水库生态环境需水理论研究
|
摘要
水是生态系统中最活跃的因子,近年来由于人口与经济的发展,人类生产、生活用水挤占了自然生态系统用水,使得水环境问题日益突出。对生态环境需水进行研究,保证生态系统动态平衡或健康发展所需的水量,为水资源的配置和管理提供科学依据。
在分析了水库对生态系统影响的基础上对水库生态环境需水概念进行了定义,并对水库生态环境需水量的计算原则、计算步骤以及计算方法进行了研究。
最后以许家坪水电枢纽工程库区为实例,调查了所在河流水生生物状况,结果表明:水库所在河流水质现状良好。同时分析其生态环境需水类型,并计算各类生态需水量。重点对水库下游维持水生生物生存及其栖息地的下泄生态环境需水进行研究。由于库区降雨量大于蒸散发量,则库区蒸散发需水量为0;由发电规模,能源生产需水量为6583.36万m3;保证水库取水口水位基本的需水量为17.24万m3,这个水量同时也满足了库区水生生物生存及其栖息地的需水量;根据水生动植物生长、繁殖周期,水库下游水生生物及其栖息地的生态需水量采用水力模拟法及逐月最小生态流量计算法计算得到的年最小生态径流量分别为630.72万m3和607.22万m3,并用Tennant法对两种方法进行比较检验,得出逐月最小生态流量计算法计算结果更合理。由此算得水库的生态环境需水总量为7207.82万m3。
Water is the most active gene in the ecosystem. With the rapid development of population and economy, the part of water natural ecosystem needed is taken by people's production and living.So the problem of water environment is becoming more and more serious. Research on eco-environmental water demands to assure the balance of ecological environment or healthy development, can supply scientific theory for rational water resources allocation and manage.
Through analyzing the effect of ecosystem in reservoir, the eco-environmental water demand of reservoir is defined and its calculation principles, steps and methods are researched.
The thesis take the reservoir of xujiaping as an example, investigate the situation of hydrobiont in that river, the results indicate that the river's water quality is fine. At the same time, the type of eco-environmental water demand of reservoir is analyzed , and all kinds of eco-environmental water demand are calculated. The thesis do main research on leaking an ecological environment water demands maintaining hydrobiont's survival and their habitats in lower reaches of reservoir. Since rainfall is more than evaporation in the reservoir ,the water demand of evaporation is 0; From the scale of generate electricity, the water demand of energy produce is 65833600m3 m3; the water demand of ensureing the reservoir's water line of fetching water is 172400m3,this water can also maintain hydrobiont's survival and their habitats in reservoir. According to the growing periods animal and plant in lower reaches of reservoir, it uses the method of hydrodynamic simulation and the least monthly ecological runoff to calculate the minimal eco-environmental water demands one year respectively and the result is 6307200m3 and 6072200m3, and the method of Tennant is used to compare and verify the results of the two methods,the least monthly ecological runoff is more reasonable. So the total of ecological environment water demands of reservoir is 72078200m3.
在分析了水库对生态系统影响的基础上对水库生态环境需水概念进行了定义,并对水库生态环境需水量的计算原则、计算步骤以及计算方法进行了研究。
最后以许家坪水电枢纽工程库区为实例,调查了所在河流水生生物状况,结果表明:水库所在河流水质现状良好。同时分析其生态环境需水类型,并计算各类生态需水量。重点对水库下游维持水生生物生存及其栖息地的下泄生态环境需水进行研究。由于库区降雨量大于蒸散发量,则库区蒸散发需水量为0;由发电规模,能源生产需水量为6583.36万m3;保证水库取水口水位基本的需水量为17.24万m3,这个水量同时也满足了库区水生生物生存及其栖息地的需水量;根据水生动植物生长、繁殖周期,水库下游水生生物及其栖息地的生态需水量采用水力模拟法及逐月最小生态流量计算法计算得到的年最小生态径流量分别为630.72万m3和607.22万m3,并用Tennant法对两种方法进行比较检验,得出逐月最小生态流量计算法计算结果更合理。由此算得水库的生态环境需水总量为7207.82万m3。
Water is the most active gene in the ecosystem. With the rapid development of population and economy, the part of water natural ecosystem needed is taken by people's production and living.So the problem of water environment is becoming more and more serious. Research on eco-environmental water demands to assure the balance of ecological environment or healthy development, can supply scientific theory for rational water resources allocation and manage.
Through analyzing the effect of ecosystem in reservoir, the eco-environmental water demand of reservoir is defined and its calculation principles, steps and methods are researched.
The thesis take the reservoir of xujiaping as an example, investigate the situation of hydrobiont in that river, the results indicate that the river's water quality is fine. At the same time, the type of eco-environmental water demand of reservoir is analyzed , and all kinds of eco-environmental water demand are calculated. The thesis do main research on leaking an ecological environment water demands maintaining hydrobiont's survival and their habitats in lower reaches of reservoir. Since rainfall is more than evaporation in the reservoir ,the water demand of evaporation is 0; From the scale of generate electricity, the water demand of energy produce is 65833600m3 m3; the water demand of ensureing the reservoir's water line of fetching water is 172400m3,this water can also maintain hydrobiont's survival and their habitats in reservoir. According to the growing periods animal and plant in lower reaches of reservoir, it uses the method of hydrodynamic simulation and the least monthly ecological runoff to calculate the minimal eco-environmental water demands one year respectively and the result is 6307200m3 and 6072200m3, and the method of Tennant is used to compare and verify the results of the two methods,the least monthly ecological runoff is more reasonable. So the total of ecological environment water demands of reservoir is 72078200m3.
引文
[1]刘昌明,何希吾. 21世纪中国水问题方略[M].北京:科学技术出版社, 1996
[2]夏军,朱一中.水资源安全的度量:水资源承载力的研究与挑战[J].自然资源学报,2002,17(3):262-269
[3]黄奕龙,傅伯杰等.生态水文过程研究进展[J].生态学报,2003,23(3):580-587
[4]严登华,何岩等.生态水文过程对水环境影响研究述评[J].水科学进展, 2005,16(5):747-752
[5]王根绪,刘桂民,常娟.流域尺度生态水文研究评述[J].生态学报, 2005,25(4):892-903
[6]刘昌明.关于生态需水量的概念和重要性[J] .科学对社会的影响, 2002,(2) :25-29.
[7] Petts G E.Water allocation to protect river ecosystems[J].Regulated Rivers: Research & Management, 1996(12):353-365.
[8] Resh V H. Periodical citations in aquatic entomology and freshwater benthic biology[J].Freshwater Biology ,1985(15):757-766.
[9] Dakova Sn, Uzunov Y,Mandadjiev D. Low flow-the rivers ecosystem impacted by flow abstraction in a large postmining area[J]. Landscape and Planning, 2000,51(2):165-176
[10] Willian Whipple. A proposed approach to coordination of water resources development and environmental regulations[J]. Journal of the American Water Resources Association,1999,35(4):73-891
[11]崔树彬.关于生态环境需水若干问题的探讨[J].中国水利,2001, (8):71-75
[12] Gleick P H. Water in crisis—a guide to the world’s fresh water resources[M]. New York:Oxford University Press.1993.
[13] Gleick P H. Water in crisis: path to sustainable water use[J]. EcologicalAlications,1996,8(3):571-579.
[14] Gleick P H. The world’s water 2000-2001: The biennial report on freshwater resources[M]. Washington, DC, USA: Island Press.1998.
[15] Gleick P H. The changing water paradigm: a look at twenty-first century water resource development[J]. Water International, 2000,25(1):127-138.
[16] Falkenmark M. Forward to the future: a conceptual framework for water dependence[J]. Ambio. 28(4):356-361.
[17] Falkenmark M. Coping with water scarcity under rapid population growth[C]. Pretoria :Conference of SADC Minsters.1995.
[18] Raskin P D, Hansen E, Margolis R M. Water and sustainability: Global patterns and long-range problems[J]. Natural Research Forum, 1996,20(1): 1-15.
[19] Whipple W, Dubois J D, Grigg N, et al. A proposed approach to coordination of water resources development and environmental regulations[J]. Journal of the American Water Resources Association,1999,35(4):30-35.
[20] Baird A J, Wilby R L. Eco-hydrology: plant and water in terrestrial and aquatic environments[M]. New York: Routledge Press.1999.
[21] ArmbrusterJ T.An infiltration index useful in estimating low-flow characteristics of drainage basins[J]. J Res USGS,1976,4(5):533-538
[22] Mc Mahon T A,Arenas A D. Methods of computation of low stream flow [A]. Paris in hydrology[C].1982.36.107。
[23] Smakhtin V U. Low flow hydrology: a review [J]. Journal of Hydrological. 2001,240:147-186。
[24] FRIEND’s 97.Regional Hydrology Concepts and Models for Sustainable Water Resources Management[A].IAHS publication 1997,No.246,363。
[25] Martin Pusch, Andras Hoffmann. Conservation concept for a river ecosystem impacted by flow abstraction in a large postmining area[J]. Landscape and Planning .2000,51(2):165-176。
[26] Dakova Sn, Uzunov Y Mandadjiev D. Low flow-the river’s ecosystem limiting factor[J]. Ecological Engineering.2000,16(1):167-174。
[27] Willian Whipple. A proposed to coordination of water resources development and environmental regulations[J]. Journal of the American Water Resources Association .1999,35(4):73-89。
[28]汤奇成.塔里木盆地水资源与绿洲建设[J].自然资源,1989(6):28-34
[29]汤奇成.绿洲的发展与水资源合理利用[J].干旱区资源与环境, 1995,9(3):107-111
[30]贾宝全,许英勤.干旱区生态用水的概念和分类-以新疆为例[J].干旱区地理, 1998,21(2):8-12
[31]贾宝全,慈龙骏.新疆生态用水量的初步估算[J].生态学报,2000, 20(2):243-250
[32]王礼先.生态环境用水的界定和计算方法[J].中国水利,2002,10:28-30
[33]王芳,梁瑞驹,杨小柳等.中国西北地区生态环境需水研究(I)-干旱半干旱地区生态需水理论分析[J].自然资源学报,2002,17(1):1-8
[34]王芳,王浩,陈建敏等.中国西北地区生态需水研究(II)-基于遥感和地理信息系统技术的区域生态需水计算及分析[J].自然资源学报, 2002,17(2):129-137
[35]李丽娟,郑红星.海滦河流域河流系统生态环境需水量计算[J].地理学报, 2000,55(4):495-500
[36]中国工程院“21世纪中国可持续发展水资源战略研究”项目组.中国可持续发展水资源战略研究综合报告[J].中国工程科学,2002,2(8):1-17
[37]刘昌明.二十一世纪中国水资源若干问题的讨论[J].水利水电技术, 2002,33(1):15-19
[38]王西琴,刘昌明,杨志峰.河道最小环境需水量确定方法及其应用研究(I)-理论[J].环境科学学报,2001,21(5):544-547
[39]王西琴,杨志峰,刘昌明.河道最小环境需水量确定方法及其应用研究(II)-应用[J].环境科学学报,2001,21(5):548-552
[40]王西琴,刘昌明,杨志峰.生态及环境需水量研究进展与前瞻[J].水科学进展,2002,13(4):507-514
[41]刘静玲,杨志峰.湖泊生态环境需水量计算方法研究[J].自然资源学报, 2002,17(5):604-609
[42]崔保山,杨志峰.湿地生态环境需水量等级划分与实例分析[J].资源科学, 2003, 25(1):21-28
[43]崔保山,杨志峰.湿地生态环境需水量研究[J].环境科学学报,2002, 22(2):219-224
[44]严登华,何岩,邓伟等.东辽河流域河流系统生态需水研究[J].水土保持学报, 2001,15(1):46-49
[45]杨志峰,崔保山,刘静玲等.生态环境需水量理论、方法与实践[M].北京:科学出版社,2003
[46]崔丽娟,鲍达明,肖红等.基于生态保护目标得湿地生态需水研究[J].世界林业研究, 2006, 19(20):18-22
[47]张代青,高军省等.河道内生态环境需水量计算方法的研究现状及其改进探讨[J].水资源与水工程学报, 2006, 17(4):68-73
[48]杨志峰,陈贺等.一种动态生态环境需水计算方法及其应用[J].生态学报, 2006,26(9):2989-2995
[49]徐志侠,王浩,董增川等.河道与湖泊生态需水理论与实践[M].北京:中国水利水电出版社,2005
[50]卞戈亚,周明耀,朱春龙等.生态需水计算方法研究现状及展望[J].水资源保护, 2006,(6):46-49
[51]李嘉,王玉蓉,李克峰等.计算河段最小生态需水的生态水力学法[J].水利学报, 2006, 37(10):1169-1174
[52]钟华平,刘恒,耿雷华等.河道内生态需水估算方法及其评述[J].水科学进展, 2006 ,17(3):430-434
[53]喻泽斌,龙腾锐,王敦球等.河流景观生态环境需水量计算方法研究[J].重庆建筑大学学报,2005, 27(1):71-75
[54]李大勇,卞戈亚,董增川等.太湖平原河网系统生态环境需水量组成及计算方法研究[J]. 2005 ,33(3):246-250
[55]徐志侠,王浩,董增川等.南四湖湖区最小生态需水研究[J].水利学报, 2006,37(7):784-788
[56]倪晋仁,崔树彬,李天宏等.论河流生态环境需水[J].水利学报,2002, (9):14-26
[57]粟晓玲,康绍忠.生态需水的概念及其计算方法[J].水科学进展, 2003,14(6):740-744
[2]夏军,朱一中.水资源安全的度量:水资源承载力的研究与挑战[J].自然资源学报,2002,17(3):262-269
[3]黄奕龙,傅伯杰等.生态水文过程研究进展[J].生态学报,2003,23(3):580-587
[4]严登华,何岩等.生态水文过程对水环境影响研究述评[J].水科学进展, 2005,16(5):747-752
[5]王根绪,刘桂民,常娟.流域尺度生态水文研究评述[J].生态学报, 2005,25(4):892-903
[6]刘昌明.关于生态需水量的概念和重要性[J] .科学对社会的影响, 2002,(2) :25-29.
[7] Petts G E.Water allocation to protect river ecosystems[J].Regulated Rivers: Research & Management, 1996(12):353-365.
[8] Resh V H. Periodical citations in aquatic entomology and freshwater benthic biology[J].Freshwater Biology ,1985(15):757-766.
[9] Dakova Sn, Uzunov Y,Mandadjiev D. Low flow-the rivers ecosystem impacted by flow abstraction in a large postmining area[J]. Landscape and Planning, 2000,51(2):165-176
[10] Willian Whipple. A proposed approach to coordination of water resources development and environmental regulations[J]. Journal of the American Water Resources Association,1999,35(4):73-891
[11]崔树彬.关于生态环境需水若干问题的探讨[J].中国水利,2001, (8):71-75
[12] Gleick P H. Water in crisis—a guide to the world’s fresh water resources[M]. New York:Oxford University Press.1993.
[13] Gleick P H. Water in crisis: path to sustainable water use[J]. EcologicalAlications,1996,8(3):571-579.
[14] Gleick P H. The world’s water 2000-2001: The biennial report on freshwater resources[M]. Washington, DC, USA: Island Press.1998.
[15] Gleick P H. The changing water paradigm: a look at twenty-first century water resource development[J]. Water International, 2000,25(1):127-138.
[16] Falkenmark M. Forward to the future: a conceptual framework for water dependence[J]. Ambio. 28(4):356-361.
[17] Falkenmark M. Coping with water scarcity under rapid population growth[C]. Pretoria :Conference of SADC Minsters.1995.
[18] Raskin P D, Hansen E, Margolis R M. Water and sustainability: Global patterns and long-range problems[J]. Natural Research Forum, 1996,20(1): 1-15.
[19] Whipple W, Dubois J D, Grigg N, et al. A proposed approach to coordination of water resources development and environmental regulations[J]. Journal of the American Water Resources Association,1999,35(4):30-35.
[20] Baird A J, Wilby R L. Eco-hydrology: plant and water in terrestrial and aquatic environments[M]. New York: Routledge Press.1999.
[21] ArmbrusterJ T.An infiltration index useful in estimating low-flow characteristics of drainage basins[J]. J Res USGS,1976,4(5):533-538
[22] Mc Mahon T A,Arenas A D. Methods of computation of low stream flow [A]. Paris in hydrology[C].1982.36.107。
[23] Smakhtin V U. Low flow hydrology: a review [J]. Journal of Hydrological. 2001,240:147-186。
[24] FRIEND’s 97.Regional Hydrology Concepts and Models for Sustainable Water Resources Management[A].IAHS publication 1997,No.246,363。
[25] Martin Pusch, Andras Hoffmann. Conservation concept for a river ecosystem impacted by flow abstraction in a large postmining area[J]. Landscape and Planning .2000,51(2):165-176。
[26] Dakova Sn, Uzunov Y Mandadjiev D. Low flow-the river’s ecosystem limiting factor[J]. Ecological Engineering.2000,16(1):167-174。
[27] Willian Whipple. A proposed to coordination of water resources development and environmental regulations[J]. Journal of the American Water Resources Association .1999,35(4):73-89。
[28]汤奇成.塔里木盆地水资源与绿洲建设[J].自然资源,1989(6):28-34
[29]汤奇成.绿洲的发展与水资源合理利用[J].干旱区资源与环境, 1995,9(3):107-111
[30]贾宝全,许英勤.干旱区生态用水的概念和分类-以新疆为例[J].干旱区地理, 1998,21(2):8-12
[31]贾宝全,慈龙骏.新疆生态用水量的初步估算[J].生态学报,2000, 20(2):243-250
[32]王礼先.生态环境用水的界定和计算方法[J].中国水利,2002,10:28-30
[33]王芳,梁瑞驹,杨小柳等.中国西北地区生态环境需水研究(I)-干旱半干旱地区生态需水理论分析[J].自然资源学报,2002,17(1):1-8
[34]王芳,王浩,陈建敏等.中国西北地区生态需水研究(II)-基于遥感和地理信息系统技术的区域生态需水计算及分析[J].自然资源学报, 2002,17(2):129-137
[35]李丽娟,郑红星.海滦河流域河流系统生态环境需水量计算[J].地理学报, 2000,55(4):495-500
[36]中国工程院“21世纪中国可持续发展水资源战略研究”项目组.中国可持续发展水资源战略研究综合报告[J].中国工程科学,2002,2(8):1-17
[37]刘昌明.二十一世纪中国水资源若干问题的讨论[J].水利水电技术, 2002,33(1):15-19
[38]王西琴,刘昌明,杨志峰.河道最小环境需水量确定方法及其应用研究(I)-理论[J].环境科学学报,2001,21(5):544-547
[39]王西琴,杨志峰,刘昌明.河道最小环境需水量确定方法及其应用研究(II)-应用[J].环境科学学报,2001,21(5):548-552
[40]王西琴,刘昌明,杨志峰.生态及环境需水量研究进展与前瞻[J].水科学进展,2002,13(4):507-514
[41]刘静玲,杨志峰.湖泊生态环境需水量计算方法研究[J].自然资源学报, 2002,17(5):604-609
[42]崔保山,杨志峰.湿地生态环境需水量等级划分与实例分析[J].资源科学, 2003, 25(1):21-28
[43]崔保山,杨志峰.湿地生态环境需水量研究[J].环境科学学报,2002, 22(2):219-224
[44]严登华,何岩,邓伟等.东辽河流域河流系统生态需水研究[J].水土保持学报, 2001,15(1):46-49
[45]杨志峰,崔保山,刘静玲等.生态环境需水量理论、方法与实践[M].北京:科学出版社,2003
[46]崔丽娟,鲍达明,肖红等.基于生态保护目标得湿地生态需水研究[J].世界林业研究, 2006, 19(20):18-22
[47]张代青,高军省等.河道内生态环境需水量计算方法的研究现状及其改进探讨[J].水资源与水工程学报, 2006, 17(4):68-73
[48]杨志峰,陈贺等.一种动态生态环境需水计算方法及其应用[J].生态学报, 2006,26(9):2989-2995
[49]徐志侠,王浩,董增川等.河道与湖泊生态需水理论与实践[M].北京:中国水利水电出版社,2005
[50]卞戈亚,周明耀,朱春龙等.生态需水计算方法研究现状及展望[J].水资源保护, 2006,(6):46-49
[51]李嘉,王玉蓉,李克峰等.计算河段最小生态需水的生态水力学法[J].水利学报, 2006, 37(10):1169-1174
[52]钟华平,刘恒,耿雷华等.河道内生态需水估算方法及其评述[J].水科学进展, 2006 ,17(3):430-434
[53]喻泽斌,龙腾锐,王敦球等.河流景观生态环境需水量计算方法研究[J].重庆建筑大学学报,2005, 27(1):71-75
[54]李大勇,卞戈亚,董增川等.太湖平原河网系统生态环境需水量组成及计算方法研究[J]. 2005 ,33(3):246-250
[55]徐志侠,王浩,董增川等.南四湖湖区最小生态需水研究[J].水利学报, 2006,37(7):784-788
[56]倪晋仁,崔树彬,李天宏等.论河流生态环境需水[J].水利学报,2002, (9):14-26
[57]粟晓玲,康绍忠.生态需水的概念及其计算方法[J].水科学进展, 2003,14(6):740-744