油纸绝缘介质的直流空间电荷特性研究
摘要
伴随着我国经济的快速发展,电力消耗增长率连续3年超过14%,输电线路总长度和输送容量均居世界前列。与此同时,我国超高压直流输电工程的设计建设、运行管理水平也得到很大提升。到2020年,中国将建成15个特高压直流输电工程,并成为世界上拥有直流输电工程数量最多、输送线路最长、容量最大的国家。高压直流输电网络的飞速发展不断在提升着对直流电力设备运行安全的要求。油纸混合绝缘介质作为许多关键直流输电设备的主要绝缘材料,其空间电荷特性既影响材料的介电强度,诱发局部放电通道的形成,是制约电介质材料绝缘介电强度的主要因素,又关系着直流输电设备运行稳定性和可靠性。因此,油纸绝缘介质空间电荷特性的研究对提高绝缘材料的物理化学性能及其电气性能,提高直流输电设备运行可靠性,保证整个直流输电网络安全运行都有着十分重要的意义。
为此,本文在分析借鉴国内外对聚合物材料空间电荷特性研究的基础上,充分考虑油纸绝缘材料的实际运行条件,基于电声脉冲法测量空间电荷的原理,较为系统地研究了油纸混合绝缘材料的直流空间电荷特性。深入分析了不同外加直流电压、不同测试温度、不同绝缘纸层数、不同热老化程度等条件下,油纸介质的空间电荷注入、迁移、汇聚规律;对比分析了不同情况下油纸介质内部注入空间电荷量、电荷迁移运动速率以及空间电荷分布位置等参量的变化规律及影响机制;基于等温衰减电流原理,根据电声脉冲法测得的空间电荷密度衰减特性,计算了油纸介质内部陷阱能级分布;基于从头算分子动力学算法,根据水、酸对绝缘纸纤维素影响机制的模拟结果建立六种纤维素缺陷模型,并根据量子化学的密度泛函理论,采用分子模拟软件(Material Studio)模拟计算了带有化学结构缺陷的纤维素空间电荷陷阱深度。本论文取得的主要研究成果有:
①首次得到了在不同外加直流电场、不同测试温度、不同绝缘纸层数、不同热老化程度等多种条件下,油纸介质的空间电荷注入、迁移、汇聚规律,以及上述条件对油纸介质内部空间电荷特性的影响机制。
在多种不同情况下,油纸介质内部均会发生明显的同极性电荷注入现象;多层油纸介质的层间交界面处易汇聚正电荷,其具体汇聚的部位受温度、热老化程度的影响;油纸介质内部注入空间电荷量、电荷运动速率以及空间电荷分布位置受到外加直流电场、测试温度、油纸老化程度等因素的影响,外加直流电压主要影响注入及汇聚的空间电荷量,而测试温度则影响电荷迁移运动速率及空间电荷分布位置,热老化能够明显加速正电荷的初始注入量、注入深度、局部汇聚量;油纸介质的空间电荷消散过程呈现明显的指数衰减规律。
②油纸绝缘介质在不同老化程度下的微区形貌特性研究表明,油纸绝缘纤维表面的粗糙度在热老化后有明显的增大趋势,固体绝缘表面的带电程度增大,纸板聚集电荷的能力提高。
③首次得到了油纸混合绝缘介质在加压(去压)过程中总电荷量随时间变化的指数增加(衰减)公式, y =±A - e ( -t/τ)+ B,为实现对油纸介质内部空间电荷特性的预测和模拟奠定了基础。
④通过对直流条件下油浸绝缘纸空间电荷的特征量提取和相关机理分析,得到了在不同外界条件下的总电荷量、电荷视在迁移率、陷阱能级分布等重要特征参数的变化规律。研究结果表明,通过电声脉冲法测得油纸介质内部电荷衰减曲线,并获得其衰减时间常数,便可求得其内部陷阱能级分布。
⑤采用分子模拟技术,基于从头算分子动力学算法,首次在水、酸对绝缘纸纤维素影响机制模拟结果的基础上,建立了六种缺陷纤维素模型。根据量子化学的密度泛函理论模拟计算了这些带有化学结构缺陷的纤维素空间电荷陷阱深度。提出绝缘纸的改性建议:加强对纤维素葡萄糖单体上2号位、6号位氢键的保护,或者用结合力更强的基团取代这两个位置的氢键,使得绝缘纸老化过程中浅陷阱不易产生,增大深陷阱的数量,从而提高纤维素绝缘纸的电绝缘性能。
Along with the fast development of our domestic economy, the growth rate in electric power consumption is more than 14% in these three years. China will build 15 UHVDC transmission projects and become the country who holds the most UHVDC transmission projects, longest transmission lines, and largest transmitting capacities until 2020. The fast expanding in HVDC networks require higher secured and sTable DC power equipments. As the main insulation material of some key DC power equipments, oil-paper is very important for the operation security. The space charge behaviors of oil-paper will affect its dielectric strength, cause the formation of discharge channels and damage its insulating properties. Therefore, the research on the space charge behaviors of oil-paper is vital important for the operation security of power grid and the improvement on the physical chemical properties and electric performances of insulation materials.
So, in this paper, based on the researches of space charge in polymeric materials, a systematic study on DC space charge behaviors of oil-paper insulation using the pulsed electroacoustic (PEA) method are performed by considering the practical operation conditions. The charge injection, movement and aggregation under different conditions such as different DC voltages, test temperatures, paper layers and aging degrees were analyzed. The regular patterns and mechanisms of charge injection amount, space charge mobility and charge distribution were compared. The distribution of trapping level inside oil-paper was calculated by using the PEA test results based on the mechanism of the Isothermal Decay Current. Moreover, using the AB initio molecular dynamics, the influence of water and acids molecules to the degradation of cellulose were simulated. And then, six cellulose defect models were built using Material Studio for the first time, and the trapping level information were acquired bused on the density functional theory of quantum chemistry. The main achievements are as follows,①For the first time, the regular patterns and mechanisms of charge injection, movement and aggregation under different conditions such as different DC voltages, test temperatures, paper layers and aging degrees were realized.
Homo-charge injection happened in all the test conditions. The positive charges gathered in the interfaces of different layers, but the position for charge gathering was influenced by test temperatures and aging degrees. The test voltage affects the amount of charge injection and gathering, the test temperature affects the charge velocity, and thermal aging accelerates charge injection and gathering. The decay of space charge inside oil-paper presents a exponential rule.
②The microstructures topography studies indicates that the surface roughness of insulation paper after thermal aging increased clearly, charged particles in the surface of paper increased, and the ability of charge collection of paper enhanced.
③The exponential increase (decrease) equations of total space charge amount changes with time are acquired for the first time, y =±A ? e ( ?t/τ)+ B, which laid a foundation for the prediction and simulation of space charge in the oil-paper insulation.
④After the characteristic extraction mechanism analysis, the variation laws of some significant parameters such as total charge amount, charge apparent mobility, trap level were obtained. The research results indicates that, once getting the charge decay curve by PEA and the decay time constant, the trap level distribution in the oil-paper can be acquired.
⑤By using the molecular simulation method, six cellulose models with defects based on the simulation results of cellulose degradation which taking the influence of water and acids into consideration, were constructed for the first time. The trapping level information were acquired according to the density functional theory of quantum chemistry. This paper suggests that it is a good method to strengthen the protection on hydrogen bonds in the second and sixth positions of glucose monomer, in order to increase the number of deep traps and enhance the electrical insulation properties of cellulose insulation paper.
为此,本文在分析借鉴国内外对聚合物材料空间电荷特性研究的基础上,充分考虑油纸绝缘材料的实际运行条件,基于电声脉冲法测量空间电荷的原理,较为系统地研究了油纸混合绝缘材料的直流空间电荷特性。深入分析了不同外加直流电压、不同测试温度、不同绝缘纸层数、不同热老化程度等条件下,油纸介质的空间电荷注入、迁移、汇聚规律;对比分析了不同情况下油纸介质内部注入空间电荷量、电荷迁移运动速率以及空间电荷分布位置等参量的变化规律及影响机制;基于等温衰减电流原理,根据电声脉冲法测得的空间电荷密度衰减特性,计算了油纸介质内部陷阱能级分布;基于从头算分子动力学算法,根据水、酸对绝缘纸纤维素影响机制的模拟结果建立六种纤维素缺陷模型,并根据量子化学的密度泛函理论,采用分子模拟软件(Material Studio)模拟计算了带有化学结构缺陷的纤维素空间电荷陷阱深度。本论文取得的主要研究成果有:
①首次得到了在不同外加直流电场、不同测试温度、不同绝缘纸层数、不同热老化程度等多种条件下,油纸介质的空间电荷注入、迁移、汇聚规律,以及上述条件对油纸介质内部空间电荷特性的影响机制。
在多种不同情况下,油纸介质内部均会发生明显的同极性电荷注入现象;多层油纸介质的层间交界面处易汇聚正电荷,其具体汇聚的部位受温度、热老化程度的影响;油纸介质内部注入空间电荷量、电荷运动速率以及空间电荷分布位置受到外加直流电场、测试温度、油纸老化程度等因素的影响,外加直流电压主要影响注入及汇聚的空间电荷量,而测试温度则影响电荷迁移运动速率及空间电荷分布位置,热老化能够明显加速正电荷的初始注入量、注入深度、局部汇聚量;油纸介质的空间电荷消散过程呈现明显的指数衰减规律。
②油纸绝缘介质在不同老化程度下的微区形貌特性研究表明,油纸绝缘纤维表面的粗糙度在热老化后有明显的增大趋势,固体绝缘表面的带电程度增大,纸板聚集电荷的能力提高。
③首次得到了油纸混合绝缘介质在加压(去压)过程中总电荷量随时间变化的指数增加(衰减)公式, y =±A - e ( -t/τ)+ B,为实现对油纸介质内部空间电荷特性的预测和模拟奠定了基础。
④通过对直流条件下油浸绝缘纸空间电荷的特征量提取和相关机理分析,得到了在不同外界条件下的总电荷量、电荷视在迁移率、陷阱能级分布等重要特征参数的变化规律。研究结果表明,通过电声脉冲法测得油纸介质内部电荷衰减曲线,并获得其衰减时间常数,便可求得其内部陷阱能级分布。
⑤采用分子模拟技术,基于从头算分子动力学算法,首次在水、酸对绝缘纸纤维素影响机制模拟结果的基础上,建立了六种缺陷纤维素模型。根据量子化学的密度泛函理论模拟计算了这些带有化学结构缺陷的纤维素空间电荷陷阱深度。提出绝缘纸的改性建议:加强对纤维素葡萄糖单体上2号位、6号位氢键的保护,或者用结合力更强的基团取代这两个位置的氢键,使得绝缘纸老化过程中浅陷阱不易产生,增大深陷阱的数量,从而提高纤维素绝缘纸的电绝缘性能。
Along with the fast development of our domestic economy, the growth rate in electric power consumption is more than 14% in these three years. China will build 15 UHVDC transmission projects and become the country who holds the most UHVDC transmission projects, longest transmission lines, and largest transmitting capacities until 2020. The fast expanding in HVDC networks require higher secured and sTable DC power equipments. As the main insulation material of some key DC power equipments, oil-paper is very important for the operation security. The space charge behaviors of oil-paper will affect its dielectric strength, cause the formation of discharge channels and damage its insulating properties. Therefore, the research on the space charge behaviors of oil-paper is vital important for the operation security of power grid and the improvement on the physical chemical properties and electric performances of insulation materials.
So, in this paper, based on the researches of space charge in polymeric materials, a systematic study on DC space charge behaviors of oil-paper insulation using the pulsed electroacoustic (PEA) method are performed by considering the practical operation conditions. The charge injection, movement and aggregation under different conditions such as different DC voltages, test temperatures, paper layers and aging degrees were analyzed. The regular patterns and mechanisms of charge injection amount, space charge mobility and charge distribution were compared. The distribution of trapping level inside oil-paper was calculated by using the PEA test results based on the mechanism of the Isothermal Decay Current. Moreover, using the AB initio molecular dynamics, the influence of water and acids molecules to the degradation of cellulose were simulated. And then, six cellulose defect models were built using Material Studio for the first time, and the trapping level information were acquired bused on the density functional theory of quantum chemistry. The main achievements are as follows,①For the first time, the regular patterns and mechanisms of charge injection, movement and aggregation under different conditions such as different DC voltages, test temperatures, paper layers and aging degrees were realized.
Homo-charge injection happened in all the test conditions. The positive charges gathered in the interfaces of different layers, but the position for charge gathering was influenced by test temperatures and aging degrees. The test voltage affects the amount of charge injection and gathering, the test temperature affects the charge velocity, and thermal aging accelerates charge injection and gathering. The decay of space charge inside oil-paper presents a exponential rule.
②The microstructures topography studies indicates that the surface roughness of insulation paper after thermal aging increased clearly, charged particles in the surface of paper increased, and the ability of charge collection of paper enhanced.
③The exponential increase (decrease) equations of total space charge amount changes with time are acquired for the first time, y =±A ? e ( ?t/τ)+ B, which laid a foundation for the prediction and simulation of space charge in the oil-paper insulation.
④After the characteristic extraction mechanism analysis, the variation laws of some significant parameters such as total charge amount, charge apparent mobility, trap level were obtained. The research results indicates that, once getting the charge decay curve by PEA and the decay time constant, the trap level distribution in the oil-paper can be acquired.
⑤By using the molecular simulation method, six cellulose models with defects based on the simulation results of cellulose degradation which taking the influence of water and acids into consideration, were constructed for the first time. The trapping level information were acquired according to the density functional theory of quantum chemistry. This paper suggests that it is a good method to strengthen the protection on hydrogen bonds in the second and sixth positions of glucose monomer, in order to increase the number of deep traps and enhance the electrical insulation properties of cellulose insulation paper.
引文
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