餐饮业废油脂脱色工艺与皂化工艺的研究
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摘要
餐饮业废油脂是从宾馆、酒楼的地沟隔油池中捞取，经过简单的加热脱水、去渣、中和、沉淀等工艺提取的油脂。其外观呈黄褐色，有特殊臭味，含有很多对人体有害的成分，是不可食用的废油。若不加以回收利用，不仅浪费宝贵的自然资源，而且还会造成二次污染。鉴于此，本论文对废油脂脱色工艺和皂化工艺进行了研究，拟从根本上解决废弃油脂回流进入食用油市场和污染环境、资源浪费的问题，具有一定的社会、环保以及经济意义。
采用物理和化学的方法研究餐饮业废油脂的脱色工艺，分别探讨了不同类型的脱色剂——活性白土、雕白块和双氧水对废油脂脱色的机理；在讨论了影响脱色率因素的基础上，研究出三者脱色的工艺条件；并对比了单一脱色剂脱色效果以及脱色剂复配的脱色效果；筛选出最佳的脱色剂及其脱色工艺条件。
研究了餐饮业废油脂的皂化方法，并探讨了其皂化机理。根据油脂在皂化过程中，脂肪酸甘油酯的碳氧双键转化为脂肪酸盐中的碳氧双键，两种结构中的碳氧双键在红外光谱中的吸收位置不同，提出采用红外光谱仪测定皂化反应不同阶段的红外光谱图，比较吸收峰的相对强度来分析废油脂皂化样品，确定皂化程度，并对皂化度的影响因素进行了讨论。摸索出最佳皂化工艺条件：皂化时间4小时，皂化温度100℃，碱液用量(NaOH与废油脂的质量比)1：2，皂化用NaOH碱液浓度为30％。
Waste edible oil from catering trade is gained from the separate oil pool of land ditch in the guesthouse and the wine shop , which is distilled by simple drying dehydration removing dregs neutralization and sediment. It's appearance submits yellowish-brown with special stink. It is the Waste edible oil that can not be eatten because it contains many harmful compositions for human body. If it is not collected to use , not only wastes valuable natural resource but also can still cause twice pollution. In view of this, this paper studies bleach technology and saponification technology of Waste edible oil, radically solves the problems of discarded oil that regurgitantly enters edible oil market and pollutes environment, wastes resource. So, this study have certain society environmental protection as well as economic meaning.
With the pHysical and chemical method this paper studies the bleach technology of the Waste edible oil from catering trade, has respectively discussed the bleach
mechanism of the Waste edible oil with three bleach reagents of different types--
active bleaching earth, Diaobaikuai and peroxide. On the base of discussing the influencing factor of bleachability, reaches three bleaching technology conditions. After comparing the bleach effect between the unitary bleach reagent and the match bleach reagent ,selects the best bleach reagent and it's bleach technology condition.
This paper studies the saponification method and saponification mechanism of Waste edible oil from catering trade. According to oil in saponification course, the carbon oxygen double-keys of the glycerine ester of fatty acid will transform the carbon oxygen double-keys in the salt of fatty acid, the absorption location of the carbon oxygen double-keys in two structures is different in infrared spectrum. And with infrared spectrometer mensurates the infrared spectrograms of saponification reaction different stages, compares the relative intensity of the absorption apices to analyse the saponification sample of the Waste edible oil and definites saponification level, then discusses the influencing factor of saponification degree. After groping , reaches the best saponification technology condition: the saponification time is 4
hours, the saponification temperature is 100 C, the ratio of alkali number consumed and the Waste edible oil's quality is 1: 2, and the density of sodium hydroxide is 30%.
采用物理和化学的方法研究餐饮业废油脂的脱色工艺，分别探讨了不同类型的脱色剂——活性白土、雕白块和双氧水对废油脂脱色的机理；在讨论了影响脱色率因素的基础上，研究出三者脱色的工艺条件；并对比了单一脱色剂脱色效果以及脱色剂复配的脱色效果；筛选出最佳的脱色剂及其脱色工艺条件。
研究了餐饮业废油脂的皂化方法，并探讨了其皂化机理。根据油脂在皂化过程中，脂肪酸甘油酯的碳氧双键转化为脂肪酸盐中的碳氧双键，两种结构中的碳氧双键在红外光谱中的吸收位置不同，提出采用红外光谱仪测定皂化反应不同阶段的红外光谱图，比较吸收峰的相对强度来分析废油脂皂化样品，确定皂化程度，并对皂化度的影响因素进行了讨论。摸索出最佳皂化工艺条件：皂化时间4小时，皂化温度100℃，碱液用量(NaOH与废油脂的质量比)1：2，皂化用NaOH碱液浓度为30％。
Waste edible oil from catering trade is gained from the separate oil pool of land ditch in the guesthouse and the wine shop , which is distilled by simple drying dehydration removing dregs neutralization and sediment. It's appearance submits yellowish-brown with special stink. It is the Waste edible oil that can not be eatten because it contains many harmful compositions for human body. If it is not collected to use , not only wastes valuable natural resource but also can still cause twice pollution. In view of this, this paper studies bleach technology and saponification technology of Waste edible oil, radically solves the problems of discarded oil that regurgitantly enters edible oil market and pollutes environment, wastes resource. So, this study have certain society environmental protection as well as economic meaning.
With the pHysical and chemical method this paper studies the bleach technology of the Waste edible oil from catering trade, has respectively discussed the bleach
mechanism of the Waste edible oil with three bleach reagents of different types--
active bleaching earth, Diaobaikuai and peroxide. On the base of discussing the influencing factor of bleachability, reaches three bleaching technology conditions. After comparing the bleach effect between the unitary bleach reagent and the match bleach reagent ,selects the best bleach reagent and it's bleach technology condition.
This paper studies the saponification method and saponification mechanism of Waste edible oil from catering trade. According to oil in saponification course, the carbon oxygen double-keys of the glycerine ester of fatty acid will transform the carbon oxygen double-keys in the salt of fatty acid, the absorption location of the carbon oxygen double-keys in two structures is different in infrared spectrum. And with infrared spectrometer mensurates the infrared spectrograms of saponification reaction different stages, compares the relative intensity of the absorption apices to analyse the saponification sample of the Waste edible oil and definites saponification level, then discusses the influencing factor of saponification degree. After groping , reaches the best saponification technology condition: the saponification time is 4
hours, the saponification temperature is 100 C, the ratio of alkali number consumed and the Waste edible oil's quality is 1: 2, and the density of sodium hydroxide is 30%.
引文
[1]彭萌来．潲水油综合利用探讨[J]．广东环境监测与管理，2000，10(2)：27-29
[2]杨帆，彭萌来．利用餐饮业废油脂制造生物柴油[J]．城市环境与城市生态，2001，14(4)：54-56
[3]杨帆，彭萌来．餐饮业废油脂的特性分析及其综合利用[J]．上海环境科学，2001，15(2)：22-24
[4]张锦德．金属皂的制备及应用[J]．日用化学工业，1991，(6)：33-35
[5]宋国安．植物油在化工生产中的应用[J]．辽宁化工，1993，(3)：50-53
[6]徐振山．植物油厂副产品及废料的利用与处理[J]．陕西粮油科技，1993，(2)：38-41
[7]李淑芬，王佰华，唐韶坤，陈宝良．苯甲酸甲酯皂化制苯甲酸钠[J]．石油化工，2000，(29)：118-120
[8]吴茂英，吴雅红．由环氧大豆油合成环氧金属皂的研究[J]．化工科技，2001，9(6)：12-15
[9]庄玉九，金风鸣．肥皂、甘油及常用原料分析汇编(第一版)[M]．北京：中国轻工业出版社，1995，61-62；142
[10]全球油脂——2000国际油脂化工发展研讨会论文集[M]．中国上海：2000，11
[11][美]Y.H.Hui．贝雷：油脂化学与工艺学(第五版第五卷)[M]．北京：中国轻工业出版社，2001，96-100
[12]曹明安．油脂皂化值测定的问题及建议[J]．中国油脂，1992，3(1)：39-40
[13]A.Yahya, S.Marley, Performance and exhaust emissions of C.I. engine operating on ester fuels at increased injection pressure and advanced timing[J]. Biomass and Bioenergy, 1994, 2(4): 1-25
[14]Mohamad I. Al-Widyan, Ghassan tashtoush, Moh'd Abu-Qudais. Utilization of ethyl ester of waste vegetable oils as fuel in diesel engines[J]. Fuel Processing technology, 2002, (76): 91-103
[15]C. Allen, K. Watts, Comparative analysis of the atomization characteristics of fifteen biodiesel fuel types[J]. Transactions of the ASAE, 2000, 43(2): 207-211
[16]R.A.Pandey, P.B. Sanyal, N. Chattopadhyay, S.N. Kaul. Treatment and reuse of wastes of a vegetable oil refinery[J]. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 2003, 37: 101-117
[17]Pathe PP, Nandy t, Kaul SN. Wastewater management in vegetable oil industries[J]. Indian J Environ Protection, 2000, 27:92-481
[18]Saha K, Pathe PP, Kaul, SN. Environmental management in vegetable oil and vanaspati industries[J]. National Seminar and Exposition, World Scenario Oleochemicals and Surfactants Industries, Lucknow, U.P.India, 1998, 2:23-26
[19]F. Granado, B. Olmedilla, E. Gil-Martinez, and I. Blanco. A Fast, Reliable and Low-cost Saponification Protocol for Analysis of Carotenoids in Vegetables[J]. Joumal of Food Composition and Analysis, 2001, 14:479-489
[20]S.Farag, Eljazi I. Al-Afaleq. Preparation and characterization of saponified delignified cellulose polyacrylonitrile-graft copolymer[J]. Carbohydrate Polymers, 2002, 48: 1-5
[21]Xinia E. Fernandez R. Nathan W. Shier and Bruce A. Watkins. Effect of Alkali Saponification, Enzymatic Hydrolysis and Storage time on the total Carotenoid Concentration of Costa Rican Crude Palm Oil[J]. Joumal of Food Composition and Analysis, 2000, 13:179-187
[22]Lietz, G., and Henry, C.J.K. A modified method to minimize losses of carotenoids and tocopHerols during HPLC analysis of red palm oil[J]. Food Chem, 2000, 60:1-9
[23]崔艳霞，李淑君，李华雨．皂化EVA的研制[J]．河南化工，2000(7)：13-14
[24]曾炳蔚，孙中新，丁文光．硬脂酸皂的生产方法及应用状况[J]．化学世界，2001(7)：357-361
[25]张钰，华聘聘．羊毛脂皂化工艺的研究[J]．中国油脂，2000，25(2)：64-67
[26]乔治R惠利(英)，丁文莉译．合成洗涤剂“肥皂”的展望(英)[J]．日用化学品科学，1999(2)：13-15
[27]俞福良．中国油脂化学工业的进展与预测[J]．日用化学品科学，2001(6)：1-9
[28]马遇函．废油脂的管理与利用[J]．能源研究与利用，2001，(2)：6-8
[29]邹春生，孟桦．由硬化油制备硬脂酸盐[J]．中国油脂，1995，(5)：53-55
[30]汪习生，罗继权．餐饮泔水油及废动植物油下脚料深加工利用大有可为[J]．再生资源研究，2001(3)：24-26
[31]Wu Mengqiang, Chen Ai. Studies on Saponification of Acrylonitrile terpolymer for Suspenging Particles of Electrorheological Fluids[J]. Journal of University of Electronic Science and technology of China, 2001, 30(2): 209-213
[32]Guohua Xiong,Xiaoqing He,Zhanxia Zhang. Microwave-assisted extraction or saponification combined with microwave-assisted decomposition applied in pretreatment of soil or mussel samples for the determination of polychlorinated bipHenyls[J]. Analytica Chimica Acta, 2000, 413: 49-56
[33]Werner Bakele. New developments in the production of heavy soda-ash via compacting method[J]. Powder technology, 2003, 130:253-256
[34]Moses O.Adebajo, M.Sola Akanni. The electrical conductance and viscosity of Nigerian traditional soaps in alcoholic media[J]. PHysicochemical and Engineering Aspects, 2001, 194:97-110
[35]M.H.Entezari, A.Keshavarizi. PHase-transfer catalysis and ultrasonic waves Ⅱ: saponification of vegetable oil[J]. Ultrasonics Sonochemistry, 2001, 8: 213-216
[36]S.L.Abidi. ChromatograpHic analysis of plant sterols in foods and vegetable oils[J]. Journal of chromatograpHy A, 2001, 935: 173-201
[37]张海辰，王飞，张丛新．关于对油脚提油新方法的初探[J]．中国油脂，2001，23(2)：41-42
[38]王浩，朱建华．炼油厂碱渣处理工艺最佳技术路线选择[J]．石油化工环境保护，2001，4：30-32
[39]刘兴信．我国油脂制备业面临的战略调整[M]．全国油脂研讨会，2001，2
[40]Zhang Gui-ying, Li Lin, Guo Si-yuan, Cai Miao-yan. the Variation of Some Chemical Properties for Vegetable Oils Heated by Microwave[J]. Journal of South China University of technology(Natural Science Edition), 2001, 29(2):73-76
[41]Ajax, R.L. Overview of EPA Vegetable Oil MACt Rule-Update on Major Provisions[J]. Proceedings:49th Oilseed Conferece, New Orleans, LA, 2000, 6:19-21
[2]杨帆，彭萌来．利用餐饮业废油脂制造生物柴油[J]．城市环境与城市生态，2001，14(4)：54-56
[3]杨帆，彭萌来．餐饮业废油脂的特性分析及其综合利用[J]．上海环境科学，2001，15(2)：22-24
[4]张锦德．金属皂的制备及应用[J]．日用化学工业，1991，(6)：33-35
[5]宋国安．植物油在化工生产中的应用[J]．辽宁化工，1993，(3)：50-53
[6]徐振山．植物油厂副产品及废料的利用与处理[J]．陕西粮油科技，1993，(2)：38-41
[7]李淑芬，王佰华，唐韶坤，陈宝良．苯甲酸甲酯皂化制苯甲酸钠[J]．石油化工，2000，(29)：118-120
[8]吴茂英，吴雅红．由环氧大豆油合成环氧金属皂的研究[J]．化工科技，2001，9(6)：12-15
[9]庄玉九，金风鸣．肥皂、甘油及常用原料分析汇编(第一版)[M]．北京：中国轻工业出版社，1995，61-62；142
[10]全球油脂——2000国际油脂化工发展研讨会论文集[M]．中国上海：2000，11
[11][美]Y.H.Hui．贝雷：油脂化学与工艺学(第五版第五卷)[M]．北京：中国轻工业出版社，2001，96-100
[12]曹明安．油脂皂化值测定的问题及建议[J]．中国油脂，1992，3(1)：39-40
[13]A.Yahya, S.Marley, Performance and exhaust emissions of C.I. engine operating on ester fuels at increased injection pressure and advanced timing[J]. Biomass and Bioenergy, 1994, 2(4): 1-25
[14]Mohamad I. Al-Widyan, Ghassan tashtoush, Moh'd Abu-Qudais. Utilization of ethyl ester of waste vegetable oils as fuel in diesel engines[J]. Fuel Processing technology, 2002, (76): 91-103
[15]C. Allen, K. Watts, Comparative analysis of the atomization characteristics of fifteen biodiesel fuel types[J]. Transactions of the ASAE, 2000, 43(2): 207-211
[16]R.A.Pandey, P.B. Sanyal, N. Chattopadhyay, S.N. Kaul. Treatment and reuse of wastes of a vegetable oil refinery[J]. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 2003, 37: 101-117
[17]Pathe PP, Nandy t, Kaul SN. Wastewater management in vegetable oil industries[J]. Indian J Environ Protection, 2000, 27:92-481
[18]Saha K, Pathe PP, Kaul, SN. Environmental management in vegetable oil and vanaspati industries[J]. National Seminar and Exposition, World Scenario Oleochemicals and Surfactants Industries, Lucknow, U.P.India, 1998, 2:23-26
[19]F. Granado, B. Olmedilla, E. Gil-Martinez, and I. Blanco. A Fast, Reliable and Low-cost Saponification Protocol for Analysis of Carotenoids in Vegetables[J]. Joumal of Food Composition and Analysis, 2001, 14:479-489
[20]S.Farag, Eljazi I. Al-Afaleq. Preparation and characterization of saponified delignified cellulose polyacrylonitrile-graft copolymer[J]. Carbohydrate Polymers, 2002, 48: 1-5
[21]Xinia E. Fernandez R. Nathan W. Shier and Bruce A. Watkins. Effect of Alkali Saponification, Enzymatic Hydrolysis and Storage time on the total Carotenoid Concentration of Costa Rican Crude Palm Oil[J]. Joumal of Food Composition and Analysis, 2000, 13:179-187
[22]Lietz, G., and Henry, C.J.K. A modified method to minimize losses of carotenoids and tocopHerols during HPLC analysis of red palm oil[J]. Food Chem, 2000, 60:1-9
[23]崔艳霞，李淑君，李华雨．皂化EVA的研制[J]．河南化工，2000(7)：13-14
[24]曾炳蔚，孙中新，丁文光．硬脂酸皂的生产方法及应用状况[J]．化学世界，2001(7)：357-361
[25]张钰，华聘聘．羊毛脂皂化工艺的研究[J]．中国油脂，2000，25(2)：64-67
[26]乔治R惠利(英)，丁文莉译．合成洗涤剂“肥皂”的展望(英)[J]．日用化学品科学，1999(2)：13-15
[27]俞福良．中国油脂化学工业的进展与预测[J]．日用化学品科学，2001(6)：1-9
[28]马遇函．废油脂的管理与利用[J]．能源研究与利用，2001，(2)：6-8
[29]邹春生，孟桦．由硬化油制备硬脂酸盐[J]．中国油脂，1995，(5)：53-55
[30]汪习生，罗继权．餐饮泔水油及废动植物油下脚料深加工利用大有可为[J]．再生资源研究，2001(3)：24-26
[31]Wu Mengqiang, Chen Ai. Studies on Saponification of Acrylonitrile terpolymer for Suspenging Particles of Electrorheological Fluids[J]. Journal of University of Electronic Science and technology of China, 2001, 30(2): 209-213
[32]Guohua Xiong,Xiaoqing He,Zhanxia Zhang. Microwave-assisted extraction or saponification combined with microwave-assisted decomposition applied in pretreatment of soil or mussel samples for the determination of polychlorinated bipHenyls[J]. Analytica Chimica Acta, 2000, 413: 49-56
[33]Werner Bakele. New developments in the production of heavy soda-ash via compacting method[J]. Powder technology, 2003, 130:253-256
[34]Moses O.Adebajo, M.Sola Akanni. The electrical conductance and viscosity of Nigerian traditional soaps in alcoholic media[J]. PHysicochemical and Engineering Aspects, 2001, 194:97-110
[35]M.H.Entezari, A.Keshavarizi. PHase-transfer catalysis and ultrasonic waves Ⅱ: saponification of vegetable oil[J]. Ultrasonics Sonochemistry, 2001, 8: 213-216
[36]S.L.Abidi. ChromatograpHic analysis of plant sterols in foods and vegetable oils[J]. Journal of chromatograpHy A, 2001, 935: 173-201
[37]张海辰，王飞，张丛新．关于对油脚提油新方法的初探[J]．中国油脂，2001，23(2)：41-42
[38]王浩，朱建华．炼油厂碱渣处理工艺最佳技术路线选择[J]．石油化工环境保护，2001，4：30-32
[39]刘兴信．我国油脂制备业面临的战略调整[M]．全国油脂研讨会，2001，2
[40]Zhang Gui-ying, Li Lin, Guo Si-yuan, Cai Miao-yan. the Variation of Some Chemical Properties for Vegetable Oils Heated by Microwave[J]. Journal of South China University of technology(Natural Science Edition), 2001, 29(2):73-76
[41]Ajax, R.L. Overview of EPA Vegetable Oil MACt Rule-Update on Major Provisions[J]. Proceedings:49th Oilseed Conferece, New Orleans, LA, 2000, 6:19-21