation water should be supplied with more times, at same time canal seepage should be controlled.
8.2 Fluvo-aquic soil: irrigation agriculture should be developed in terrace and sloppy lands in irrigation regions, adding organic fertilizer in order to promote the land productivity; mulching plant and terraced field plant should adopted to promote soil water storage in no irrigation areas; slope cropland should be converted to woodland and grassland in hilly region, in order to avid the high water and soil loss, and land soil fertility decline in the region.
8.3 Fluvo-aquic soil: digging drain ditch in order to low underground water level, ploughing firstly, sunning soil and weeding control in mid-summer secondly, organic fertilizer supplying and high height stubble standing and returning straw to soil thirdly, crop arrangement patterns adapting according to soil fertility status, coupling land utilization and land cultivating fourthly,
8.4 Loessial soil: building terraces farmlands, planting trees and grass, soil and water conservation, strengthening drought resisting and increase soil water storage, green manure crops and bean crops are planting.
1.兰州市红古区主要的土壤类型有:灌淤土、黄绵土、灰钙土、潮土,其中灌淤土是红古区四大土类中的主要土类,集中分布于大通河和湟水河的河谷一、二级阶地。灌溉便利,主要生产粮食作物和经济作物。灰钙土占全区土地面积的81.72%,川水地面积约107.5hm~2,主要分布于海拔为1590～1770 m的位置。黄绵土全区均有分布,其中川水地中主要分布于湟水河流域,面积为126.4hm~2,占川水地总面积的3.11%。潮土的面积在该区为最小,面积仅有18.6hm~2,占川水地面积0.46%,主要分布在红古乡新庄村和窑街镇红山村一带。
2.全区现有灌淤土面积3814.1hm~2,占川水地面积的93.79%,其中红吃劲土壤面积3597hm~2,占川水地面积的88.46%,是红古区的主要土壤类型。调查发现,在32～77cm深度,红吃劲土壤剖面存在一层粘土层,保水保肥性能强,透水透气性能差,土壤固气相比例不协调,导致果树叶片变黄、农作物烂根和死苗。
3.红古区耕层土壤小于0.01mm粒级占总粒级的33.46%,大于0.01mm的占总粒级66.54%,中壤土占85.92%,轻壤土占14.08%,土壤剖面从上往下是由轻壤向重壤过渡。
4.红古区耕层土壤pH值平均为8.26,碳酸钙含量变幅在8.44～14.17%,平均为11.44%,微碱性石灰土壤与pH值密切相关,对土壤磷的活性和利用率影响较大,导致农业低产。
5.红古区土壤剖面全盐量耕作层平均为(0～20cm)0.1667%,犁底层平均为0.1733%,心土层平均为0.1974%,底土层平均为0.1571%。表明心土层有明显的盐分沉积作用,在干旱和排水不良的环境条件下,容易返盐和导致产生次生盐渍化。
6.红古区农业土壤(0～20cm)养分状况为:缺氮、少磷、钾丰富,有机质偏低。各乡镇土壤养分分布次序平安镇＞花庄镇＞河嘴乡＞红古乡＞海石镇＞窑街镇＞坪台地。经回归分析发现,土壤养分含量、分布与作物产量有显著的线性相关关系。
7.根据土壤资源评价原则和红古区四种土类的发生、发展的成土过程、数量、质量、分布、理化性质与环境的相关性,红古区耕作土壤可分为四等:一等耕作土壤包括灌淤土类中的红吃劲土、黄吃劲土、灰茬土三个土种,共计3636.2hm~2,占耕作土壤面积的54.43%,分布在河谷1～2阶地,海拔在1590～1770m。二等耕作土壤包括厚层灌淤漏砂土、薄层灌淤漏砂土、薄层灌淤淤砂土、底砂上潮土、中位湿潮土、川台水地黄绵土、川台水地绵白土七个土种,共计1534.3hm~2,占耕作土壤面积的22.97%,主要分布在1～4阶地,海拔在1590～1940m。三等耕作土壤包括耕种山台灰钙土、耕种山台黄绵土,共计1742.4hm~2,占耕作土壤面积的26.08%,在全区山地、丘陵、台地都有分布,海拔约1800～2100m。四等耕作土壤包括盐化灌淤土中的氯化物硫酸盐和硫酸盐两个土种,现有面积17.7hm~2,占耕地面积的0.026%。
8.各种农业土壤类型的改良措施:
8.1灌淤土:对厚层灌淤土而言,需加客土、掺砂、增加有机质;对薄层灌淤土而言,应筑坝围田,加深土体厚度;对地下水位高的盐化灌淤土而言,降低地下水位,进行少量多次灌溉,控制渠道渗漏。
8.2灰钙土:对有水源的川台地和山坡地而言,应大力发展灌溉农业,增加有机肥料,提高地力;对无水源的地区而言,通过地膜覆盖和梯田种植等农业措施,提高土壤蓄水能力:对丘陵地区农田而言,水土流失严重,肥力下降明显,应退耕还林还草。
8.3潮土:一是挖排水沟,降低地下水位;二是伏翻晒地,中耕除草;三是增施有机肥料,提倡高茬收割和秸秆还田;四是根据土壤情况调整作物布局,做到用养结合。
8.4黄绵土:兴修梯田,植树种草,做好水土保持,加强抗旱保墒的耕作措施,进行绿肥和豆类作物的种植。
Characteristics of several soil types were systematically compared after investigation and experiment, at same time utilization status, specific and existing problem of soil resources were profoundly analyzed, the treatments of amendments and utilization were concluded according to result analysis of soil resources, and results were followed:
1. Irrigation-silted soil is the main soil type in Honggu district of Lanzhou city along with loessial soil, sierozem and fluvo-aquic soil. Irrigation-silted soil is mainly distributed along the terrace 1 and terrace 2 in Datong river valley and Huangshui river valley. Irrigation was convenient, grain crops and economical corps are planted in this district, the area occupation rate of sierozem soil is 81.72%, the area is about 107.5 hectares in plain, and the altitude of sierozem soil is from 1590 m to 1770 m. The loessial soil was can be found in many places in the district, but the loessial soil is mainly distributed in Huangshui river valley, the area of loessial soil is about 126.4 hectares, the area occupation rate is about 3.11%. The area of fluvo-aquic soil is the minimum in the district, which is about 18.6 hectares, the area occupation rate is about 0.46%, the fluvo-aquic soil are mainly distributed along Honggu new village and Yiaojie red mountain village.
2. The area of irrigation-silted soil is about 3814.1 hectares, the area occupation rate is about 93.79% in plain irrigation lands, Hongchijin soil is main soil type of irrigation-silted soil in the district, the area of Hongchijin soil is about 3597 hectares, its area occupation rate is 88.46%.The clay soil layer was existed in 32-77cm profile in Hongchijin soil, clay soil layer had a good effect of water retained and fertilizer retain, at same time it had a bad effect of water permeation and air permeation, the rate of solid particle to air and to soil water is not better for crops growth, resulting in leaves becoming yellow, root decay and seeding death.
3. The rate occupation of less than 0.01mm soil particle size is 3.46%, the rate occupation of more than 0.01mm soil particle size is 66.54%, the rate occupation medium clay soil is 85.92%, the rate occupation light clay soil is 14.08%, the light clay soil is becoming heavy clay soil with the depth increase in soil profile.
4. The soil pH value is 8.26 in plough layer, the CaCO_3 content is varied from 8.44% to 14.17%, the average value is 11.44%, the alkaline limestone soil has good correlation with pH, pH has evident impact on activity and utilization of phosphorus, which result in the agriculture production decreased.
5. The average salt content is about 0.1667% in 0-20 cm soil profile, the average salt content is about 0.1733%, 0.1974% and 0.1571 % under plough payer, in medium plough layer and at bottom of plough layer respectively, the medium plough layer has an evident salt accumulation, it is easy to come into being salinization under dry and bad drainage condition
6. The soil nutrient status is lack of nitrogen, less phosphorus, rich kalium and low organic matter. Soil nutrient in order of is Pingan town > Huazhuang town > Hezui rural > Honggu rural > Haishi town > Yaojie town > Ping platform. The regression analysis showed that the content and distribution of soil nutrients had a significant linear correlation with crop yield.
7. The tillage soil can classified to 4 grades, according to principles of soil resources evaluation and the correlation between occurrence, development process, quantity, quality, distribution, physic-chemical properties with environment,. The area of Hongjin soil, Huangjin soil and Huicha soil is 636.2 hectares in grade 1, the area occupation rate of Hongjin soil, Huangjin soil and Huicha soil to whole farming lands is 54.43%, distributing in terrace land terrace 2 lands, and the altitude is from 1590m to 1770m. The thick irrigation-silted permeation sandy soil, thin irrigation-silted permeation sandy soil, thin irrigation-silted accumulation sandy soil, bottom fluvo-aquic sandy soil, medium fluvo-aquic soil, terrace loessial soil and terrace white loessial soil are classified in grade 2, the total area of those soil types is 1534.3 hectares, the area occupation rate is 22.97%, mainly distributing from terrace 1 lands to terrace 4 lands, and the altitude is from 1590m to 940m. The mountain sierozem soil, tillage loessial soil are classified in grade 3, the total area is 1742.4 hectares, the area occupation rate is 6.08%, distributing in mountains and hilly and plain lands, and the altitude is from 1800m to 2100m. The salty irrigation-silted soil are containing kraft chloride and sulphate in grade 4, the area is 17.7 hectares, the area occupation rate is 0.026%,
8. The improvement measures of several agriculture soil types
8.1 Irrigation-silted soil: farmlands soil, sandy and organic matter should be added to thick irrigation-silted Hongjin soil, dam construction should be used for land reforming and increase soil layer for thin irrigation-silted, the underground water level should be controlled to avoid salinization, less amount of irrigation water should be supplied with more times, at same time canal seepage should be controlled.
8.2 Fluvo-aquic soil: irrigation agriculture should be developed in terrace and sloppy lands in irrigation regions, adding organic fertilizer in order to promote the land productivity; mulching plant and terraced field plant should adopted to promote soil water storage in no irrigation areas; slope cropland should be converted to woodland and grassland in hilly region, in order to avid the high water and soil loss, and land soil fertility decline in the region.
8.3 Fluvo-aquic soil: digging drain ditch in order to low underground water level, ploughing firstly, sunning soil and weeding control in mid-summer secondly, organic fertilizer supplying and high height stubble standing and returning straw to soil thirdly, crop arrangement patterns adapting according to soil fertility status, coupling land utilization and land cultivating fourthly,
8.4 Loessial soil: building terraces farmlands, planting trees and grass, soil and water conservation, strengthening drought resisting and increase soil water storage, green manure crops and bean crops are planting.
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