陇东地区生态承载力时空格局及其驱动因子研究
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摘要
区域生态承载力是区域可持续发展的重要基础,陇东地区作为泾河流域的典型区域位于黄土高原腹地,是甘肃经济发展的重要区域。该研究区自然环境条件差,植被破坏严重,是黄河中游段最主要的水土流失和最严重的生态失衡地区,同时由于近年来城市扩张、矿产开发等人类活动的影响,该研究区的生态问题进一步加剧。因此,科学评价陇东地区的生态承载力状况,对于改善当地的生态环境具有重要意义。
目前,对于生态承载力的测算多数是基于统计年鉴和土地利用统计数据的定量研究,结合土地利用变化的区域生态承载力评价涉足较少。本文通过生态足迹法,在RS-GIS的技术支持下,完成了对陇东地区1986年、1995年、2000年和2008年四个时段的土地利用/土地覆盖及其生态承载力的定量分析,实现了区域生态承载力的空间化,弥补了传统方法的不足。同时,对研究区生态承载力变化的驱动因子做了进一步的探讨。研究发现：
1.陇东地区土地利用类型以耕地和草地为主。1986-2008年各类土地均发生了转移变化,转移面积净变化量以耕地、草地和林地为主,土地利用转移趋势为：耕地主要转化为林地和草地,水域和城乡工矿居民用地主要转化为耕地。
2.陇东地区区域生态承载力总量与人均生态承载力均呈下降趋势。通过三种尺度的研究可知：陇东地区生态承载力供给空间分布不均匀,它与所对应土地利用类型和土地生态生产力有高度的相关性；研究区各县生态承载力总量分布不均匀,县与县之间没有明显的过渡带,人均生态承载力和单位面积生态承载力在空间上均呈水平地带性分布格局。
3.陇东地区生态承载力在区域上的分布和转移,受自然环境因素和社会经济因素的共同制约。在自然环境因素中降水是主导因子,与陇东各县生态承载力总量呈显著正相关；在社会经济因素中人口密度和产业密度是生态承载力改变的驱动因子。另外,以上因子通过对土地利用类型的影响,提升或降低其生态生产力,进而影响其生态承载力。
Ecological Carrying Capacity (ECC) is the base of region sustainable development. As a typical region of Jinghe Basin in the heart of Loess Plateau LongDong is the important area of economic development in Gansu. With poor natural environment, serious damage to vegetation, the study area is the most serious soil erosion and ecological imbalance region in Yellow River middle reaches. While urban expansion, mining and other human activities in recent years, the ecological problem of LongDong is further exacerbated. Therefore, scientific evaluation of the ecological carrying capacity is meaningful to improve the ecological environment of Longdong.
For the moment, most of the ecological carrying capacity estimates are based on Statistical Yearbook and statistical data of land use, assessment of regional ecological carrying capacity combined with land use has less involved. With the help of RS-GIS technologies, this essay studyed four times of land Use/land Cover and ecological carrying capacity through the ecological footprint method, realized the space of regional ecological carrying capacity, and made up for the deficiencies of traditional methods. Meanwhile, the essay did further study on the driving factors of the ecological carrying capacity. The results show in the following:
(1) Most of the land of Longdong are arable and grassland.1986-2008, all of the land have occurred changes, the net variation of transfer area are concentrated on arable, grassland and woodland. Transfer trends of land use:arable turn into forest and grassland, water and land for urban and rural residents mainly turn into arable.
(2) The total regional and per capital ecological carrying capacity all decreased. Through three scales study, the paper indicated that the supply of ecological carrying capacity is uneven distribution in space, the relationship between ecological carrying capacity and land use and land productivity is high correlated. The total ecological carrying capacity is different among various counties.The per capital and per unit area ecological carrying capacity shows the level and zonal distribution pattern in space.
(3) The distribution and transfer of the ecological carrying capacity in study region is subjected to the interaction of natural and socio-economic environment. The precipitation which is positively correlated with the total ecological carrying capacity is the dominant factor of natural environment. In addition, it is inverse correlated between the population density and industry density and the ecological carrying capacity. These factors on the impact of land use to enhance or reduce ecological productivity, thereby affect the ecological carrying capacity.
目前,对于生态承载力的测算多数是基于统计年鉴和土地利用统计数据的定量研究,结合土地利用变化的区域生态承载力评价涉足较少。本文通过生态足迹法,在RS-GIS的技术支持下,完成了对陇东地区1986年、1995年、2000年和2008年四个时段的土地利用/土地覆盖及其生态承载力的定量分析,实现了区域生态承载力的空间化,弥补了传统方法的不足。同时,对研究区生态承载力变化的驱动因子做了进一步的探讨。研究发现：
1.陇东地区土地利用类型以耕地和草地为主。1986-2008年各类土地均发生了转移变化,转移面积净变化量以耕地、草地和林地为主,土地利用转移趋势为：耕地主要转化为林地和草地,水域和城乡工矿居民用地主要转化为耕地。
2.陇东地区区域生态承载力总量与人均生态承载力均呈下降趋势。通过三种尺度的研究可知：陇东地区生态承载力供给空间分布不均匀,它与所对应土地利用类型和土地生态生产力有高度的相关性；研究区各县生态承载力总量分布不均匀,县与县之间没有明显的过渡带,人均生态承载力和单位面积生态承载力在空间上均呈水平地带性分布格局。
3.陇东地区生态承载力在区域上的分布和转移,受自然环境因素和社会经济因素的共同制约。在自然环境因素中降水是主导因子,与陇东各县生态承载力总量呈显著正相关；在社会经济因素中人口密度和产业密度是生态承载力改变的驱动因子。另外,以上因子通过对土地利用类型的影响,提升或降低其生态生产力,进而影响其生态承载力。
Ecological Carrying Capacity (ECC) is the base of region sustainable development. As a typical region of Jinghe Basin in the heart of Loess Plateau LongDong is the important area of economic development in Gansu. With poor natural environment, serious damage to vegetation, the study area is the most serious soil erosion and ecological imbalance region in Yellow River middle reaches. While urban expansion, mining and other human activities in recent years, the ecological problem of LongDong is further exacerbated. Therefore, scientific evaluation of the ecological carrying capacity is meaningful to improve the ecological environment of Longdong.
For the moment, most of the ecological carrying capacity estimates are based on Statistical Yearbook and statistical data of land use, assessment of regional ecological carrying capacity combined with land use has less involved. With the help of RS-GIS technologies, this essay studyed four times of land Use/land Cover and ecological carrying capacity through the ecological footprint method, realized the space of regional ecological carrying capacity, and made up for the deficiencies of traditional methods. Meanwhile, the essay did further study on the driving factors of the ecological carrying capacity. The results show in the following:
(1) Most of the land of Longdong are arable and grassland.1986-2008, all of the land have occurred changes, the net variation of transfer area are concentrated on arable, grassland and woodland. Transfer trends of land use:arable turn into forest and grassland, water and land for urban and rural residents mainly turn into arable.
(2) The total regional and per capital ecological carrying capacity all decreased. Through three scales study, the paper indicated that the supply of ecological carrying capacity is uneven distribution in space, the relationship between ecological carrying capacity and land use and land productivity is high correlated. The total ecological carrying capacity is different among various counties.The per capital and per unit area ecological carrying capacity shows the level and zonal distribution pattern in space.
(3) The distribution and transfer of the ecological carrying capacity in study region is subjected to the interaction of natural and socio-economic environment. The precipitation which is positively correlated with the total ecological carrying capacity is the dominant factor of natural environment. In addition, it is inverse correlated between the population density and industry density and the ecological carrying capacity. These factors on the impact of land use to enhance or reduce ecological productivity, thereby affect the ecological carrying capacity.
引文
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[4]索安宁,王兮之,林勇等.基于遥感的黄土高原典型区植被退化分析——以泾河流域为例[J].遥感学报,2009,13(2)：291-299.
[5]甄霖,谢高地,杨丽等.泾河流域土地利用变化驱动力及其政策的影响[J].资源科学,2005,27(4)：33-37.
[6]刘杰.生态承载力研究方法评述[J].农业与技术,2008,28(3):32-34.
[7]蔡河山,徐文彬.可持续发展定量研究的一种新方法——生态足迹法[J].环境污染与防治,2004,26(2)：159-159.
[8]章家恩,饶卫民,张磊等.3S技术在景观生态中的应用研究概述[J].国土与自然资源研究,2006(3)：50-52.
[9]傅伯杰,陈利顶,马克明等.景观生态学原理及应用[M].北京：科学出版社,2001.
[10]岳东霞,马金辉,巩杰等.中国西北地区基于GIS的生态承载力定量评价与空间格局[J].兰州大学学报自然科学版,2009,45(6):68-75.
[11]尚宗波,高琼.流域生态学——生态学研究的一个新领域[J].生态学报,2001,21(3):468-473.
[12]邓红兵,王庆礼,蔡庆华.流域生态学新科学、新思想、新途径[J].应用生态学报,1998,18(6)：575-581.
[13]Richard wood & Manferd lenzen. An application of a modified ecological footprint method and structural path analysis in a comparative Institutional Study [J]. Local Environment, 2003,8(4):365-386.
[14]Kurt Kratena. 'Ecological value added'in an integrated ecosystem-economy model-an indicator for sustainability[J]. Ecological economics,2004(48):189-200.
[15]Mathis Wackernagel, Chad Monfreda and Diana Deumling, Ecological Footprint of Nations(Novmeber 2002 Update) [M]. Redefining Progress,2002.
[16]Eva Roth, Harald Rosen thal, Peter Burbridge. A discussion of the use of the sustainability index:'ecological footprint'for aquaculture production [J]. Aquat Living Resour,2000(13): 461-469.
[17]Mathis Wackernagel, Onisto L, Bello P, Linares A C, et al. Ecological Footprint of Nations: how much nature do they use? How much nature do they have? [M]. Costa Rica:The Earth Council,1997.
[18]Kathryn B. Bicknell, Richard J. ball, Ross Cullen, etal. New methodology for the ecological footprint with an application to New Zealand economy [J]. Ecological Economics.1998,27, 149-160.
[19]Helmut Haberl, Karl-Heinz Erb, Fridolin Krausmnan. How to calculate and interpret ecological footprint for long period of time:the case of Austria 1926-1995 [J]. Ecological Economics,2001,38(1):25-45.
[20]杜晓睿.基于生态足迹模型的区域生态承载力研究——以重庆市为例[D].重庆：西南大学,2008.
[21]徐忠民.可持续发展与水资源承载力测度[D]. LIGG, CAS,2000.
[22]张志强,徐忠民,程国栋.生态足迹的概念及计算模型[J].生态经济,2000(10):8-10.
[23]杨晓阳.基于生态足迹分析的青海湟水河流域可持续发展能力研究[D].西安：西北大学,2008.
[24]蒋依依,王仰麟,卜心国等.国内外生态足迹模型应用个回顾与展望[J].地理科学进展,2005,24(2)：13-23.
[25]徐忠民,陈东景,张志强等.中国1999年的生态足迹分析[J].土壤学报,2002,39(3):441-445.
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