北方中小河流生态修复方法及案例研究
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摘要
我国河流生态系统结构和功能的损坏，给水生态系统的生物多样性与水资源的可持续利用造成了很大危害，也给人类的饮水安全和健康带来了严重威胁。而与发达国家相比，我国在河流生态修复的理论研究和实践方面都起步较晚。在水环境急剧恶化的今天，我国也非常重视受损河流和水体的生态修复工作，并于2008年启动了以控制水体污染、维持河流健康为目标的重大科技专项之一“水专项”—“国家水体污染控制与治理科技重大专项”的简称，并设立了河流、湖泊等主题，旨在为中国水体污染控制与治理提供强有力的科技支撑。至今，虽然国内外对河流生态修复进行了大量的研究，但是河流生态修复应以什么理论作指导，通过什么途径来实现等具体问题上，仍缺乏相应的理论和研究方法。
鉴于此，本研究针对北方中小河流存在的降雨时有水流，无降雨时河道无水流、农田侵蚀蚕食河岸严重、河流景观及亲水性差的普遍问题，从保护农地、恢复河流生态和文化功能的视点，探讨了北方中小河流的生态修复方法，并运用其实施构筑了适于乡村经济发展与水环境保护的北方中小河流生态修复示范工程模式，从理论和技术两方面验证了其实用性。本研究的成果能够为我国北方中小河流的生态治理乃至全国河流的生态修复提供科学依据和可参考的案例。取得的重要成果为：
1.研究了适合我国北方中小河流生态修复的尺度，并提出了适合不同修复尺度的技术方法及其适用范围。
2.应用本研究提出的生态修复技术方法，构筑了北方中小河流的生态修复原位实物模型（实验河道），并以模仿实验河道施工的河道治理工程为对照，从工程安全、生态和景观亲水尺度验证了技术方法的有效性。结果表明，实验河道在上述三个尺度上均优于对照河道。
3.由河道整体设计结构比较可知，实验河道采用了维持河道水流连续性的设计，将降雨通过构筑河道湿地的形式尽可能地储存在河道内，并通过通水溢流堰维持河道水流的连续性。而对照河道的设计只是简单的模仿实验河道，并没有理解实验河道设计的基本原理。
4.局部设计结构比较表明，对照河道为了减少经济成本，护岸木桩尺寸、布设间距；护岸块石粒径、构筑结构等均劣于实验河道的设计结构。
5.从生态和景观及亲水尺度验证了两条河道的功能性，结果表明，实验河道在生境恢复及水文过程完整性维持、保护农地、净化水质等生态功能上显著优于对照河道；实验河道通过构建亲水护岸、营造水体空间、园林式河岸构建创造出了近自然的亲水景观空间，通过访问附近居民的研究方式验证了其效果，而对照河道则只是生态护岸，而没有实现其亲水和景观效果。
The damage of rivers`ecosystem structure and function caused not only great harm to thewater ecosystem biodiversity and the sustainable use of water resources but also great threatto drinking water for human safety and health. Compared with the developed counties, thereis a huge late start in river restoration such as theoretical study and practical projects. So, inthe day of water environment in sharp deterioration, more and more people pay attention toriver restoration, and in2008, there is one science and technology project named “MajorScience and Technology Program for Water Pollution Control and Treatment” which aimed tocontrolling of water pollution and sustaining river health. it need be said that in order toprovide strong scientific support for China 's water pollution control and treatment, thisproject set up the theme about rivers and lakes. However, until now, much research on riverrestoration has been taken on; there is still not enough theory and technology for the guide ofit.
So, considering the situation of medium and small rivers in North, water flow appears inrainy season, no flow in dry season; farmland encroached too much riverbank; landscape andpoor hydrophilicity, this research discusses the method of river restoration for medium andsmall rivers in North, build engineering mode for rural economic development and protectionof water environment, at last, verifies the theoretical and technical aspects of its practicality.Tis research results also can provide study cases and theoretical basis for the enrichment anddevelopment of the theory, strengthening and perfecting of river restoration system around theworld. The main results are:
1. This paper made a research on the scale that is suitable for China's medium and smallrivers ecological restoration in North, and proposed homologous techniques and its scope ofapplication.
2. With the ecological restoration techniques stated above, we applied it in experimentalriver. For the research, we also find a river as control river which simulates the construction ofexperimental river.so, we could verify the effectiveness of the engineering safety, and ecology.The result shows that experimental river is better that control river in the aspects stated above.
3. From the contrast of the whole river design structure, experimental river takes thedesign of maintaining the river flow continuity which makes the rainwater been stored in thewatercourse and sustains the continuity of the river flow by overflow weir. While, the control river just makes a simple copy of the design structure without understanding the fundamentalof experimental river.
4. contrast of local design structure shows that for cost saving, there is an absolutelyinsignificance in dimension wood pile, layout spacing, stone particle size, structure and so onfor control river.
5. From the view of ecology and landscape, it shows that it is better for experimentalriver in habitat restoration, keeping integrity of hydrologic process, protection of agriculturalland, water purification. Besides, it also creates a nearly natural hydrophilic landscape spaceby building hydrophilic revetment, creating a body of water space and garden-style riverside.
鉴于此，本研究针对北方中小河流存在的降雨时有水流，无降雨时河道无水流、农田侵蚀蚕食河岸严重、河流景观及亲水性差的普遍问题，从保护农地、恢复河流生态和文化功能的视点，探讨了北方中小河流的生态修复方法，并运用其实施构筑了适于乡村经济发展与水环境保护的北方中小河流生态修复示范工程模式，从理论和技术两方面验证了其实用性。本研究的成果能够为我国北方中小河流的生态治理乃至全国河流的生态修复提供科学依据和可参考的案例。取得的重要成果为：
1.研究了适合我国北方中小河流生态修复的尺度，并提出了适合不同修复尺度的技术方法及其适用范围。
2.应用本研究提出的生态修复技术方法，构筑了北方中小河流的生态修复原位实物模型（实验河道），并以模仿实验河道施工的河道治理工程为对照，从工程安全、生态和景观亲水尺度验证了技术方法的有效性。结果表明，实验河道在上述三个尺度上均优于对照河道。
3.由河道整体设计结构比较可知，实验河道采用了维持河道水流连续性的设计，将降雨通过构筑河道湿地的形式尽可能地储存在河道内，并通过通水溢流堰维持河道水流的连续性。而对照河道的设计只是简单的模仿实验河道，并没有理解实验河道设计的基本原理。
4.局部设计结构比较表明，对照河道为了减少经济成本，护岸木桩尺寸、布设间距；护岸块石粒径、构筑结构等均劣于实验河道的设计结构。
5.从生态和景观及亲水尺度验证了两条河道的功能性，结果表明，实验河道在生境恢复及水文过程完整性维持、保护农地、净化水质等生态功能上显著优于对照河道；实验河道通过构建亲水护岸、营造水体空间、园林式河岸构建创造出了近自然的亲水景观空间，通过访问附近居民的研究方式验证了其效果，而对照河道则只是生态护岸，而没有实现其亲水和景观效果。
The damage of rivers`ecosystem structure and function caused not only great harm to thewater ecosystem biodiversity and the sustainable use of water resources but also great threatto drinking water for human safety and health. Compared with the developed counties, thereis a huge late start in river restoration such as theoretical study and practical projects. So, inthe day of water environment in sharp deterioration, more and more people pay attention toriver restoration, and in2008, there is one science and technology project named “MajorScience and Technology Program for Water Pollution Control and Treatment” which aimed tocontrolling of water pollution and sustaining river health. it need be said that in order toprovide strong scientific support for China 's water pollution control and treatment, thisproject set up the theme about rivers and lakes. However, until now, much research on riverrestoration has been taken on; there is still not enough theory and technology for the guide ofit.
So, considering the situation of medium and small rivers in North, water flow appears inrainy season, no flow in dry season; farmland encroached too much riverbank; landscape andpoor hydrophilicity, this research discusses the method of river restoration for medium andsmall rivers in North, build engineering mode for rural economic development and protectionof water environment, at last, verifies the theoretical and technical aspects of its practicality.Tis research results also can provide study cases and theoretical basis for the enrichment anddevelopment of the theory, strengthening and perfecting of river restoration system around theworld. The main results are:
1. This paper made a research on the scale that is suitable for China's medium and smallrivers ecological restoration in North, and proposed homologous techniques and its scope ofapplication.
2. With the ecological restoration techniques stated above, we applied it in experimentalriver. For the research, we also find a river as control river which simulates the construction ofexperimental river.so, we could verify the effectiveness of the engineering safety, and ecology.The result shows that experimental river is better that control river in the aspects stated above.
3. From the contrast of the whole river design structure, experimental river takes thedesign of maintaining the river flow continuity which makes the rainwater been stored in thewatercourse and sustains the continuity of the river flow by overflow weir. While, the control river just makes a simple copy of the design structure without understanding the fundamentalof experimental river.
4. contrast of local design structure shows that for cost saving, there is an absolutelyinsignificance in dimension wood pile, layout spacing, stone particle size, structure and so onfor control river.
5. From the view of ecology and landscape, it shows that it is better for experimentalriver in habitat restoration, keeping integrity of hydrologic process, protection of agriculturalland, water purification. Besides, it also creates a nearly natural hydrophilic landscape spaceby building hydrophilic revetment, creating a body of water space and garden-style riverside.
引文
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