渭河宝鸡市区段生态基流调控研究
|
摘要
渭河流域的生态环境长期以来呈总体恶化趋势。渭河宝鸡市区段生态环境问题尤其突出,造成河流功能退化,水资源的供需矛盾日趋严重,严重制约了宝鸡市经济与社会的可持续发展,解决生态环境问题迫在眉睫。为了维持河流最基本的生态环境功能,就要保障河流的生态基流。在实践上,以往的区域水资源配置与水利工程调度主要考虑传统的兴利除害(城镇供水、灌溉、防洪、发电等)目标,很少或者不考虑河道生态基础流量与生态功能方面的需求,更缺乏考虑生态目标的调度管理经验。
本论文以渭河宝鸡市区段为研究对象,探讨生态基流得到满足下的水资源优化配置。主要研究内容及成果如下：
1、分析了宝鸡市的社会经济状况、水资源特性、水环境状况等,并探讨了渭河宝鸡市区段的河道特性和河道功能,为生态基流的最终确定奠定基础。
2、计算了渭河宝鸡市区段水质达标所需的自净需水量,确定了近期渭河宝鸡市区段的生态基流量。根据搜集到的资料,结合该研究区段的实际状况,运用段首控制法、最小月平均流量法、质量守恒法对自净需水量进行计算,结果表明现状排污下的自净需水量要远大于达标排污下的自净需水量。其中现状排污下的自净需水量为16.3m3／s-89.6 m3／s,达标排污下的自净需水量为7.68m3／s～34.7 m3／s。在此基础上,结合已有研究成果,确定近期渭河宝鸡市区段生态基流值为10.0m3／s。
3、进行渭河宝鸡市区段生态基流量的盈缺评价及其影响因素分析。在渭河宝鸡市区段所需生态基流量已知的情况下,对其进行盈缺评价。并分析宝鸡峡灌区引水、魏家堡水电站引水、宝鸡峡渠首加坝加闸工程以及区间支流补给、市区污水排放、农业及其他方面的节水等因素对生态基流的盈亏影响,以便为区域水资源合理配置提供依据。
4、建立渭河宝鸡市区段生态基流的调控模型并进行模型求解。在综合分析影响因素的基础上,运用系统优化理论,建立了数学模型,在满足系统基本生态需水的前提下,使系统中的水资源配置实现最优。并分丰水年(25%)、平水年(50%)、枯水年(75%)三种典型代表年；生态基流量的不同保证程度即保证率分别为100%、80%、60%三种情形；现有调蓄设施分考虑和不考虑两种情况,来对模型进行应用。并针对宝鸡峡塬上灌区提出相应的农业节水工程措施和非工程措施。从而减少农业灌溉需水,有利于生态基流保障。
The ecological environment of Weihe River basin showed deterioration trend over the long time. The ecological environment problems of Baoji City segment of Weihe River is particularly prominent, resulting in degradation of the river features, contradiction of water demand and supply become increasingly serious, the sustainable development of economy and society of Baoji is restricted, so it is urgent to address the ecological environment problems. In order to maintain the ecological environment functions of rivers, it is necessary to ensure the ecological basic flow. In practice, traditional benefit-rasing goals (town water supply, irrigation, flood control, power generation, etc.) were mainly considered in previous regional water resources allocation and operation of water project, little or no ecological basic flow and ecological function demand, but also lack of scheduling management experiences considering the ecological objective.
Taking the example of Baoji City segment of Weihe River, the optimal allocation of water resources is studied while ecological basic flow is met. Main research contents and results are summarized as follows:
1. Several aspects are analyzed including the socio-economic situation in Baoji, water features, water environment, etc., and also the river features and channel functions of Baoji City segment of Weihe River, for the finalization of the ecological basic flow.
2. Self-purification flow is Calculated and the recent ecological basic flow is determined. According to the information collected, combined with the actual situation of the study section, self-purification water demand is calculated using the section-beginning control method, the minimum monthly average flow method, mass conservation method. Results show that the self-purification water demand under present situation to be much larger than the standard reaching situation. The self-purification water demand under present situation is 16.3m3/s～ 89.6m3/s, and the self-purification water demand under standard reaching situation is 7.68m3/s～34.7 m3/s. On this basis, combined with the results existing, the ecological basic flow is determined to be 10.0m3/s in this paper.
3. The profit and loss evaluation and impact factors analysis about the ecological basic flow are made in this paper. The profit and loss is evaluated under the case of base flow known. And impact factors are analyzed including Baoji Gorge irrigation district water diversion, Weijiabu Hydropower plant water diversion, Baoji irrigation headwork and branch supplement, urban sewage discharge, agricultural and other water-saving factors, which provides the basis for rational allocation of water resources.
4. The ecological basic flow control model of Baoji City segment of Weihe River is established and the model is applied. Based on comprehensive analysis of factors, using system optimization theory, the mathematical model is built to realize optimum water allocation while meeting the ecological basic flow demand. And the model is applied in different cases, such as wet year (25%), flat-water year (50%), dry year (75%), three kinds of typical representative years; the different level of assurance of ecological basic flow that the guaranteed rates are 100%,80%,60%; the existing regulation and storage facilities, to consider and not. From Baoji Gorge up-tableland irrigation area, feasible engineering measures and non-engineering measures are put forward, aims to reduce irrigation water and guarantee the ecological basic flow.
本论文以渭河宝鸡市区段为研究对象,探讨生态基流得到满足下的水资源优化配置。主要研究内容及成果如下：
1、分析了宝鸡市的社会经济状况、水资源特性、水环境状况等,并探讨了渭河宝鸡市区段的河道特性和河道功能,为生态基流的最终确定奠定基础。
2、计算了渭河宝鸡市区段水质达标所需的自净需水量,确定了近期渭河宝鸡市区段的生态基流量。根据搜集到的资料,结合该研究区段的实际状况,运用段首控制法、最小月平均流量法、质量守恒法对自净需水量进行计算,结果表明现状排污下的自净需水量要远大于达标排污下的自净需水量。其中现状排污下的自净需水量为16.3m3／s-89.6 m3／s,达标排污下的自净需水量为7.68m3／s～34.7 m3／s。在此基础上,结合已有研究成果,确定近期渭河宝鸡市区段生态基流值为10.0m3／s。
3、进行渭河宝鸡市区段生态基流量的盈缺评价及其影响因素分析。在渭河宝鸡市区段所需生态基流量已知的情况下,对其进行盈缺评价。并分析宝鸡峡灌区引水、魏家堡水电站引水、宝鸡峡渠首加坝加闸工程以及区间支流补给、市区污水排放、农业及其他方面的节水等因素对生态基流的盈亏影响,以便为区域水资源合理配置提供依据。
4、建立渭河宝鸡市区段生态基流的调控模型并进行模型求解。在综合分析影响因素的基础上,运用系统优化理论,建立了数学模型,在满足系统基本生态需水的前提下,使系统中的水资源配置实现最优。并分丰水年(25%)、平水年(50%)、枯水年(75%)三种典型代表年；生态基流量的不同保证程度即保证率分别为100%、80%、60%三种情形；现有调蓄设施分考虑和不考虑两种情况,来对模型进行应用。并针对宝鸡峡塬上灌区提出相应的农业节水工程措施和非工程措施。从而减少农业灌溉需水,有利于生态基流保障。
The ecological environment of Weihe River basin showed deterioration trend over the long time. The ecological environment problems of Baoji City segment of Weihe River is particularly prominent, resulting in degradation of the river features, contradiction of water demand and supply become increasingly serious, the sustainable development of economy and society of Baoji is restricted, so it is urgent to address the ecological environment problems. In order to maintain the ecological environment functions of rivers, it is necessary to ensure the ecological basic flow. In practice, traditional benefit-rasing goals (town water supply, irrigation, flood control, power generation, etc.) were mainly considered in previous regional water resources allocation and operation of water project, little or no ecological basic flow and ecological function demand, but also lack of scheduling management experiences considering the ecological objective.
Taking the example of Baoji City segment of Weihe River, the optimal allocation of water resources is studied while ecological basic flow is met. Main research contents and results are summarized as follows:
1. Several aspects are analyzed including the socio-economic situation in Baoji, water features, water environment, etc., and also the river features and channel functions of Baoji City segment of Weihe River, for the finalization of the ecological basic flow.
2. Self-purification flow is Calculated and the recent ecological basic flow is determined. According to the information collected, combined with the actual situation of the study section, self-purification water demand is calculated using the section-beginning control method, the minimum monthly average flow method, mass conservation method. Results show that the self-purification water demand under present situation to be much larger than the standard reaching situation. The self-purification water demand under present situation is 16.3m3/s～ 89.6m3/s, and the self-purification water demand under standard reaching situation is 7.68m3/s～34.7 m3/s. On this basis, combined with the results existing, the ecological basic flow is determined to be 10.0m3/s in this paper.
3. The profit and loss evaluation and impact factors analysis about the ecological basic flow are made in this paper. The profit and loss is evaluated under the case of base flow known. And impact factors are analyzed including Baoji Gorge irrigation district water diversion, Weijiabu Hydropower plant water diversion, Baoji irrigation headwork and branch supplement, urban sewage discharge, agricultural and other water-saving factors, which provides the basis for rational allocation of water resources.
4. The ecological basic flow control model of Baoji City segment of Weihe River is established and the model is applied. Based on comprehensive analysis of factors, using system optimization theory, the mathematical model is built to realize optimum water allocation while meeting the ecological basic flow demand. And the model is applied in different cases, such as wet year (25%), flat-water year (50%), dry year (75%), three kinds of typical representative years; the different level of assurance of ecological basic flow that the guaranteed rates are 100%,80%,60%; the existing regulation and storage facilities, to consider and not. From Baoji Gorge up-tableland irrigation area, feasible engineering measures and non-engineering measures are put forward, aims to reduce irrigation water and guarantee the ecological basic flow.
引文
[1]张亚平.陕西水问题研究[M].西安：陕西科学技术出版社,2008
[2]方乐润.水资源工程系统分析[M].北京：水利电力出版式社,1990
[3]汪恕诚.水权和水市场[J].水电能源科学,2001,19(1)：1-5
[4]H.I.Shuval. Are the Conflicts between Israel and Her Neighbors over the Water of the Jordan River Basin an Obstacle to Peace [J].Water, Air, Soil Pollution,2000,123:605-630
[5]李海涛,许学工,肖笃宁.民勤绿洲水资源利用分析[J].干旱区研究,2007,24(3)：287-294
[6]廖世春,韩建民.甘肃民勤县水资源危机探析[J].广东农业科学,2008,(5)：123-126
[7]Peter H. Gleick. Water in Crisis:Paths to sustainable water use [J].Ecological Applications,1998,8(3): 571-579
[8]Bovee K D. The incremental method of assessing habitat potential for coolwater species with management implication[J]. American Fisheries Society Special Publication,1978,11:340-346
[9]徐志侠,陈敏建,董增川.基于生态系统分析的河道最小生态需水计算方法研究(Ⅰ)[J].水利水电技术,2004,(12)：15-18
[10]夏豪,黄川友,欧祖宏.河流生态需水量研究进展[J].西南民族大学学报：自然科学版,2006,32(4)：808-810
[11]汪妮.陕西省宝鸡峡灌区解决缺水问题的方案研究[D].西安：西安理工大学,2001
[12]宋进喜,刘昌明,徐宗学.渭河(陕西段)河道生态环境需水量研究[J].人民黄河,2005,(11)：64-65
[13]寇宗武.对沿渭(河)地下水开发问题的思考[J].地下水,2005,27(3)：93-97
[14]杨涛.渭河宝鸡市区段生态基流及调控初步研究[D].西安：西安理工大学,2008
[15]姚广文.渭河流域综合治理迫在眉睫[J].水利水电技术,1994,(6)：45-47
[16]刘燕,胡安焱.渭河流域近50年降水特征变化及其对水资源的影响[J].干旱区资源与环境,2006,20(1)：85-87
[17]徐志侠,陈敏建,董增川.河流生态需水计算方法评述[J].河海大学学报：自然科学版,2004,32(1)：5-9
[18]Nienhuis PH. New concepts for sustainable management of river basins [M].Netherlands:Backuys Publishers,1998:7-33
[19]宋进喜,李怀恩.渭河生态环境需水量研究[M].北京：中国水利水电出版社,2005
[20]Donald Leroy Tennant. Instream Flow Regiments for Fish, Wildlife, Recreation and Related Environmental Resources[J]. Fisheries,1976,1(4):6-10
[21]O'SHEA D T. Estimating minumum instream flowquirements for M innesota streams from hydrologic; data watershed characteristics[J]. North Am. J. Fish Manage,1993,15:569-578
[22]ORTH D J,LEONARDP M. Comparison of discharge methods and habitat optimization for
recommending instream flows to protect fish habitat[J].Regulated River,1988,5:129-138
[23]Gippel G J. Stewardson M J. Use of wetted perimeter in defining minimum-environmental flows[J]. Regulated rivers:research and management,1998,14(1):53-67
[24]MacKay, Hcathcr, Brian M. The Importance of Instream Flow Requirements for Decision-Making in the Okavango River Basin[J]. Transboundary Rivers, Sovereignty and Development.2003,275-302
[25]Jowett, I. G. Instream flow methods:a comparison of approaches[J]. Regulated Rivers:Research and Management,1997 (13):115-127
[26]吉利娜.水力学方法估算河道内基本生态需水量研究[D].西安：西北农林科技大学,2006
[27]ORTH D J,MAUGHAN O E.Evaluation of the incremental methodology for recommending instream flows for fishes[J].Trans Am Fish Soc,1982,111(4):413-445
[28]ARTHINGTON A H.Development of an holistic approach for assessing environmental flow requirements of riverine ecosystems[A].In:JOHN J P, BRUCE P H.Water allocation for the environments[C].Armidale:The Center for Water Policy Research,University of New England,1992,69-76
[29]KING J M, LOW D. Instream flow assessment for regulated rivers in South Africa using the building block methodology[J]. Aquat. Ecosyst. Health Manag.,1998,1:109-124
[30]HUGHES D A,HANNART P A.A desktop model used to provide an initial estimate of the ecological instream flow requirements of rivers in South Africa [J]. Journal of Hydrology,2003,270(3):167-181
[31]Thame.R.2003, A global perspective on environmental flow assessment:emerging trends in the development and application of environmental flow methodologies[J].River Research and Applications,1999:397-441
[32]钟华平.黑河流域水资源使用权合理分配模式研究[D].南京：河海大学,2006
[33]倪晋仁,金玲,赵业安等.黄河下游最小生态环境需水量初步研究[J].水利学报,2002,6：1-7
[34]王西琴,张远,刘昌明.河道生态及环境需水理论探讨[J].自然资源学报,2003,18(2)：240-246
[35]杨志峰,尹民,崔保山.城市生态环境需水量研究—理论与方法[J].生态学报,2005,25(3)：389-396
[36]徐志侠,王浩等.基于生态系统分析的河道最小生态需水计算方法研究(Ⅱ)[J].水利水电技术,2005,36(1)：31-34
[37]宫少燕.环境需水量研究[D].南京：河海大学,2005
[38]刘静玲,杨志峰,肖芳等.河流生态基流量整合计算模型[J].环境科学学报,2005,25(4)：436-441
[39]郑建平,陈敏建,徐志侠等.海河流域河道最小生态流量研究[J].水利水电科技进展,2005,25(5)：12-15
[40]苏飞,陈敏建,董增川,徐志侠.辽河河道最小生态流量研究[J].河海大学学报：自然科学版,2006,34(2)：136-139
[41]宋兰兰,陆桂华,刘凌.水文指数法确定河流生态需水[J].水利学报,2006,37(11)：1336-1341
[42]李文生,许士国.太子河河道生态环境需水量研究[J].大连理工大学学报,2006,46(1)：116-120
[43]李万寿.湟水干流西宁—民和段河道生态基流量研究[J].水资源与水工程学报,2007,18(3)：75-79
[44]曹世惠,苏正猛,顾世祥等.云南省生态环境需水研究初探[J].水利水电技术,2007,38(12)：4-8
[45]齐悦,龙玉桥,卢文喜.大凌河流域河道生态需水量估算[J].水文,2008,28(4)：46-49.
[46]秦丽杰,邱红,陶国芳等.辉发河下游河道生态环境需水量的界定及水环境保护[J].环境科学与管理,2008,33(4)：134-138
[47]韩瑞光,丁志宏.南水北调西线一期工程河道内最小生态环境需水量的研究[J].水利发展研究,2009,9(1)：31-33
[48]杨志峰,陈贺.一种动态生态环境需水计算方法及其应用[J].生态学报,2006,26(9)：2989-2995
[49]黄强,李群,张泽中等.计算黄河干流生态环境需水Tennant法的改进及应用[J].水动力学研究与进展,2007,22(6)：774-781
[50]陈星,崔广柏,刘凌等.计算河道内生态需水量的DESKTOP RESERVE模型及其应用[J].水资源保护,2007,23(1)：39-42
[51]郭利丹,夏自强,李捷.河流生态径流量常用计算方法的对比[J].人民黄河,2008,30(4)：28-30
[52]高凯.吉林省西部生态环境需水研究[D].吉林：吉林大学,2008
[53]王西琴,刘昌明,杨志峰.河道最小环境需水量确定方法及其应用研究(Ⅱ)—应用[J].环境科学学报,2001,21(5)：548-552
[54]Vladimirov,A M,Lobanova,H V.Classification of rivers to assess low flow impacts on water quality,[A] Hydrology in a Changing Environment Volume I[C], John Wiley&Sons,Ltd.,Baffins Lane Chi Chester W.Sussex PO19 1UD UK,1998,329～334
[55]杨志峰,崔保山,刘静玲等.生态环境需水量理论,方法与实践[M].北京：科学出版社,2003,22-32
[56]吴泽宁,索丽生.水资源优化配置研究进展[J].灌溉排水学报,2004,23(2)：1-5
[57]Mitchell G. Demand forecasting as a tool for sustainable water resource management. International Journal of Sustainable Development and World Ecology,1999,6(4):231-241
[58]N.Brnus著.戴国瑞,冯尚友等译.水资源科学分配[M].北京：水利电力出版社,1983
[59]谢彤芳,沈珍瑶.涉及生态环境需水的水资源合理配置[J].水利水电技术,2004,35(9)：17-19
[60]吴险峰,王丽萍.枣庄城市复杂多水源供水优化配置模型[J].武汉水利电力大学学报,2000,33(1)：30-32
[61]刘昌明,陈志恺.中国水资源现状评价和供需发展趋势分析[M].北京：中国水利水电出版社,2001
[62]董增川,刘凌.西部地区水资源配置研究[M].水利水电技术,2001,32(3)：1-4
[63]赵生才(整理).面向生态的水资源合理配置与调控——香山科学会议第158次学术讨论会观点摘要[J].地球科学进展,2002,17(3)：457-460
[64]苏华,王忠静.内蒙古中西部区域发展与水资源合理配置的多目标分析[J].冰川冻土,2002,24(4)：393-399
[65]尤祥瑜,谢新民,孙仕军等.我国水资源配置模型研究现状与展望[J].中国水利水电科学研究所学报,2004,2(2)：131-140
[66]吴泽宁.基于生态经济的区域水质水量统一优化配置研究[D].南京：河海大学,2004
[67]张鑫.区域生态环境需水量与水资源合理配置[D].杨凌：西北农林科技大学,2004
[68]赵微,黄介生,姜海等.面向生态的水资源协调优化配置模型[J].水电能源科学,2006,24(3)：11-13
[69]郑志飞.黄河下游水量水质与生态联合调度系统研究[D].南京：河海大学,2007
[70]董雯,刘志辉,朱健.面向生态的新疆艾比湖流域水资源合理配置模型探讨[J].新疆农业科学,2009,46(2)：306-311
[71]邓洁.威海市生态用水及水资源合理配置研究[D].北京：北京林业大学,2009
[72]杜守建.南水北调东线山东受水区水资源优化配置研究[D].西安：西安理工大学,2009
[73]宋世良,王香亭.渭河鱼类区系研究[J].兰州大学学报(自然科学版),1983,19(4)：120-128
[74]许涛清,李仲辉.渭河鱼类区系的初步研究[J].新乡师范学院学报,1984,5(4),25-29
[75]马斌,解建仓,汪妮等.多水源引水灌区水资源调配模型及应用[J].水利学报,2001,(9)：59-63
[76]胡振鹏,傅春,王先甲.水资源产权配置与管理[M].北京：科学出版社,2003
[77]张亚平.陕西省现状灌溉水利用率测算方法与问题讨论[J].水资源与水工程学报,2007,18(3)：60-62
[78]李彦刚,刘小学,魏晓妹等.宝鸡峡灌区地表水与地下水联合调度研究[J].人民黄河,2009,31(3)：65-69
[79]张亚平.基于WebGIS的宝鸡峡灌区经济用水模式研究[D].西安：西安理工大学,2008
[80]宋进喜,李怀恩,王伯铎.西北开发中的水资源问题及对策[J].长安大学学报,2002,22(6)：108-112
[81]桂林国.引黄灌区农业节水的技术措施与途径[J].宁夏农林科技,2003,5：31-33
[2]方乐润.水资源工程系统分析[M].北京：水利电力出版式社,1990
[3]汪恕诚.水权和水市场[J].水电能源科学,2001,19(1)：1-5
[4]H.I.Shuval. Are the Conflicts between Israel and Her Neighbors over the Water of the Jordan River Basin an Obstacle to Peace [J].Water, Air, Soil Pollution,2000,123:605-630
[5]李海涛,许学工,肖笃宁.民勤绿洲水资源利用分析[J].干旱区研究,2007,24(3)：287-294
[6]廖世春,韩建民.甘肃民勤县水资源危机探析[J].广东农业科学,2008,(5)：123-126
[7]Peter H. Gleick. Water in Crisis:Paths to sustainable water use [J].Ecological Applications,1998,8(3): 571-579
[8]Bovee K D. The incremental method of assessing habitat potential for coolwater species with management implication[J]. American Fisheries Society Special Publication,1978,11:340-346
[9]徐志侠,陈敏建,董增川.基于生态系统分析的河道最小生态需水计算方法研究(Ⅰ)[J].水利水电技术,2004,(12)：15-18
[10]夏豪,黄川友,欧祖宏.河流生态需水量研究进展[J].西南民族大学学报：自然科学版,2006,32(4)：808-810
[11]汪妮.陕西省宝鸡峡灌区解决缺水问题的方案研究[D].西安：西安理工大学,2001
[12]宋进喜,刘昌明,徐宗学.渭河(陕西段)河道生态环境需水量研究[J].人民黄河,2005,(11)：64-65
[13]寇宗武.对沿渭(河)地下水开发问题的思考[J].地下水,2005,27(3)：93-97
[14]杨涛.渭河宝鸡市区段生态基流及调控初步研究[D].西安：西安理工大学,2008
[15]姚广文.渭河流域综合治理迫在眉睫[J].水利水电技术,1994,(6)：45-47
[16]刘燕,胡安焱.渭河流域近50年降水特征变化及其对水资源的影响[J].干旱区资源与环境,2006,20(1)：85-87
[17]徐志侠,陈敏建,董增川.河流生态需水计算方法评述[J].河海大学学报：自然科学版,2004,32(1)：5-9
[18]Nienhuis PH. New concepts for sustainable management of river basins [M].Netherlands:Backuys Publishers,1998:7-33
[19]宋进喜,李怀恩.渭河生态环境需水量研究[M].北京：中国水利水电出版社,2005
[20]Donald Leroy Tennant. Instream Flow Regiments for Fish, Wildlife, Recreation and Related Environmental Resources[J]. Fisheries,1976,1(4):6-10
[21]O'SHEA D T. Estimating minumum instream flowquirements for M innesota streams from hydrologic; data watershed characteristics[J]. North Am. J. Fish Manage,1993,15:569-578
[22]ORTH D J,LEONARDP M. Comparison of discharge methods and habitat optimization for
recommending instream flows to protect fish habitat[J].Regulated River,1988,5:129-138
[23]Gippel G J. Stewardson M J. Use of wetted perimeter in defining minimum-environmental flows[J]. Regulated rivers:research and management,1998,14(1):53-67
[24]MacKay, Hcathcr, Brian M. The Importance of Instream Flow Requirements for Decision-Making in the Okavango River Basin[J]. Transboundary Rivers, Sovereignty and Development.2003,275-302
[25]Jowett, I. G. Instream flow methods:a comparison of approaches[J]. Regulated Rivers:Research and Management,1997 (13):115-127
[26]吉利娜.水力学方法估算河道内基本生态需水量研究[D].西安：西北农林科技大学,2006
[27]ORTH D J,MAUGHAN O E.Evaluation of the incremental methodology for recommending instream flows for fishes[J].Trans Am Fish Soc,1982,111(4):413-445
[28]ARTHINGTON A H.Development of an holistic approach for assessing environmental flow requirements of riverine ecosystems[A].In:JOHN J P, BRUCE P H.Water allocation for the environments[C].Armidale:The Center for Water Policy Research,University of New England,1992,69-76
[29]KING J M, LOW D. Instream flow assessment for regulated rivers in South Africa using the building block methodology[J]. Aquat. Ecosyst. Health Manag.,1998,1:109-124
[30]HUGHES D A,HANNART P A.A desktop model used to provide an initial estimate of the ecological instream flow requirements of rivers in South Africa [J]. Journal of Hydrology,2003,270(3):167-181
[31]Thame.R.2003, A global perspective on environmental flow assessment:emerging trends in the development and application of environmental flow methodologies[J].River Research and Applications,1999:397-441
[32]钟华平.黑河流域水资源使用权合理分配模式研究[D].南京：河海大学,2006
[33]倪晋仁,金玲,赵业安等.黄河下游最小生态环境需水量初步研究[J].水利学报,2002,6：1-7
[34]王西琴,张远,刘昌明.河道生态及环境需水理论探讨[J].自然资源学报,2003,18(2)：240-246
[35]杨志峰,尹民,崔保山.城市生态环境需水量研究—理论与方法[J].生态学报,2005,25(3)：389-396
[36]徐志侠,王浩等.基于生态系统分析的河道最小生态需水计算方法研究(Ⅱ)[J].水利水电技术,2005,36(1)：31-34
[37]宫少燕.环境需水量研究[D].南京：河海大学,2005
[38]刘静玲,杨志峰,肖芳等.河流生态基流量整合计算模型[J].环境科学学报,2005,25(4)：436-441
[39]郑建平,陈敏建,徐志侠等.海河流域河道最小生态流量研究[J].水利水电科技进展,2005,25(5)：12-15
[40]苏飞,陈敏建,董增川,徐志侠.辽河河道最小生态流量研究[J].河海大学学报：自然科学版,2006,34(2)：136-139
[41]宋兰兰,陆桂华,刘凌.水文指数法确定河流生态需水[J].水利学报,2006,37(11)：1336-1341
[42]李文生,许士国.太子河河道生态环境需水量研究[J].大连理工大学学报,2006,46(1)：116-120
[43]李万寿.湟水干流西宁—民和段河道生态基流量研究[J].水资源与水工程学报,2007,18(3)：75-79
[44]曹世惠,苏正猛,顾世祥等.云南省生态环境需水研究初探[J].水利水电技术,2007,38(12)：4-8
[45]齐悦,龙玉桥,卢文喜.大凌河流域河道生态需水量估算[J].水文,2008,28(4)：46-49.
[46]秦丽杰,邱红,陶国芳等.辉发河下游河道生态环境需水量的界定及水环境保护[J].环境科学与管理,2008,33(4)：134-138
[47]韩瑞光,丁志宏.南水北调西线一期工程河道内最小生态环境需水量的研究[J].水利发展研究,2009,9(1)：31-33
[48]杨志峰,陈贺.一种动态生态环境需水计算方法及其应用[J].生态学报,2006,26(9)：2989-2995
[49]黄强,李群,张泽中等.计算黄河干流生态环境需水Tennant法的改进及应用[J].水动力学研究与进展,2007,22(6)：774-781
[50]陈星,崔广柏,刘凌等.计算河道内生态需水量的DESKTOP RESERVE模型及其应用[J].水资源保护,2007,23(1)：39-42
[51]郭利丹,夏自强,李捷.河流生态径流量常用计算方法的对比[J].人民黄河,2008,30(4)：28-30
[52]高凯.吉林省西部生态环境需水研究[D].吉林：吉林大学,2008
[53]王西琴,刘昌明,杨志峰.河道最小环境需水量确定方法及其应用研究(Ⅱ)—应用[J].环境科学学报,2001,21(5)：548-552
[54]Vladimirov,A M,Lobanova,H V.Classification of rivers to assess low flow impacts on water quality,[A] Hydrology in a Changing Environment Volume I[C], John Wiley&Sons,Ltd.,Baffins Lane Chi Chester W.Sussex PO19 1UD UK,1998,329～334
[55]杨志峰,崔保山,刘静玲等.生态环境需水量理论,方法与实践[M].北京：科学出版社,2003,22-32
[56]吴泽宁,索丽生.水资源优化配置研究进展[J].灌溉排水学报,2004,23(2)：1-5
[57]Mitchell G. Demand forecasting as a tool for sustainable water resource management. International Journal of Sustainable Development and World Ecology,1999,6(4):231-241
[58]N.Brnus著.戴国瑞,冯尚友等译.水资源科学分配[M].北京：水利电力出版社,1983
[59]谢彤芳,沈珍瑶.涉及生态环境需水的水资源合理配置[J].水利水电技术,2004,35(9)：17-19
[60]吴险峰,王丽萍.枣庄城市复杂多水源供水优化配置模型[J].武汉水利电力大学学报,2000,33(1)：30-32
[61]刘昌明,陈志恺.中国水资源现状评价和供需发展趋势分析[M].北京：中国水利水电出版社,2001
[62]董增川,刘凌.西部地区水资源配置研究[M].水利水电技术,2001,32(3)：1-4
[63]赵生才(整理).面向生态的水资源合理配置与调控——香山科学会议第158次学术讨论会观点摘要[J].地球科学进展,2002,17(3)：457-460
[64]苏华,王忠静.内蒙古中西部区域发展与水资源合理配置的多目标分析[J].冰川冻土,2002,24(4)：393-399
[65]尤祥瑜,谢新民,孙仕军等.我国水资源配置模型研究现状与展望[J].中国水利水电科学研究所学报,2004,2(2)：131-140
[66]吴泽宁.基于生态经济的区域水质水量统一优化配置研究[D].南京：河海大学,2004
[67]张鑫.区域生态环境需水量与水资源合理配置[D].杨凌：西北农林科技大学,2004
[68]赵微,黄介生,姜海等.面向生态的水资源协调优化配置模型[J].水电能源科学,2006,24(3)：11-13
[69]郑志飞.黄河下游水量水质与生态联合调度系统研究[D].南京：河海大学,2007
[70]董雯,刘志辉,朱健.面向生态的新疆艾比湖流域水资源合理配置模型探讨[J].新疆农业科学,2009,46(2)：306-311
[71]邓洁.威海市生态用水及水资源合理配置研究[D].北京：北京林业大学,2009
[72]杜守建.南水北调东线山东受水区水资源优化配置研究[D].西安：西安理工大学,2009
[73]宋世良,王香亭.渭河鱼类区系研究[J].兰州大学学报(自然科学版),1983,19(4)：120-128
[74]许涛清,李仲辉.渭河鱼类区系的初步研究[J].新乡师范学院学报,1984,5(4),25-29
[75]马斌,解建仓,汪妮等.多水源引水灌区水资源调配模型及应用[J].水利学报,2001,(9)：59-63
[76]胡振鹏,傅春,王先甲.水资源产权配置与管理[M].北京：科学出版社,2003
[77]张亚平.陕西省现状灌溉水利用率测算方法与问题讨论[J].水资源与水工程学报,2007,18(3)：60-62
[78]李彦刚,刘小学,魏晓妹等.宝鸡峡灌区地表水与地下水联合调度研究[J].人民黄河,2009,31(3)：65-69
[79]张亚平.基于WebGIS的宝鸡峡灌区经济用水模式研究[D].西安：西安理工大学,2008
[80]宋进喜,李怀恩,王伯铎.西北开发中的水资源问题及对策[J].长安大学学报,2002,22(6)：108-112
[81]桂林国.引黄灌区农业节水的技术措施与途径[J].宁夏农林科技,2003,5：31-33