杏1-3区表外储层剩余油描述及注表活剂挖潜技术研究
|
摘要
针对杏北开发区三角洲前缘相储层沉积特点，将油层精细划分为5种岩相单元，即水下分流河道砂、表内主体席状砂、表内非主体席状砂、表外层、泥质岩，然后引入随机建模理论，充分对比各种随机建模方法的优缺点，优选出模拟效率高、适用范围广的指示主成分模型。实际应用结果表明，该模型预测砂体分布具有符合程度高、计算速度快的特点；并且总结出砂体预测精度与随机模拟次数成正比、与各种岩相单元随机建模预测结果的偏离量成反比，沉积单元平面非均质性越强所需随机模拟次数越大等规律性认识，为储层三维地质建模工作奠定了坚实的理论基础。
在完成杏1-3区储层三维地质建模的任务后，开展了表外储层剩余油分布状况研究。由于非均质多油层油藏注水开发是一个具有随机过程的复杂动态系统，剩余油分布的影响因素多，且带有不确定性。系统多因素和多过程相互作用的相关性、可变性及协同性，显示出系统的非线性机制。根据油藏动态系统的上述特点，在精细地质描述研究成果的基础上，以井点资料为基础，采用神经网络模式法判别出薄差层的水淹程度和剩余油分布；依据地质、开发因素及相关性，利用多次模糊综合评判法和专家神经网络量化处理了系统的不确定性，绘制出剩余油的平面分布。这种多学科和多方位的综合研究及相互验证，确保了剩余油预测的高精度。
杏1-3区表外储层剩余油研究结果表明，该区块虽然经过二次加密和局部三次加密，但目前注水开发方式下表外储层动用程度仍然较差，存在大量剩余油。主要体现在水井注入压力高，油井产液量低，含水上升速度快，压裂、酸化等措施效果不明显。为此本文提出了注表面活性剂提高表外层开发效果的技术方法，该方面研究主要分三部分内容，表面活性剂驱油室内实验，数值模拟与注入方案设计，矿场试验。通过室内实验，深入分析阐述了低渗透岩心表面活性剂驱提高驱油效率和采收率的机理，测定了不同表面活性剂浓度时的相对渗透率曲线和表面活性剂在岩心中的吸附量，为数值模拟和注入方案设计提供了基础参数。根据活性剂驱油渗流特点，建立了三维两相三组分表面活性剂驱油数学模型。考虑了对流扩散和表面活性剂在油层中的吸附滞留，给出了相对渗透率曲线的处理方法，提高了数学模型与生产实际的符合程度。采用隐压、显饱、隐浓差分方法求解数学模型，并编制了相应的数值模拟软件，对杏1-3区表面活性剂驱试验区进行了实际计算。分析了表面活性剂浓度、段塞长度、注入量对开发指标的影响，并优选出了合理的注入方案。该方案在试验区实施后，取得了良好的开发效果和经济效果，为高效开发表外储层提高了技术手段和理论依据。
According to the sedimentation features of delta frontal reservoir in Xing-north region, the reservoir was refined into five lithofacies units, as follow: underwater diffluence channel sand-body, tabulated principal part sheet sand, tabulated non-principal sheet sand, untabulated reservior, mudstone. Adopting to the theory of building model at random and fully contrasting advantages and disadvantages of different building model at random, to find out the best-indicated chief component model, with high simulation efficiency, and a large using scope. As the appliance result show: Not only the model was with the high quality to size up and simulate fast, but also summarize the direct proportion relation between prediction precision and the stochastic simulation times, and the opposite proportion relation between the former and the departure value of the prediction result in each lithofacies units' stochastic simulation, the stronger in plant heterogeneity, the more the times stochastic simulation cost. All thes
e offer a stability foundation for building 3D reservoir geologic model.
After the reservoir geologic model for Xing-north 1-3 region was built, the following emphasis was pay on the institute of remaining oil distribution about untabulated layers. For the waterflooding in the heterogeneous multiplayer reservoirs is a complex and stochastic dynamic system, there are manifold features to generate remaining oil, and all these with uncertainty. Relativity, changeability and cooperateability, showed by the interaction between system multi-factors and system multi-course, reflect the non-linear mechanism of the system. According to the above characters in reservoir dynamic system, fine geologic description, and in terms of well point data, water out degree and remaining oil distribution of thinner and worse layer were distinguished through NN (neural network) pattern. According to geology, development factors, as well as relativity, the uncertainty of system was quantized using fuzzy comprehensive judgement method and expert NN, thus, the remaining oil distribution was plotted. This c
omprehensive research with multi-subject and multi-directions and interactive validation ensure the high precision during the predication of remaining oil.
The remaining oil research results of Xing 1-3 region showed: although secondary and part tertiary infilling wells were drilled, the recovery percent of reserves of the untabulated reservoir can't reach anticipative index. Main characters: the pressure in injection well is so high, and the liquid rate of production wells is low, water cut increases speedy, acidification and stimulation didn't get anticipative achievements. Therefore the chapter gives out a method to enhance the
oil--surfactant flooding indoor experiment, this research includes three sections:
experiment in-door, numerical simulation and inject pattern design, pilot site experiment. By the experiment in-door, and enhancing the comprehension on the mechanism of surfactant enhancing displacement rate and oil recovery, measure relative permeability curve of different surfactant concentration and adsorbing in core, these offer a basic parameters for numerical simulation, and the injection plan design. According to seepage flow features of surfactant oil displacement, 3D3P3-component surfactant oil displacement mathematical model was built.
Considering convection diffusion and surfactant's adsorption retention in oil layer, giving the relative permeability curve's treatment method, the match degree of mathematical model between production practice was enhanced. Using the difference method of IMPES, implicit concentration to solve mathematical equation, and compile the corresponding numerical simulation software, and the practical application was implemented in the surfactant flooding pilot site- Xing 1-3. Analyzing the impacts, generated by the density of the surfactant, the length of slug and the volume of injection, to development indexes, and reasonable injection plan is optimized. The good development effect and
在完成杏1-3区储层三维地质建模的任务后，开展了表外储层剩余油分布状况研究。由于非均质多油层油藏注水开发是一个具有随机过程的复杂动态系统，剩余油分布的影响因素多，且带有不确定性。系统多因素和多过程相互作用的相关性、可变性及协同性，显示出系统的非线性机制。根据油藏动态系统的上述特点，在精细地质描述研究成果的基础上，以井点资料为基础，采用神经网络模式法判别出薄差层的水淹程度和剩余油分布；依据地质、开发因素及相关性，利用多次模糊综合评判法和专家神经网络量化处理了系统的不确定性，绘制出剩余油的平面分布。这种多学科和多方位的综合研究及相互验证，确保了剩余油预测的高精度。
杏1-3区表外储层剩余油研究结果表明，该区块虽然经过二次加密和局部三次加密，但目前注水开发方式下表外储层动用程度仍然较差，存在大量剩余油。主要体现在水井注入压力高，油井产液量低，含水上升速度快，压裂、酸化等措施效果不明显。为此本文提出了注表面活性剂提高表外层开发效果的技术方法，该方面研究主要分三部分内容，表面活性剂驱油室内实验，数值模拟与注入方案设计，矿场试验。通过室内实验，深入分析阐述了低渗透岩心表面活性剂驱提高驱油效率和采收率的机理，测定了不同表面活性剂浓度时的相对渗透率曲线和表面活性剂在岩心中的吸附量，为数值模拟和注入方案设计提供了基础参数。根据活性剂驱油渗流特点，建立了三维两相三组分表面活性剂驱油数学模型。考虑了对流扩散和表面活性剂在油层中的吸附滞留，给出了相对渗透率曲线的处理方法，提高了数学模型与生产实际的符合程度。采用隐压、显饱、隐浓差分方法求解数学模型，并编制了相应的数值模拟软件，对杏1-3区表面活性剂驱试验区进行了实际计算。分析了表面活性剂浓度、段塞长度、注入量对开发指标的影响，并优选出了合理的注入方案。该方案在试验区实施后，取得了良好的开发效果和经济效果，为高效开发表外储层提高了技术手段和理论依据。
According to the sedimentation features of delta frontal reservoir in Xing-north region, the reservoir was refined into five lithofacies units, as follow: underwater diffluence channel sand-body, tabulated principal part sheet sand, tabulated non-principal sheet sand, untabulated reservior, mudstone. Adopting to the theory of building model at random and fully contrasting advantages and disadvantages of different building model at random, to find out the best-indicated chief component model, with high simulation efficiency, and a large using scope. As the appliance result show: Not only the model was with the high quality to size up and simulate fast, but also summarize the direct proportion relation between prediction precision and the stochastic simulation times, and the opposite proportion relation between the former and the departure value of the prediction result in each lithofacies units' stochastic simulation, the stronger in plant heterogeneity, the more the times stochastic simulation cost. All thes
e offer a stability foundation for building 3D reservoir geologic model.
After the reservoir geologic model for Xing-north 1-3 region was built, the following emphasis was pay on the institute of remaining oil distribution about untabulated layers. For the waterflooding in the heterogeneous multiplayer reservoirs is a complex and stochastic dynamic system, there are manifold features to generate remaining oil, and all these with uncertainty. Relativity, changeability and cooperateability, showed by the interaction between system multi-factors and system multi-course, reflect the non-linear mechanism of the system. According to the above characters in reservoir dynamic system, fine geologic description, and in terms of well point data, water out degree and remaining oil distribution of thinner and worse layer were distinguished through NN (neural network) pattern. According to geology, development factors, as well as relativity, the uncertainty of system was quantized using fuzzy comprehensive judgement method and expert NN, thus, the remaining oil distribution was plotted. This c
omprehensive research with multi-subject and multi-directions and interactive validation ensure the high precision during the predication of remaining oil.
The remaining oil research results of Xing 1-3 region showed: although secondary and part tertiary infilling wells were drilled, the recovery percent of reserves of the untabulated reservoir can't reach anticipative index. Main characters: the pressure in injection well is so high, and the liquid rate of production wells is low, water cut increases speedy, acidification and stimulation didn't get anticipative achievements. Therefore the chapter gives out a method to enhance the
oil--surfactant flooding indoor experiment, this research includes three sections:
experiment in-door, numerical simulation and inject pattern design, pilot site experiment. By the experiment in-door, and enhancing the comprehension on the mechanism of surfactant enhancing displacement rate and oil recovery, measure relative permeability curve of different surfactant concentration and adsorbing in core, these offer a basic parameters for numerical simulation, and the injection plan design. According to seepage flow features of surfactant oil displacement, 3D3P3-component surfactant oil displacement mathematical model was built.
Considering convection diffusion and surfactant's adsorption retention in oil layer, giving the relative permeability curve's treatment method, the match degree of mathematical model between production practice was enhanced. Using the difference method of IMPES, implicit concentration to solve mathematical equation, and compile the corresponding numerical simulation software, and the practical application was implemented in the surfactant flooding pilot site- Xing 1-3. Analyzing the impacts, generated by the density of the surfactant, the length of slug and the volume of injection, to development indexes, and reasonable injection plan is optimized. The good development effect and
引文
[1] 郑兴范，黄伏生．大庆油田井网加密调整技术．大庆油田开发建设三十五周年科技进步系列丛书之四《油藏工程》，石油工业出版社．1996年11月：P185—208．
[2] Haldorson. H.H. etal: "Stochastic Modeling." JPT, April. 1990. P404—412.
[3] Haldorson, H.H. etal: "Challenges in Reservoir Characterization." "AAPG Bulletin" April, 1993, P541—551.
[4] 裘亦楠等人．油藏描述[M]．北京：石油工业出版社，1996．
[5] 穆龙新等人．不同开发阶段的油藏描述[M]．北京：石油工业出版社，1999．
[6] 申本科等人．油藏描述技术发展与展望．石油勘探与开发，2003，30(4)：78—81．
[7] 王继贤．油藏描述软件系统及其应用[M]．北京：石油工业出版社，1993．
[8] 刘泽容，信荃麟，等．油藏描述原理与方法技术[M]．北京：石油工业出版社，1993．
[9] 文秋杰．文南油田文95断块区剩余油分布研究[J]．石油勘探与开发，2002，29(3)：56—58．
[10] 尹太举．依据高分辨率层序地层学进行剩余油分布预测[J]．石油勘探与开发，2000，28(4)：79—82．
[11] 甄维胜，吕新华，等．复杂断块油田非均质精细油藏描述技术—以中原胡状集油田为例[M]．北京：石油工业出版社，2001．
[12] 张幸福，周嘉玺．陆相复杂断块油田精细油藏描述技术[M]．北京：石油工业出版社，2001．
[13] 周丽清，熊琦华，等．随机建模中相模型的优选验证原则[J]．石油勘探与开发，2001，28(1)：68—71．
[14] 周丽清，赵丽敏，等．高分辨率地震约束相建摸[J]．石油勘探与开发，2002，29(3)：56—58．
[15] 陈蓉，张传宝，等．三维可视化技术在吉和油田开发中的应用[J]．石油勘探与开发，2001，28(6)：87—88．
[16] 张一伟等．陆相油藏描述．北京：石油工业出版社，1997．
[17] 穆龙新．现代油藏精细描述技术和方法．2000．
[18] Goggin. D.J. etal.: "Permeability Fields." Paper SPE 19586, 1989.
[19] Kittridge, M. G. et al.: "Outerop/Subsurface Comparisons of Heterogeneity in the San Andres Formation, " Paper SPE 19596, 1989.
[20] Matthews. J.L. etal.: "Fractal Methods Improve Mitsue Miscible Predictions, "JPT(Nov. 1989): 1136-42.
[21] Arnold, L.: "Stochastic Differential Equations: Theory and Applications, " John Wiley&Sons, New York City(1974).
[22] Dubrule, O.: "A Review of Stochastic Models for Petroleum Reservoirs, " Paper Presented at the 1988 British Soc. Reservoir Geologists Meeting on Quantification of Sediment Body Geometries and Their Internal Heterogeneities, London. March1-2.
[23] Weber, K.J. etal.: "Framework for Constructing Clastic Reservoir Simulation Models, " Paper SPE 19582, 1989.
[24] Allen, J.R.L.: "Studies in Fluviatile Sedimentation: An Exploratory Quantitative Model for the Architecture of Avulsion-Controlled Alluvial Suites, " Sedimentary Geology(1978)21, 129-47.
[25] Knutson, C.F.: "Modeling of Noncontinuous Fort Union Mesaverde Sandstone Reservoirs, Piceance Basin, Northwestern Colorado, " SPEJ(Aug. 1976)175-88.
[26] Bridge, J.S. and Leeder, M.R.: "A Simulation Model of Alluvial Stratigraphy, " Sedimentology(1979)26, 617-44.
[27] Augedal, H.O., Stanley, K.O., and More, H.: "SISABOSA, a Program for Stochastic Modeling
and Evaluation of Reservoir Geology, " Report SAND 18/86 presented at the 1986 Conference on Reservoir Description and Simulation with Emphasis on EOR, Oslo, Sept. 5-7.
[28] Haldorsen, H.H., Brand, P.J., and Macdonald, C.J.: "Review of the Stochastic Nature of Reservoirs, " Mathematics in Oil Production, S. Edwards and P. King(eds.), Oxford Science Publications, Clarendon Press, Oxford(1988) 109-209.
[29] Gundese, R. and Egeland, O.: "SESIMIRA-A New Geological Tool for 3-D Modeling of Heterogeneous Reservoirs, " Paper presented at the 1989 Intl. Conference on North Sea oil and Gas Reservoirs, Trondheim, May 8-11.
[30] Wadsley, A.W., Erlandsen, S., and Goemans H.W.: "HES, A Tool for Integrated Fluvial Architecture Modeling and Numerical Simulation of Recovery Processes." Paper presented at the 1989 Intl. Conference on North Sea Oil and Gas Reservoirs, Trondheim, May 8-11.
[31] King, P.R.: "The Connectivity and Conductivity of Overlapping Sandbodies, " paper presented at the 1989 Intl. Conference on North Sea Oil and Gas Reservoirs, Trondheim, May 8-11.
[32] Meling, L.M., Mφrkeseth, P. O., and Langelakmd, T.: "Production Forecasting for Gas Fields With Multiple Reservoirs of Limited Extent, " paper SPE 18287 presented at the 1988 SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition, Houston, Oct. 2-5.
[33] Smith P.J. and Morgan, D.T.K.: "Modelling Faulted and Fuvial Reservoirs, "paper SPE 15853 presented at the 1986 SPE European Petroleum Conference, London, Oct. 20-22.
[34] Delhome, A.E.K. and Giannesini, J. F.: "New Reservoir Description Techniques Improve Simulation Results in Hassi-Messaoud Field—Algeria, " paper SPE 8435 presented at the 1979 SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition, LasVegas, Spet. 23-26.
[35] Haldorsen, H.H.; "On the Modeling of Vertical Permeabilitjy Barries in Single-Well Simulation Models, " SPEFE(Spet. 1989)349-58.
[36] Long, J.C.S. and Witherspoon, P.A.: "The Relationship of Interconnection to Pemeability in Fracture Networks, " J. Geophys. Res. (1985)90, No. B4, 3087-98.
[37] Matheron, G. etal.: "Conditional Simulation of the Geometry of Fluvio-Deltaic Reservoirs, " paper SPE 16753 presented at the 1987 SPE Annual Technical Conference and Eihibition. Dallas, Sept. 27-30.
[38] Guerillot. D. etal.: "An Integrated Model for Computer Aided Reservoir Descript: on Fron Outcrop Study to Fluid Flow Simulations, " paper presented at the 1989 European Symposium on Improve Oil Recovery Budapest, April 25-27.
[39] Farmer, C.L.: "The Mathematical Generation of Reservoir Geology, " paper presented at the 1989 IMA European Conference on the Mathematics of Oil Recovery, Cambridge, July 25-27.
[40] Ripley, B.D.: "Spatial Statistics, John Wiley&Sons, New York City (1981).
[41] Besag, J.: "Spatial Interaction and the Statistical Analysis of Lattice Systems, " J. Royal Statistical Soc. (1974) Series B, 192-236.
[42] Farmer, C.L.: "The Generation of Stochastic Fields of Reservoir Parameters with Specified Geostatistical Distribution, " Mathematics in Oil Production, S. Edwards and P. King (eds.), Oxford Science Publications, Clarendon Press, Oxford (1988) 235-52.
[43] Journel, A.G and Alabert, F.G.: "New Method for Reservoir Mapping, " JPT (Feb. 1990) 212-18.
[44] Da Costa e Silva. A.J.: "A New Approach to the Characterization of Reservoir Heterogeneity
Based on the Geomathematical Model and Kriging Technique, " paper SPE 14275 presented at the 1985 SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition, Las Vegas, Sept. 22-25.
[45] Dubrule, O. and Haldorsen, H.H.: "Geostatistics for Permeability Estimation, " Reservoir Characterization, L.W. Lake and H.B. Carrol Jr. (eds.), Academic Press Inc., OrIando, FL (1986) 223-48.
[46] Delfiner, P., Delhomme, J.P., and Pelissier-Combescure, J.: "Application of Geostatistical Analysis to the Evaluation of Petroleum Reservoirs with Well Logs, " paper presented at the 1983 SPWLA Annual Logging Symposium, Calgary, July 27-30.
[47] Berteig, V. etal.: "Predictions of Hydrocarbon PV With Uncertainties, " paper SPE 18325 presented at the 1988 SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition, Houston, Oct. 2-5.
[48] Matheron, G.: "The Intrinsec Random Functions and Their Applications, " Advances in Applied Probability (1973) 5, 439-68.
[49] Journel, A.G. and Huijbregts, C.J.: Mining Geostatistics, Academic Press (1978).
[50] Mandelbrot, B.: The Fractal Geometry of Nature, W.H. Freeman & Co., New York City (1983).
[51] Voss, R.F.: "Random Fractals: Characterization and Measurement, " Scaling Phenomena in Disordered Systems, R. Pynn and A. Skjeltorp (eds), Plenum Press, New York City (1985) 1-11.
[52] Hewett, T.A.: "fractal Distributions of Reservoir Heterogeneity and Their Influence on Fluid Transport, " paper SPE 15386 presented at the 1986 SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition, New Orleans, Oct. 5-8.
[53] Doyen, P.M., Guidish, T.M., and de Buyl, M.H.: "Monte Carlo Simulation of Lithology From Seismic Data in a Channel-Sand Reservoir, " paper SPE 19588 presented at the 1989 SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition, San Antonio, Oct. 8-11.
[54] Martinez R.D., Cornish, B.E., and Seymour, R.H.: "An Integrated Approach for Reservoir Description Using Seismic, Borehole, and Geologic Data, " paper SPE 19851 presented at the 1989 SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition, San Antonio, Oct. 8-11.
[55] Bond, D.C., etal.: "Determination of Residual Oil Saturation, " Interstate Oil Compact Commission, Dklahoma City, OK (June, 1978).
[56] Chang, M.M., etal.: "Evaluation and Comparison of Residual Oil Saturation Determination Techniques", SPE/DOE 14887, 1986.
[57] ward, C. E., and Barnwell, J. L.: "Industrial Survey of Core Handling, Storage, and Analysis Procedures for ROS Measurements, " Department of Energy Report No. DOE/BC/10022-6, October 1980.
[58] Shirer, J.A., Langston, E.P., and Strong, R. B: "Application of Field-Wide Conventional Coring in the Jay-Little Escambia Creek Unit, " J. Pet. Tech. (December 1978), 1774-1780.
[59] Luffel, D.L., and Randall, R. V.: "Core Handling and Measurement Techniques for Obtaining Reliable Reservoir Characteristics, " presented at Formation Evaluation Symposium, Gulf Coast Section, AIME, Nov. 21-22, 1960.
[60] Rathmell, J. J., Braun, P. H., and Perkins, T.K.: "reservoir Waterflood Residual Oil Saturations from Laboratory Tests, " J. Pet. Tech. (February 1973)175-185.
[61] Kazemi, H.: "Determination of Waterflood Residual Oil Saturation From Routine Core Analyses, " J. Pet. Tech. (January 1977) 31-32.
[62] Hensel, W. M., Jr.: "Improved Formation Evaluation From Pressure and Conventional Cores
Taken with Stable Foam: Bennett Ranch Unit, Wasson Field, " paper SPE 13095 presented at the 59th Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition, Houston, Sept. 16-19, 1984.
[63] Sattler, A. R.: "The Multiwell Experiment Cor Program, Ⅱ, " paper SPE/DOE/GRI 12854 presented at the 1984 Unconventional Gas Recovery Symposium, Pittsburgh, May 13-15.
[64] Bilhartz, H. L., Jr. and Charlson, G. S.: "Coring For In Situ Saturations in the Willard Unit CO_2 Flood Mini-Test, " paper SPE 7050 presented at Improved Methods for Oil Recovery of SPE, Tulsa, Apr. 16-19, 1978.
[65] Yell, L. M.: "Pressure Coring Yields Valuable Reservoir Data, " Oil and Gs J. (Oct. 30, 1978) 95-99.
[66] Park, A.: "Improved 0ii Saturation Data Using Sponge Core Barrel, " paper SPE 115500 presented at 1983 production Operation Symp., Oklahoma City, Febuary 27-March 1.
[67] Park, A.: "Sponge Coring Improves Data Quality, " The American 0ii and Gas reporter (March 1984) 27, 27-29.
[68] Mickey, V.: "Improved Reservoir Evaluation Object of Sponge Coring Process, " Drill Bit (April 1981) 30, 91-92.
[69] Cannon, D. E., and Rossmiller, J. W.: "Oil Saturation Evaluation for EOR in a Carbonate, " paper SPE 13288 presented at 59th annual Tech. Conf., Houston, Sept. 16-19, 1984.
[70] Fertl, W. H., : "Find ROS From Well Logs for Enhanced Recovery Projects, " Oil and Gas J. (Feb. 12, 1979) 120-127.
[71] Thomas, E. C., and Ausburn, B. E.: "Determining Swept-Zone Residual Oil Saturation in a Slightly Consolidated Gulf Coast Sandstone Reservoir, " J. Pet. Tech. (Apr. 1979) 513-524.
[72] Trantham, J. C., and Clampitt, R. L.: "Determination of Oil Saturation After Waterflooding in an Oil-Wet Reservoir-The North Burbank Unit, " Tract 97 Project, " J. Pet. Tech. (May 1977) 491-500.
[73] Staub, H. L.: "Residual Oil Saturation Determination, Wilmington Micellar-Polymer Project, " DOE/BETC/1395-6, Oct. 1983.
[74] Vargo, J. J.: "Site Selection, Reservoir Definition and Estimation of Tertiary Target Oil for the Bell Creek Unit "A" Micellar-Polymer Project, " paper SPE 7072 presented at the 5th Symposium on Improved Methods for Oil Recovery, Tulsa, Apr. 16-19, 1978.
[75] Donaldson, E. C.: "Comparison of Methods for Measurement of Oil Saturation, " paper SPE 10298 presented at 56th SPE meeting held in San Antonio, Oct. 5-7, 1981.
[76] 王文祥．确定剩余油的测井技术．世界石油工业，1995 2(4)：37-42)．
[77] 耿全喜，钟兴水．油田开发测井技术．东营：石油大学出版社，1992：33-62．
[78] Neuman, C.H.: "Logging Measurement of Residual Oil, Rangely Field, CO, " J. Pet. Tech. (Sept. 1983)1735-1744.
[79] Neuman, C.H., and Brown, R.J.S.: "Application of Nuclear Magnetism Logging to Formation Evaluation, " J. Pet. Tech. (Dec. 1982)2853-2862.
[80] Wharton, R.P., etal.: "Electromagnetic Propagation Logging: Advances in Technique and Interpretation, " paper SPE 9267 presented at 55th Annual Fall Mtg., SPE, Dallas, Sept. 21-24, 1980.
[81] Freedman, R., and Vogiatzis, J. P.: "Theory of Microwave Dielectric Constant Logging Using the Electromagnetic Wave Propagation Method, " Geophysics (May 1979)44, 969-986.
[82] Wharton, R. P., Hazen, G. A., Rau, R. N. and Best, D. L.: "Advancements in Electromagnetic
Wave Propagation Logging, " paper SPE 9041SPE Rocky Mountain Regional meeting, Casper, May 14-16, 1980.
[83] Meador, R.A., and Cox, P.T.: "Dielectric Constant Logging, A Salinity Independent Estimation of Formation Water Volume, " paper SPE 5504 presented at Fall Meeting, Dallas, Sept. 30- Oct. 1, 1975.
[84] Geng, X., et al. "Dielectric Log -A Logging Method for Determining Oil Saturation, " J. Pet. Tech. (Oct. 1983)1797-1805.
[85] Cox, P.T., and Warren, W. F.: "Development and Testing of the Texaco Dielectric log, " SPWLA 24th Annual logging Symb., Sune 27-30, 1983.
[86] Fertl, W.H.: "Well logging and Its Applications in Cased Hole, " J. Pet. Tech. (May 1973) 593-606.
[87] Richardson, J.E., etal.: "Methods for Determining Residual Oil Saturation with Pulsed Neutron Capture Logs, " J. Pet. Tech. (May 1973) 593-606.
[88] Libson, T.E., etal.: "Stratton Field, Texas Gulf Coast: A Successful Cased-Hole Re-evaluation of an Old Field to Determine Remaining Reserves and to Increase Production Level, " J. Pet. Tech. (Jan. 1985)105-123.
[89] Ahmad, M.M, and Ovies, S.L.: "Application of Log-Inject-Log in Granny' s Creek Oil Field, " paper SPE 10552 presented at 1981 Eastern Regional Meeting of SPE, Columbus, Nov. 4-6.
[90] Schenewerk, P. A., et al.: "The Accuracy of Pulsed Neutron Capture Logs for ROS, " paper SPE 11148 presented at 57th Tech. Conf. Of SPE, New Orleans, Sept. 26-29, 1982.
[91] Wiese, H. C.: "tdt Log Applications in California, " J. Pet. Tech. (Feb. 1983)429-443.
[92] Youngblood, W.E.: "The Application of Pulsed Neutron Decay Time Logs to Monitor Waterfloods with Changing Salinity, " J. Pet. Tech. (June 1980)957-963.
[93] Horner, S. C., et al.: "The Prediction of Saturation Using the Carbon/Oxygen Log SURI-40, " DOE/SF/11564-9, 1984.
[94] O'Brien, W.I., et al.: "Comprehensive Analysis of the Carbon/Oxygen Log, " EOE/ET/12056-28, Jan. 1983.
[95] Lawrence, T. D.: "Continuous Carbon/Oxygen Log Interpretation Techniques, " J. Pet. Tech. (Aug. 1981) 1394-1402.
[96] Lock, G. A., and Hoyer, W. A.: "Carbon-Oxygen (C/O) Log: Use and Interpretation, " J. Pet. Tech. (Sept. 1974) 1044-1054.
[97] Gournay, L. S.: "Application of Borehole Gravimetric Techniques to Determine Residual Oil Saturation" U. S. Patent 4, 399, 693, Mobil Oil Corp., Aug. 23, 1983.
[98] Maute, R. E., and Gournay, L. S.: "Determination of Residual Oil Saturation With The Borehote Gravity Meter, " paper SPE 13703 presented at SPE 1985 Middle East Oil Tech. Conf., Bahrain, Mar. 11-14.
[99] Tomich, J. F., et al.: "Singel-Well Tracer Method to Measure Residual Oil Saturation, " J. Pet. Tech. (Feb. 1973)211-218.
[100] Sheely, C.Q. and Baldwin, D.E.: "Single-Well Tracer Tests for Evaluating Chemical Enhanced Oil Recovery Process, " J. Pet. Tech. (Aug. 1982) 1887-1896.
[101] Deans, h. A.: "Method of Determining Fluid Saturations in Reservoirs" U. S. Patent 3, 626, 842, Esso Research company, Nov. 30, 1971.
[102] Bragg, J.R., Carlson, L. O., and Atterbury, J. H.: "Recent Applications of the Single-Well Tracer Method for Measuring Residual Oil Saturation, " paper SPE 5805 presented at Improved Oil Recovery Symposium Tulsa, Mar. 22-24, 1976.
[103] O' Brien, L. J., Cooke, R. S., and Willis, H. R.: "Oil Saturation Measurements at Brown and East Voss Tannehill Fields, " paper SPE 6370, presented at 1977 Permian Basin Oil and Gas Recovery Conf., Midland, Mar. 10-11, 1977.
[104] Deans, H.A., and Majoros, S.: "The Single-Well Chemical Tracer Method for Mearuing Residual oil Saturation, " DOE/BC-20006-18, Oct. 1980.
[105] Carlisle, C. T., and Kapoor, S.: "Development of a Rapid and Accurate Method for determining Partition Coefficients of Chemical Tracers Between Oils and Brines (For Single-Well Tracer Tests), " DOE/BC/10100-4, Dec. 1982.
[106] Antunez, E. U., and Brigham, W. E.: "Semi-Analytic Approach to Analyze Single-Well Tracer Tests" DOE/SF/l1564-7, Sept. 1984.
[107] Heemstra, R.J.: "Gamma Radiation Log-Inject-Log Method for ROS Determination, " Internal Repert of Bartlesville Energy Technology Genter (1980).
[108] Pecina, R.J., et al.: "Assessment of Gamma-Inject Logging Techniques for the Determination of ROS, " DOE/BC/10308-30, Aug. 1983.
[109] 刘能强．实用现代试井解释方法．第二版．北京：石油工业出版社，1992：1-18．
[110] E A Olibeira, K V Serra. Oil/Water Relative Permeability Estimation form Fall off Tests. SPE 26984, 1994.
[111] JOHN C MARTIN. Simplified Equations of Flow in Gas Drive Reservoirs and Theoretical Foundation of Multiphase Pressure Buildup Analyses. MEMBER AIME, Vol. 216, No. 309-311, 1959.
[112] 成绥民，梅启亮，林加恩，苏彦春．高含水剩余油分布的现代试井解释理论与方法．油气井测试，1997 6(4)：10-15
[113] Correa, A. D.: "A Streamtube Model for Simulation of Fluid-Flow in Porous Media, " B.S. Dissertation, U. of Kansas, 1980.
[114] MIALL A D. Architecture-element analysis: a new method of facies analysis applied to fluvial deposits[J]. Earth Science Review, 1985, 22 (4): 261-308.
[115] 张昌民．储层研究中的层次分析方法[J]．石油与天然气地质，1992，13(3)：344-350．
[116] 吕晓光．储层流动单元的概念及研究方法评述[J]．世界石油工业，1998，5(5)：38-43．
[117] TI GUANGMING. Use of flow unit as a tool for reservoir description case study[J]. SPE Formation Evaluation, 1995, 10(2): 123-128.
[118] JIAN F X.A genetic approach to prediction of petrophysical properties[J]. Journal of Petroleum Geology, 1994, 17 (1): 71-88.
[119] 吕晓光．松辽大型浅水湖盆三角洲沉积特征及前缘相储层结构模型[J]．沉积学报，1999，17(4)：572-577．
[120] 薛家锋等．储层透模与环体预测符合率．石油学报．2003 24(5)：79-83．
[121] Blane G, Guérillot D, Rahon D, et at. Building geostatstical models constrained by dynamic data-a posteriori constrants[C].SPE 35478, 1996: 19-33.
[122] Lamy P, Rowbothan P, Dubrule D, et al. From Seismic to Reservoir properties with geostatistical inversion[J]. SPE 1999, 2(4): 334-340.
[123] Wang J, MacDonald A. Modeling channel architecture in a densely drilled oilfield in east
China[C]. SPE 38678, 1997: 365-372.
[124] 王家华，张团峰。油气储层随机建摸[M]．北京：石油工业出版社，2001：98-118．
[125] G.J. Hirsaki. Dependence of waterflood remaining oil saturation on relative permeability, Capillary pressure, and reservoir parameters in mixed_wet Turbidite Sand. SPERE, May 1996, 11.
[126] Pedro, A. Diaz Correa. A streamtube Model for Simulation of Fluidflow in Porous Media. B.S. dissertation, U. of Kansas, 1980.
[127] [苏] 巴巴良著，刘青年、姜言里译，《表面活性剂在油田开发中的应用》，石油工业出版社，1987．
[128] 孙峰玉、陈月明．表面活性剂驱油体系中各种化学剂测定方法的研究．石油学报，1994，15(3)，68～74．
[129] 王玉斗、陈彦煌．考虑表面活性剂的多相渗流研究．弹道学报，2002，14(2)，6～11．
[130] 宋考平、宋洪才等编，《油藏数值模拟理论基础》，石油工业出版社，1996．
[131] 付美龙、吴一慧等．石油羧酸盐表面活性剂吸附特性实验研究．油气采收率技术，1997，4(2)，12～16．
[132] 李道山、刘忠福．牺牲剂降低表面活性剂吸附损失研究。2000，19(3)，20～23．
[133] 侯吉瑞、康万利、吴文祥．石油羧酸盐表面活性剂在油砂上的静吸附研究．1995，14(1)，43～46．
[134] 康万利、董喜贵编，《三次采油化学原理》，化学工业出版社，1996．
[135] 殷代印、翟云芳等．非均质层状砂岩油藏周期注水数学模型及其应用．2000，24(1)，85～87．
[136] 廖广志、王启民、王得民编，《化学复合驱原理及应用》，石油工业出版社，1999．
[137] Tchelepi, H.A., Orr, F.M., Rakotomalala, N., Salin, D., and Woumeni, R. Dispersion, permeability heterogeneity, and viscous fingering: Acoustic experimental observations and particle-tracking simulations. Phys. Fluids A5 (July 1993), 1558-1574.
[138] Fayers, F.J., Blunt, M.J., and Christie, A. Accurate Calibration of Emprical Viscous Fingering Models. presented at the 1990 European Conference on the Mathematics of Oil Recovery, Arles, France, Sept. 11-14.
[139] Chang, J., and Yortsos, Y.C. Effect of Capillary Heterogeneity on Buckley-Leverett Displacement. SPE Reser. Eng. (May. 1992), 285-293.
[140] Muggeridge, A.H. Reservoir Characterization Ⅱ, Academic Press. Inc. (1991).
[141] Douglas, J. JR., Peaceman, D.W., and Rachford, H.H. JR. A Method for Calculating Multi-Dimensional Immiscible Displacement. SPE Reprint Series (1973) 11 48-59.
[142] Dullien, F.A.L. Porous Media Fluid Transport and Pore Structure. Academic Press. Inc. (1992).
[143] Anderson, W.G. wettability Literature Survey-Part 1: Rock/Oil/Brine Interactions and the Effects of Core Handling on wettability. JPT (Oct. 1986) 1125-1141.
[144] Bishop, K.A, Brett, V.S., Green, K.W. and McElhiney, J.E. The application of sensitivity analysis to reservoir simulation of reservoir fluid flow, Soc. Petrol. Eng. J., 9, No. 1, 1976, pp. 47-58.
[145] Bondor, P.L., Hirasaki. G.J. and Tham, M.J. Mathematical simulation of Polymer flooding in complex reservoirs, Soc. Petrol. Eng. J., 12, No. 5, 1972, PP. 369-82.
[146] Coats, K.H., George, W.D. and Marcum, B.E. Three-dimensional simulation of steamflooding, Trans. SPE of AIME, 257, PP. 1994, 573-92(SPEJ).
[147] Dandona, A.K. and Morse, R. A. Down-dip water flooding of an oil reservoir having a gas cap, Trans. SPE of AIME, 259, 1985, pp. 1005-16(JPT).
[2] Haldorson. H.H. etal: "Stochastic Modeling." JPT, April. 1990. P404—412.
[3] Haldorson, H.H. etal: "Challenges in Reservoir Characterization." "AAPG Bulletin" April, 1993, P541—551.
[4] 裘亦楠等人．油藏描述[M]．北京：石油工业出版社，1996．
[5] 穆龙新等人．不同开发阶段的油藏描述[M]．北京：石油工业出版社，1999．
[6] 申本科等人．油藏描述技术发展与展望．石油勘探与开发，2003，30(4)：78—81．
[7] 王继贤．油藏描述软件系统及其应用[M]．北京：石油工业出版社，1993．
[8] 刘泽容，信荃麟，等．油藏描述原理与方法技术[M]．北京：石油工业出版社，1993．
[9] 文秋杰．文南油田文95断块区剩余油分布研究[J]．石油勘探与开发，2002，29(3)：56—58．
[10] 尹太举．依据高分辨率层序地层学进行剩余油分布预测[J]．石油勘探与开发，2000，28(4)：79—82．
[11] 甄维胜，吕新华，等．复杂断块油田非均质精细油藏描述技术—以中原胡状集油田为例[M]．北京：石油工业出版社，2001．
[12] 张幸福，周嘉玺．陆相复杂断块油田精细油藏描述技术[M]．北京：石油工业出版社，2001．
[13] 周丽清，熊琦华，等．随机建模中相模型的优选验证原则[J]．石油勘探与开发，2001，28(1)：68—71．
[14] 周丽清，赵丽敏，等．高分辨率地震约束相建摸[J]．石油勘探与开发，2002，29(3)：56—58．
[15] 陈蓉，张传宝，等．三维可视化技术在吉和油田开发中的应用[J]．石油勘探与开发，2001，28(6)：87—88．
[16] 张一伟等．陆相油藏描述．北京：石油工业出版社，1997．
[17] 穆龙新．现代油藏精细描述技术和方法．2000．
[18] Goggin. D.J. etal.: "Permeability Fields." Paper SPE 19586, 1989.
[19] Kittridge, M. G. et al.: "Outerop/Subsurface Comparisons of Heterogeneity in the San Andres Formation, " Paper SPE 19596, 1989.
[20] Matthews. J.L. etal.: "Fractal Methods Improve Mitsue Miscible Predictions, "JPT(Nov. 1989): 1136-42.
[21] Arnold, L.: "Stochastic Differential Equations: Theory and Applications, " John Wiley&Sons, New York City(1974).
[22] Dubrule, O.: "A Review of Stochastic Models for Petroleum Reservoirs, " Paper Presented at the 1988 British Soc. Reservoir Geologists Meeting on Quantification of Sediment Body Geometries and Their Internal Heterogeneities, London. March1-2.
[23] Weber, K.J. etal.: "Framework for Constructing Clastic Reservoir Simulation Models, " Paper SPE 19582, 1989.
[24] Allen, J.R.L.: "Studies in Fluviatile Sedimentation: An Exploratory Quantitative Model for the Architecture of Avulsion-Controlled Alluvial Suites, " Sedimentary Geology(1978)21, 129-47.
[25] Knutson, C.F.: "Modeling of Noncontinuous Fort Union Mesaverde Sandstone Reservoirs, Piceance Basin, Northwestern Colorado, " SPEJ(Aug. 1976)175-88.
[26] Bridge, J.S. and Leeder, M.R.: "A Simulation Model of Alluvial Stratigraphy, " Sedimentology(1979)26, 617-44.
[27] Augedal, H.O., Stanley, K.O., and More, H.: "SISABOSA, a Program for Stochastic Modeling
and Evaluation of Reservoir Geology, " Report SAND 18/86 presented at the 1986 Conference on Reservoir Description and Simulation with Emphasis on EOR, Oslo, Sept. 5-7.
[28] Haldorsen, H.H., Brand, P.J., and Macdonald, C.J.: "Review of the Stochastic Nature of Reservoirs, " Mathematics in Oil Production, S. Edwards and P. King(eds.), Oxford Science Publications, Clarendon Press, Oxford(1988) 109-209.
[29] Gundese, R. and Egeland, O.: "SESIMIRA-A New Geological Tool for 3-D Modeling of Heterogeneous Reservoirs, " Paper presented at the 1989 Intl. Conference on North Sea oil and Gas Reservoirs, Trondheim, May 8-11.
[30] Wadsley, A.W., Erlandsen, S., and Goemans H.W.: "HES, A Tool for Integrated Fluvial Architecture Modeling and Numerical Simulation of Recovery Processes." Paper presented at the 1989 Intl. Conference on North Sea Oil and Gas Reservoirs, Trondheim, May 8-11.
[31] King, P.R.: "The Connectivity and Conductivity of Overlapping Sandbodies, " paper presented at the 1989 Intl. Conference on North Sea Oil and Gas Reservoirs, Trondheim, May 8-11.
[32] Meling, L.M., Mφrkeseth, P. O., and Langelakmd, T.: "Production Forecasting for Gas Fields With Multiple Reservoirs of Limited Extent, " paper SPE 18287 presented at the 1988 SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition, Houston, Oct. 2-5.
[33] Smith P.J. and Morgan, D.T.K.: "Modelling Faulted and Fuvial Reservoirs, "paper SPE 15853 presented at the 1986 SPE European Petroleum Conference, London, Oct. 20-22.
[34] Delhome, A.E.K. and Giannesini, J. F.: "New Reservoir Description Techniques Improve Simulation Results in Hassi-Messaoud Field—Algeria, " paper SPE 8435 presented at the 1979 SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition, LasVegas, Spet. 23-26.
[35] Haldorsen, H.H.; "On the Modeling of Vertical Permeabilitjy Barries in Single-Well Simulation Models, " SPEFE(Spet. 1989)349-58.
[36] Long, J.C.S. and Witherspoon, P.A.: "The Relationship of Interconnection to Pemeability in Fracture Networks, " J. Geophys. Res. (1985)90, No. B4, 3087-98.
[37] Matheron, G. etal.: "Conditional Simulation of the Geometry of Fluvio-Deltaic Reservoirs, " paper SPE 16753 presented at the 1987 SPE Annual Technical Conference and Eihibition. Dallas, Sept. 27-30.
[38] Guerillot. D. etal.: "An Integrated Model for Computer Aided Reservoir Descript: on Fron Outcrop Study to Fluid Flow Simulations, " paper presented at the 1989 European Symposium on Improve Oil Recovery Budapest, April 25-27.
[39] Farmer, C.L.: "The Mathematical Generation of Reservoir Geology, " paper presented at the 1989 IMA European Conference on the Mathematics of Oil Recovery, Cambridge, July 25-27.
[40] Ripley, B.D.: "Spatial Statistics, John Wiley&Sons, New York City (1981).
[41] Besag, J.: "Spatial Interaction and the Statistical Analysis of Lattice Systems, " J. Royal Statistical Soc. (1974) Series B, 192-236.
[42] Farmer, C.L.: "The Generation of Stochastic Fields of Reservoir Parameters with Specified Geostatistical Distribution, " Mathematics in Oil Production, S. Edwards and P. King (eds.), Oxford Science Publications, Clarendon Press, Oxford (1988) 235-52.
[43] Journel, A.G and Alabert, F.G.: "New Method for Reservoir Mapping, " JPT (Feb. 1990) 212-18.
[44] Da Costa e Silva. A.J.: "A New Approach to the Characterization of Reservoir Heterogeneity
Based on the Geomathematical Model and Kriging Technique, " paper SPE 14275 presented at the 1985 SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition, Las Vegas, Sept. 22-25.
[45] Dubrule, O. and Haldorsen, H.H.: "Geostatistics for Permeability Estimation, " Reservoir Characterization, L.W. Lake and H.B. Carrol Jr. (eds.), Academic Press Inc., OrIando, FL (1986) 223-48.
[46] Delfiner, P., Delhomme, J.P., and Pelissier-Combescure, J.: "Application of Geostatistical Analysis to the Evaluation of Petroleum Reservoirs with Well Logs, " paper presented at the 1983 SPWLA Annual Logging Symposium, Calgary, July 27-30.
[47] Berteig, V. etal.: "Predictions of Hydrocarbon PV With Uncertainties, " paper SPE 18325 presented at the 1988 SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition, Houston, Oct. 2-5.
[48] Matheron, G.: "The Intrinsec Random Functions and Their Applications, " Advances in Applied Probability (1973) 5, 439-68.
[49] Journel, A.G. and Huijbregts, C.J.: Mining Geostatistics, Academic Press (1978).
[50] Mandelbrot, B.: The Fractal Geometry of Nature, W.H. Freeman & Co., New York City (1983).
[51] Voss, R.F.: "Random Fractals: Characterization and Measurement, " Scaling Phenomena in Disordered Systems, R. Pynn and A. Skjeltorp (eds), Plenum Press, New York City (1985) 1-11.
[52] Hewett, T.A.: "fractal Distributions of Reservoir Heterogeneity and Their Influence on Fluid Transport, " paper SPE 15386 presented at the 1986 SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition, New Orleans, Oct. 5-8.
[53] Doyen, P.M., Guidish, T.M., and de Buyl, M.H.: "Monte Carlo Simulation of Lithology From Seismic Data in a Channel-Sand Reservoir, " paper SPE 19588 presented at the 1989 SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition, San Antonio, Oct. 8-11.
[54] Martinez R.D., Cornish, B.E., and Seymour, R.H.: "An Integrated Approach for Reservoir Description Using Seismic, Borehole, and Geologic Data, " paper SPE 19851 presented at the 1989 SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition, San Antonio, Oct. 8-11.
[55] Bond, D.C., etal.: "Determination of Residual Oil Saturation, " Interstate Oil Compact Commission, Dklahoma City, OK (June, 1978).
[56] Chang, M.M., etal.: "Evaluation and Comparison of Residual Oil Saturation Determination Techniques", SPE/DOE 14887, 1986.
[57] ward, C. E., and Barnwell, J. L.: "Industrial Survey of Core Handling, Storage, and Analysis Procedures for ROS Measurements, " Department of Energy Report No. DOE/BC/10022-6, October 1980.
[58] Shirer, J.A., Langston, E.P., and Strong, R. B: "Application of Field-Wide Conventional Coring in the Jay-Little Escambia Creek Unit, " J. Pet. Tech. (December 1978), 1774-1780.
[59] Luffel, D.L., and Randall, R. V.: "Core Handling and Measurement Techniques for Obtaining Reliable Reservoir Characteristics, " presented at Formation Evaluation Symposium, Gulf Coast Section, AIME, Nov. 21-22, 1960.
[60] Rathmell, J. J., Braun, P. H., and Perkins, T.K.: "reservoir Waterflood Residual Oil Saturations from Laboratory Tests, " J. Pet. Tech. (February 1973)175-185.
[61] Kazemi, H.: "Determination of Waterflood Residual Oil Saturation From Routine Core Analyses, " J. Pet. Tech. (January 1977) 31-32.
[62] Hensel, W. M., Jr.: "Improved Formation Evaluation From Pressure and Conventional Cores
Taken with Stable Foam: Bennett Ranch Unit, Wasson Field, " paper SPE 13095 presented at the 59th Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition, Houston, Sept. 16-19, 1984.
[63] Sattler, A. R.: "The Multiwell Experiment Cor Program, Ⅱ, " paper SPE/DOE/GRI 12854 presented at the 1984 Unconventional Gas Recovery Symposium, Pittsburgh, May 13-15.
[64] Bilhartz, H. L., Jr. and Charlson, G. S.: "Coring For In Situ Saturations in the Willard Unit CO_2 Flood Mini-Test, " paper SPE 7050 presented at Improved Methods for Oil Recovery of SPE, Tulsa, Apr. 16-19, 1978.
[65] Yell, L. M.: "Pressure Coring Yields Valuable Reservoir Data, " Oil and Gs J. (Oct. 30, 1978) 95-99.
[66] Park, A.: "Improved 0ii Saturation Data Using Sponge Core Barrel, " paper SPE 115500 presented at 1983 production Operation Symp., Oklahoma City, Febuary 27-March 1.
[67] Park, A.: "Sponge Coring Improves Data Quality, " The American 0ii and Gas reporter (March 1984) 27, 27-29.
[68] Mickey, V.: "Improved Reservoir Evaluation Object of Sponge Coring Process, " Drill Bit (April 1981) 30, 91-92.
[69] Cannon, D. E., and Rossmiller, J. W.: "Oil Saturation Evaluation for EOR in a Carbonate, " paper SPE 13288 presented at 59th annual Tech. Conf., Houston, Sept. 16-19, 1984.
[70] Fertl, W. H., : "Find ROS From Well Logs for Enhanced Recovery Projects, " Oil and Gas J. (Feb. 12, 1979) 120-127.
[71] Thomas, E. C., and Ausburn, B. E.: "Determining Swept-Zone Residual Oil Saturation in a Slightly Consolidated Gulf Coast Sandstone Reservoir, " J. Pet. Tech. (Apr. 1979) 513-524.
[72] Trantham, J. C., and Clampitt, R. L.: "Determination of Oil Saturation After Waterflooding in an Oil-Wet Reservoir-The North Burbank Unit, " Tract 97 Project, " J. Pet. Tech. (May 1977) 491-500.
[73] Staub, H. L.: "Residual Oil Saturation Determination, Wilmington Micellar-Polymer Project, " DOE/BETC/1395-6, Oct. 1983.
[74] Vargo, J. J.: "Site Selection, Reservoir Definition and Estimation of Tertiary Target Oil for the Bell Creek Unit "A" Micellar-Polymer Project, " paper SPE 7072 presented at the 5th Symposium on Improved Methods for Oil Recovery, Tulsa, Apr. 16-19, 1978.
[75] Donaldson, E. C.: "Comparison of Methods for Measurement of Oil Saturation, " paper SPE 10298 presented at 56th SPE meeting held in San Antonio, Oct. 5-7, 1981.
[76] 王文祥．确定剩余油的测井技术．世界石油工业，1995 2(4)：37-42)．
[77] 耿全喜，钟兴水．油田开发测井技术．东营：石油大学出版社，1992：33-62．
[78] Neuman, C.H.: "Logging Measurement of Residual Oil, Rangely Field, CO, " J. Pet. Tech. (Sept. 1983)1735-1744.
[79] Neuman, C.H., and Brown, R.J.S.: "Application of Nuclear Magnetism Logging to Formation Evaluation, " J. Pet. Tech. (Dec. 1982)2853-2862.
[80] Wharton, R.P., etal.: "Electromagnetic Propagation Logging: Advances in Technique and Interpretation, " paper SPE 9267 presented at 55th Annual Fall Mtg., SPE, Dallas, Sept. 21-24, 1980.
[81] Freedman, R., and Vogiatzis, J. P.: "Theory of Microwave Dielectric Constant Logging Using the Electromagnetic Wave Propagation Method, " Geophysics (May 1979)44, 969-986.
[82] Wharton, R. P., Hazen, G. A., Rau, R. N. and Best, D. L.: "Advancements in Electromagnetic
Wave Propagation Logging, " paper SPE 9041SPE Rocky Mountain Regional meeting, Casper, May 14-16, 1980.
[83] Meador, R.A., and Cox, P.T.: "Dielectric Constant Logging, A Salinity Independent Estimation of Formation Water Volume, " paper SPE 5504 presented at Fall Meeting, Dallas, Sept. 30- Oct. 1, 1975.
[84] Geng, X., et al. "Dielectric Log -A Logging Method for Determining Oil Saturation, " J. Pet. Tech. (Oct. 1983)1797-1805.
[85] Cox, P.T., and Warren, W. F.: "Development and Testing of the Texaco Dielectric log, " SPWLA 24th Annual logging Symb., Sune 27-30, 1983.
[86] Fertl, W.H.: "Well logging and Its Applications in Cased Hole, " J. Pet. Tech. (May 1973) 593-606.
[87] Richardson, J.E., etal.: "Methods for Determining Residual Oil Saturation with Pulsed Neutron Capture Logs, " J. Pet. Tech. (May 1973) 593-606.
[88] Libson, T.E., etal.: "Stratton Field, Texas Gulf Coast: A Successful Cased-Hole Re-evaluation of an Old Field to Determine Remaining Reserves and to Increase Production Level, " J. Pet. Tech. (Jan. 1985)105-123.
[89] Ahmad, M.M, and Ovies, S.L.: "Application of Log-Inject-Log in Granny' s Creek Oil Field, " paper SPE 10552 presented at 1981 Eastern Regional Meeting of SPE, Columbus, Nov. 4-6.
[90] Schenewerk, P. A., et al.: "The Accuracy of Pulsed Neutron Capture Logs for ROS, " paper SPE 11148 presented at 57th Tech. Conf. Of SPE, New Orleans, Sept. 26-29, 1982.
[91] Wiese, H. C.: "tdt Log Applications in California, " J. Pet. Tech. (Feb. 1983)429-443.
[92] Youngblood, W.E.: "The Application of Pulsed Neutron Decay Time Logs to Monitor Waterfloods with Changing Salinity, " J. Pet. Tech. (June 1980)957-963.
[93] Horner, S. C., et al.: "The Prediction of Saturation Using the Carbon/Oxygen Log SURI-40, " DOE/SF/11564-9, 1984.
[94] O'Brien, W.I., et al.: "Comprehensive Analysis of the Carbon/Oxygen Log, " EOE/ET/12056-28, Jan. 1983.
[95] Lawrence, T. D.: "Continuous Carbon/Oxygen Log Interpretation Techniques, " J. Pet. Tech. (Aug. 1981) 1394-1402.
[96] Lock, G. A., and Hoyer, W. A.: "Carbon-Oxygen (C/O) Log: Use and Interpretation, " J. Pet. Tech. (Sept. 1974) 1044-1054.
[97] Gournay, L. S.: "Application of Borehole Gravimetric Techniques to Determine Residual Oil Saturation" U. S. Patent 4, 399, 693, Mobil Oil Corp., Aug. 23, 1983.
[98] Maute, R. E., and Gournay, L. S.: "Determination of Residual Oil Saturation With The Borehote Gravity Meter, " paper SPE 13703 presented at SPE 1985 Middle East Oil Tech. Conf., Bahrain, Mar. 11-14.
[99] Tomich, J. F., et al.: "Singel-Well Tracer Method to Measure Residual Oil Saturation, " J. Pet. Tech. (Feb. 1973)211-218.
[100] Sheely, C.Q. and Baldwin, D.E.: "Single-Well Tracer Tests for Evaluating Chemical Enhanced Oil Recovery Process, " J. Pet. Tech. (Aug. 1982) 1887-1896.
[101] Deans, h. A.: "Method of Determining Fluid Saturations in Reservoirs" U. S. Patent 3, 626, 842, Esso Research company, Nov. 30, 1971.
[102] Bragg, J.R., Carlson, L. O., and Atterbury, J. H.: "Recent Applications of the Single-Well Tracer Method for Measuring Residual Oil Saturation, " paper SPE 5805 presented at Improved Oil Recovery Symposium Tulsa, Mar. 22-24, 1976.
[103] O' Brien, L. J., Cooke, R. S., and Willis, H. R.: "Oil Saturation Measurements at Brown and East Voss Tannehill Fields, " paper SPE 6370, presented at 1977 Permian Basin Oil and Gas Recovery Conf., Midland, Mar. 10-11, 1977.
[104] Deans, H.A., and Majoros, S.: "The Single-Well Chemical Tracer Method for Mearuing Residual oil Saturation, " DOE/BC-20006-18, Oct. 1980.
[105] Carlisle, C. T., and Kapoor, S.: "Development of a Rapid and Accurate Method for determining Partition Coefficients of Chemical Tracers Between Oils and Brines (For Single-Well Tracer Tests), " DOE/BC/10100-4, Dec. 1982.
[106] Antunez, E. U., and Brigham, W. E.: "Semi-Analytic Approach to Analyze Single-Well Tracer Tests" DOE/SF/l1564-7, Sept. 1984.
[107] Heemstra, R.J.: "Gamma Radiation Log-Inject-Log Method for ROS Determination, " Internal Repert of Bartlesville Energy Technology Genter (1980).
[108] Pecina, R.J., et al.: "Assessment of Gamma-Inject Logging Techniques for the Determination of ROS, " DOE/BC/10308-30, Aug. 1983.
[109] 刘能强．实用现代试井解释方法．第二版．北京：石油工业出版社，1992：1-18．
[110] E A Olibeira, K V Serra. Oil/Water Relative Permeability Estimation form Fall off Tests. SPE 26984, 1994.
[111] JOHN C MARTIN. Simplified Equations of Flow in Gas Drive Reservoirs and Theoretical Foundation of Multiphase Pressure Buildup Analyses. MEMBER AIME, Vol. 216, No. 309-311, 1959.
[112] 成绥民，梅启亮，林加恩，苏彦春．高含水剩余油分布的现代试井解释理论与方法．油气井测试，1997 6(4)：10-15
[113] Correa, A. D.: "A Streamtube Model for Simulation of Fluid-Flow in Porous Media, " B.S. Dissertation, U. of Kansas, 1980.
[114] MIALL A D. Architecture-element analysis: a new method of facies analysis applied to fluvial deposits[J]. Earth Science Review, 1985, 22 (4): 261-308.
[115] 张昌民．储层研究中的层次分析方法[J]．石油与天然气地质，1992，13(3)：344-350．
[116] 吕晓光．储层流动单元的概念及研究方法评述[J]．世界石油工业，1998，5(5)：38-43．
[117] TI GUANGMING. Use of flow unit as a tool for reservoir description case study[J]. SPE Formation Evaluation, 1995, 10(2): 123-128.
[118] JIAN F X.A genetic approach to prediction of petrophysical properties[J]. Journal of Petroleum Geology, 1994, 17 (1): 71-88.
[119] 吕晓光．松辽大型浅水湖盆三角洲沉积特征及前缘相储层结构模型[J]．沉积学报，1999，17(4)：572-577．
[120] 薛家锋等．储层透模与环体预测符合率．石油学报．2003 24(5)：79-83．
[121] Blane G, Guérillot D, Rahon D, et at. Building geostatstical models constrained by dynamic data-a posteriori constrants[C].SPE 35478, 1996: 19-33.
[122] Lamy P, Rowbothan P, Dubrule D, et al. From Seismic to Reservoir properties with geostatistical inversion[J]. SPE 1999, 2(4): 334-340.
[123] Wang J, MacDonald A. Modeling channel architecture in a densely drilled oilfield in east
China[C]. SPE 38678, 1997: 365-372.
[124] 王家华，张团峰。油气储层随机建摸[M]．北京：石油工业出版社，2001：98-118．
[125] G.J. Hirsaki. Dependence of waterflood remaining oil saturation on relative permeability, Capillary pressure, and reservoir parameters in mixed_wet Turbidite Sand. SPERE, May 1996, 11.
[126] Pedro, A. Diaz Correa. A streamtube Model for Simulation of Fluidflow in Porous Media. B.S. dissertation, U. of Kansas, 1980.
[127] [苏] 巴巴良著，刘青年、姜言里译，《表面活性剂在油田开发中的应用》，石油工业出版社，1987．
[128] 孙峰玉、陈月明．表面活性剂驱油体系中各种化学剂测定方法的研究．石油学报，1994，15(3)，68～74．
[129] 王玉斗、陈彦煌．考虑表面活性剂的多相渗流研究．弹道学报，2002，14(2)，6～11．
[130] 宋考平、宋洪才等编，《油藏数值模拟理论基础》，石油工业出版社，1996．
[131] 付美龙、吴一慧等．石油羧酸盐表面活性剂吸附特性实验研究．油气采收率技术，1997，4(2)，12～16．
[132] 李道山、刘忠福．牺牲剂降低表面活性剂吸附损失研究。2000，19(3)，20～23．
[133] 侯吉瑞、康万利、吴文祥．石油羧酸盐表面活性剂在油砂上的静吸附研究．1995，14(1)，43～46．
[134] 康万利、董喜贵编，《三次采油化学原理》，化学工业出版社，1996．
[135] 殷代印、翟云芳等．非均质层状砂岩油藏周期注水数学模型及其应用．2000，24(1)，85～87．
[136] 廖广志、王启民、王得民编，《化学复合驱原理及应用》，石油工业出版社，1999．
[137] Tchelepi, H.A., Orr, F.M., Rakotomalala, N., Salin, D., and Woumeni, R. Dispersion, permeability heterogeneity, and viscous fingering: Acoustic experimental observations and particle-tracking simulations. Phys. Fluids A5 (July 1993), 1558-1574.
[138] Fayers, F.J., Blunt, M.J., and Christie, A. Accurate Calibration of Emprical Viscous Fingering Models. presented at the 1990 European Conference on the Mathematics of Oil Recovery, Arles, France, Sept. 11-14.
[139] Chang, J., and Yortsos, Y.C. Effect of Capillary Heterogeneity on Buckley-Leverett Displacement. SPE Reser. Eng. (May. 1992), 285-293.
[140] Muggeridge, A.H. Reservoir Characterization Ⅱ, Academic Press. Inc. (1991).
[141] Douglas, J. JR., Peaceman, D.W., and Rachford, H.H. JR. A Method for Calculating Multi-Dimensional Immiscible Displacement. SPE Reprint Series (1973) 11 48-59.
[142] Dullien, F.A.L. Porous Media Fluid Transport and Pore Structure. Academic Press. Inc. (1992).
[143] Anderson, W.G. wettability Literature Survey-Part 1: Rock/Oil/Brine Interactions and the Effects of Core Handling on wettability. JPT (Oct. 1986) 1125-1141.
[144] Bishop, K.A, Brett, V.S., Green, K.W. and McElhiney, J.E. The application of sensitivity analysis to reservoir simulation of reservoir fluid flow, Soc. Petrol. Eng. J., 9, No. 1, 1976, pp. 47-58.
[145] Bondor, P.L., Hirasaki. G.J. and Tham, M.J. Mathematical simulation of Polymer flooding in complex reservoirs, Soc. Petrol. Eng. J., 12, No. 5, 1972, PP. 369-82.
[146] Coats, K.H., George, W.D. and Marcum, B.E. Three-dimensional simulation of steamflooding, Trans. SPE of AIME, 257, PP. 1994, 573-92(SPEJ).
[147] Dandona, A.K. and Morse, R. A. Down-dip water flooding of an oil reservoir having a gas cap, Trans. SPE of AIME, 259, 1985, pp. 1005-16(JPT).