地形阴影对月表亮度温度影响的研究
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摘要
嫦娥一号(CE-1)探月卫星利用搭载的微波探测仪测量月球微波辐射亮度温度(亮温),反演月壤厚度,进一步估算月球氦3的含量,这是我国绕月探测工程的四大科学目标之一。为了从CE-1测量的月表微波亮温数据中反演月壤厚度,国内学者建立了多种月表的微波亮温模型,这些模型考虑了月壤的分层结构、月壤的物理温度分布和铁钛含量这些主要因素对亮温的影响。
本文从全月模拟转向局部、特定区域的亮度温度特性研究,除了考虑前面提及的一些主要因素对亮温的影响外,主要研究沿卫星顺轨方向光学图像的亮度与微波亮度温度的相关性,进而引出月球表面地形(例如环形山、撞击坑的阴影遮挡)对亮度温度的影响,简单地将光学图像二值化来划分该区域的光亮部分与阴暗部分,由于这两部分的物理温度有很大的差异性,本文通过引入灰度梯度将阴影的影响引入到三层传输模型中,结合微波探测仪的实测数据规律提出了一种剔除阴影对亮度温度影响的计算模型,为改进月表微波辐射亮度温度模型以及月壤厚度反演提供参考。
Recently interest in remote sensing with microwave sensors has attracted attention to the China’s lunar exploration project. As one of the four scientific objectives of Chang’E Lunar Orbite (CE-1), inversion of the thickness of lunar regolith, which is derived from the microwave brightness-temperature (TB) measurements of the entire lunar surface, is the highlight of our lunar exploration. And then, surveying the global evaluation of 3He content is another purpose of further. Many theoretical models have been developed to simulate the scientific sensed data obtained form spaceborne radiometers. These physical model results and data have manifested the passive sensors are sensitive to these parameters: the lunar regolith layer thickness and its stratified structures, lunar surface and subsurface temperatures, and FeO+TiO2 content.
In the paper, the specific variation of TB on some certain districts are researched, in combination with optical image information, taking the influence of rough surface shadowing into account including the parameters mentioned earlier. Using image binaryzation, the given region is simply divided into two parts: areas of high brightness and areas of low brightness. This shadowing effect can be incorporated into the three-layer model by introducting CCD gray gradient in this study. We wish to demonstrate that the level of work necessary to incorporate optical shadowing into these models is justified by potential benefits and take some initial steps toward its realization.
本文从全月模拟转向局部、特定区域的亮度温度特性研究,除了考虑前面提及的一些主要因素对亮温的影响外,主要研究沿卫星顺轨方向光学图像的亮度与微波亮度温度的相关性,进而引出月球表面地形(例如环形山、撞击坑的阴影遮挡)对亮度温度的影响,简单地将光学图像二值化来划分该区域的光亮部分与阴暗部分,由于这两部分的物理温度有很大的差异性,本文通过引入灰度梯度将阴影的影响引入到三层传输模型中,结合微波探测仪的实测数据规律提出了一种剔除阴影对亮度温度影响的计算模型,为改进月表微波辐射亮度温度模型以及月壤厚度反演提供参考。
Recently interest in remote sensing with microwave sensors has attracted attention to the China’s lunar exploration project. As one of the four scientific objectives of Chang’E Lunar Orbite (CE-1), inversion of the thickness of lunar regolith, which is derived from the microwave brightness-temperature (TB) measurements of the entire lunar surface, is the highlight of our lunar exploration. And then, surveying the global evaluation of 3He content is another purpose of further. Many theoretical models have been developed to simulate the scientific sensed data obtained form spaceborne radiometers. These physical model results and data have manifested the passive sensors are sensitive to these parameters: the lunar regolith layer thickness and its stratified structures, lunar surface and subsurface temperatures, and FeO+TiO2 content.
In the paper, the specific variation of TB on some certain districts are researched, in combination with optical image information, taking the influence of rough surface shadowing into account including the parameters mentioned earlier. Using image binaryzation, the given region is simply divided into two parts: areas of high brightness and areas of low brightness. This shadowing effect can be incorporated into the three-layer model by introducting CCD gray gradient in this study. We wish to demonstrate that the level of work necessary to incorporate optical shadowing into these models is justified by potential benefits and take some initial steps toward its realization.
引文
[1].张永红,郭健,张继贤,等.月球探测50年.测绘通报,2007,(12):24~26
[2].法文哲.月球微波遥感的理论建模与参数反演[博士学位论文].上海:复旦大学,2008
[3].李之.封底照片说明.现代物理知识,2010,22(1):71
[4].欧阳自远.月球科学概论.北京:中国宇航出版社, 2005:265~272
[5].黄勇.嫦娥一号探月飞行器的轨道计算研究[博士学位论文].上海:中国科学院上海天文台,2006
[6].欧阳自远,李春来,邹永廖,等.绕月探测工程科学目标研究进展与完成情况.见:中国科学院探月工程总体部.绕月探测工程探测数据应用研究进展.北京:2009:6~10
[7].金亚秋,法文哲.“嫦娥”1号对月球表面微波辐射观测分析及其月壤厚度反演.中国科学:信息科学,2010,40(1):115~127
[8]. Ya-Qiu Jin, Wenzhe Fa. The Modeling Analysis of Microwave Emission from Stratified Media of Nonuniform Lunar Cratered Terrain Surface for Chinese Chang-E 1 Observation . IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters,2010,7(3): 530~534
[9].蓝爱兰,张升伟.利用微波辐射计对月壤厚度进行研究.遥感技术与应用,2004,19(3):154~158
[10].孟治国.月壤参数的辐射传输模拟与查找反演技术研究[博士学位论文].吉林大学:吉林大学地球探测科学与技术学院,2008
[11].金亚秋,法文哲.“嫦娥一号”对环形山起伏非均匀月表层微波辐射观测的理论建模分析.中国科学:科学通报,2010,55(20):2040~2046
[12]. Zhenzhan Wang, Yun Li, Jiangshan Jiang, et al. Microwave transfer models and brightness temperature simulations of MWS for remote sensing lunar surface on CE-1 satellite. In ICMMT2008 proceedings. Nan Jing:2008:1683~1686
[13]. Guo-Ping Hu, Qing-Xia Li, Yong-Chun Zheng, et al. Brightness temperature of the global moon: Comparison between theoretical simulation and observation by Chang'E-1 lunar orbiter. In ICMMT2010 proceedings. Chengdu:2010:1735~1738
[14]. Mitehell, D.L.and I.De Pater. Microwave imaging of Mercury's thermal emission at wavelengths from 0.3 to 20.5cm . Icarus,1994,110:2~32
[15].法文哲,金亚秋.三层月壤模型的金通道微波辐射模拟与月壤厚度的反演.空间科学学报, 2007, 27(1): 55~65.
[16].孟治国,陈圣波,刘财等.非均匀月壤介质的被动微波辐射传输模拟.吉林大学学报(地球科学版),2008,(38)6:1070~1074
[17]. Vasavada, A. R., Paige, D. A., et al. Near-surface temperatures on Mercury and the Moon and the stability of polar ice desposits . Icarus, 1999, 141(2):179-193
[18].周杨,徐青,康宁等.月面形貌的3维可视化算法.测绘学报,2009,38(6):539~544
[19].法文哲,金亚秋.月球表面多通道辐射亮度温度的模拟与月壤厚度的反演.自然科学进展,2006,16(1):86~94
[20]. Fa, W., Y.-Q. Jin. Simulation of brightness temperature from lunar surface and inversion of regolith-layer thickness . JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH,2007(112): E05003
[21]. FA WenZhe, JIN YaQiu. Analysis of microwave brightness temperature of lunar surface and inversion of regolith layer thickness: Primary results of Chang-E 1 multi-channel radiometer observation . Science China (Information Sciences),2010,53(1):168~181
[22].时莉.月表散射对月壤亮度温度影响的研究及微波探测仪数据处理[硕士学位论文].中国科学院研究生院(空间科学与应用研究中心),2008
[23]. T. Mo, T. Schmugge, J. Wang. Calculations of the microwave brightness temperature of rough soil surfaces: bare Field . IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sensing. 1987, GE-25(1):47~54
[24]. Talone, M., Camps, A., Monerris, A., et al. SurfaceTopography and Mixed-Pixel Effects on the Simulated L-Band Brightness Temperatures . IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote. Sens. 2007, 45(7): 1996~2003
[25].蓝爱兰.月球表层媒质的被动遥感机理及厚度反演研究[硕士学位论文].中国科学院研究生院(空间科学与应用研究中心),2004
[26].韦前华.典型地物微波辐射特性的研究[硕士学位论文].华中科技大学, 2004
[27].王振占,李芸,张晓辉等.“嫦娥一号”卫星微波探测仪数据处理模型和月表微波亮温反演方法.中国科学(D辑:地球科学),2009,39(8):1029~1044
[28].郑永春.模拟月壤研制与月壤的微波辐射特性研究[博士学位论文].中国科学院研究生院(地球化学研究所),2005
[29].欧阳自远.月球科学概论.北京:中国宇航出版社, 2005:65~67
[30]. Lucey, P. G., D. T. Blewett, and B. L. Jolliff. Lunar iron and titanium abundance algorithms based on final processing of Clementine ultraviolet-visible images . J. Geophys. Res., 2000,105(E8):20,297~20,305
[31]. F. T. Ulaby, R. K. Moore, and A. K. Fung, Microwave Remote Sensing Fundamentals and Radiometry vol. 1. Massachusetts: Addison-Wesley, 1981
[32]. Robert A. Schowengerdt. Remote Sensing:Models and Methods for Image Processing. Third Edition.微波成像技术国家重点实验室.北京:电子工业出版社,2010:60~61
[33].伊扎克?巴哈拉夫,罗伯特?C?泰伯,S?杰弗里?罗斯纳.光学增强的微波成像系统和方法.美国加利福尼亚州,物理,CN200510068211.X,2005.12:2~4
[34].李春来,刘建军,任鑫,等.嫦娥一号图像数据处理与全月球影像制图.中国科学:地球科学,2010,40(3):294~306
[35].天鲁.嫦娥-1的奔月之路.国际太空, 2007,12:13~21
[36].郭卫英,单新建,屈春燕.塔里木盆地红外增温现象与地震关系的探讨.干旱区地理,2006,29(5):736~741
[37]. Heiken.Lunar Sourcebook:A User’s Guide to the Moon.Cambridge University Press,1991
[38].崔腾飞,陈圣波,王景然.基于“嫦娥”卫星三线阵CCD立体相机的月球表面三维建模.国土资源遥感,2009,82(4):31~34
[39].王任享.卫星摄影三线阵CCD影像的EFP法空中三角测量(一).测绘科学,2001,26(4):1~5
[40].武汉大学测绘学院测量平差学科组.误差理论与测量平差基础.武汉:武汉大学出版社, 2003
[41].宋晓卿,齐和平.三维重建中深度图像配准方法研究.电脑开发与应用,2010,23(11):10~15
[42].李先华,刘顺喜,黄微等.月球表面遥感图像阴影消除及其信息恢复研究.应用光学,2009,30(3):423~426
[43].任德鹏,夏新林,贾阳.月球坑的温度分布与瞬态热响应特性研究.宇航学报,2007,28(6):1533~1537
[2].法文哲.月球微波遥感的理论建模与参数反演[博士学位论文].上海:复旦大学,2008
[3].李之.封底照片说明.现代物理知识,2010,22(1):71
[4].欧阳自远.月球科学概论.北京:中国宇航出版社, 2005:265~272
[5].黄勇.嫦娥一号探月飞行器的轨道计算研究[博士学位论文].上海:中国科学院上海天文台,2006
[6].欧阳自远,李春来,邹永廖,等.绕月探测工程科学目标研究进展与完成情况.见:中国科学院探月工程总体部.绕月探测工程探测数据应用研究进展.北京:2009:6~10
[7].金亚秋,法文哲.“嫦娥”1号对月球表面微波辐射观测分析及其月壤厚度反演.中国科学:信息科学,2010,40(1):115~127
[8]. Ya-Qiu Jin, Wenzhe Fa. The Modeling Analysis of Microwave Emission from Stratified Media of Nonuniform Lunar Cratered Terrain Surface for Chinese Chang-E 1 Observation . IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters,2010,7(3): 530~534
[9].蓝爱兰,张升伟.利用微波辐射计对月壤厚度进行研究.遥感技术与应用,2004,19(3):154~158
[10].孟治国.月壤参数的辐射传输模拟与查找反演技术研究[博士学位论文].吉林大学:吉林大学地球探测科学与技术学院,2008
[11].金亚秋,法文哲.“嫦娥一号”对环形山起伏非均匀月表层微波辐射观测的理论建模分析.中国科学:科学通报,2010,55(20):2040~2046
[12]. Zhenzhan Wang, Yun Li, Jiangshan Jiang, et al. Microwave transfer models and brightness temperature simulations of MWS for remote sensing lunar surface on CE-1 satellite. In ICMMT2008 proceedings. Nan Jing:2008:1683~1686
[13]. Guo-Ping Hu, Qing-Xia Li, Yong-Chun Zheng, et al. Brightness temperature of the global moon: Comparison between theoretical simulation and observation by Chang'E-1 lunar orbiter. In ICMMT2010 proceedings. Chengdu:2010:1735~1738
[14]. Mitehell, D.L.and I.De Pater. Microwave imaging of Mercury's thermal emission at wavelengths from 0.3 to 20.5cm . Icarus,1994,110:2~32
[15].法文哲,金亚秋.三层月壤模型的金通道微波辐射模拟与月壤厚度的反演.空间科学学报, 2007, 27(1): 55~65.
[16].孟治国,陈圣波,刘财等.非均匀月壤介质的被动微波辐射传输模拟.吉林大学学报(地球科学版),2008,(38)6:1070~1074
[17]. Vasavada, A. R., Paige, D. A., et al. Near-surface temperatures on Mercury and the Moon and the stability of polar ice desposits . Icarus, 1999, 141(2):179-193
[18].周杨,徐青,康宁等.月面形貌的3维可视化算法.测绘学报,2009,38(6):539~544
[19].法文哲,金亚秋.月球表面多通道辐射亮度温度的模拟与月壤厚度的反演.自然科学进展,2006,16(1):86~94
[20]. Fa, W., Y.-Q. Jin. Simulation of brightness temperature from lunar surface and inversion of regolith-layer thickness . JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH,2007(112): E05003
[21]. FA WenZhe, JIN YaQiu. Analysis of microwave brightness temperature of lunar surface and inversion of regolith layer thickness: Primary results of Chang-E 1 multi-channel radiometer observation . Science China (Information Sciences),2010,53(1):168~181
[22].时莉.月表散射对月壤亮度温度影响的研究及微波探测仪数据处理[硕士学位论文].中国科学院研究生院(空间科学与应用研究中心),2008
[23]. T. Mo, T. Schmugge, J. Wang. Calculations of the microwave brightness temperature of rough soil surfaces: bare Field . IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sensing. 1987, GE-25(1):47~54
[24]. Talone, M., Camps, A., Monerris, A., et al. SurfaceTopography and Mixed-Pixel Effects on the Simulated L-Band Brightness Temperatures . IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote. Sens. 2007, 45(7): 1996~2003
[25].蓝爱兰.月球表层媒质的被动遥感机理及厚度反演研究[硕士学位论文].中国科学院研究生院(空间科学与应用研究中心),2004
[26].韦前华.典型地物微波辐射特性的研究[硕士学位论文].华中科技大学, 2004
[27].王振占,李芸,张晓辉等.“嫦娥一号”卫星微波探测仪数据处理模型和月表微波亮温反演方法.中国科学(D辑:地球科学),2009,39(8):1029~1044
[28].郑永春.模拟月壤研制与月壤的微波辐射特性研究[博士学位论文].中国科学院研究生院(地球化学研究所),2005
[29].欧阳自远.月球科学概论.北京:中国宇航出版社, 2005:65~67
[30]. Lucey, P. G., D. T. Blewett, and B. L. Jolliff. Lunar iron and titanium abundance algorithms based on final processing of Clementine ultraviolet-visible images . J. Geophys. Res., 2000,105(E8):20,297~20,305
[31]. F. T. Ulaby, R. K. Moore, and A. K. Fung, Microwave Remote Sensing Fundamentals and Radiometry vol. 1. Massachusetts: Addison-Wesley, 1981
[32]. Robert A. Schowengerdt. Remote Sensing:Models and Methods for Image Processing. Third Edition.微波成像技术国家重点实验室.北京:电子工业出版社,2010:60~61
[33].伊扎克?巴哈拉夫,罗伯特?C?泰伯,S?杰弗里?罗斯纳.光学增强的微波成像系统和方法.美国加利福尼亚州,物理,CN200510068211.X,2005.12:2~4
[34].李春来,刘建军,任鑫,等.嫦娥一号图像数据处理与全月球影像制图.中国科学:地球科学,2010,40(3):294~306
[35].天鲁.嫦娥-1的奔月之路.国际太空, 2007,12:13~21
[36].郭卫英,单新建,屈春燕.塔里木盆地红外增温现象与地震关系的探讨.干旱区地理,2006,29(5):736~741
[37]. Heiken.Lunar Sourcebook:A User’s Guide to the Moon.Cambridge University Press,1991
[38].崔腾飞,陈圣波,王景然.基于“嫦娥”卫星三线阵CCD立体相机的月球表面三维建模.国土资源遥感,2009,82(4):31~34
[39].王任享.卫星摄影三线阵CCD影像的EFP法空中三角测量(一).测绘科学,2001,26(4):1~5
[40].武汉大学测绘学院测量平差学科组.误差理论与测量平差基础.武汉:武汉大学出版社, 2003
[41].宋晓卿,齐和平.三维重建中深度图像配准方法研究.电脑开发与应用,2010,23(11):10~15
[42].李先华,刘顺喜,黄微等.月球表面遥感图像阴影消除及其信息恢复研究.应用光学,2009,30(3):423~426
[43].任德鹏,夏新林,贾阳.月球坑的温度分布与瞬态热响应特性研究.宇航学报,2007,28(6):1533~1537