英国近代法律教育转型研究
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摘要
法律教育是一个国家法治建设的基本要素,法律教育发展的水平直接影响甚至决定法治发展的方向、规模和速度。改革开放三十多年来,我国法律教育可谓突飞猛进,法律教育向何处去也成为目前社会各界关注的话题。对于发展历史早、成就显著的英国法治的研究自然也离不开英国法律教育这一主题,对于英国法律教育的考察无论是从理论研究和实践层面上来分析都具有重要意义。然而,对于英国法律教育的研究特别是对英国近代法律教育研究的不足使我们无法认清英国法律教育的来龙去脉,无法把握英国当前的法律教育,从而也无法揭示法律教育与法治之间的有机联系。正是在这个意义上,研究英国近代法律教育的演进历程,探讨其运行机制和实施效果成为本文写作的主旨。
本文在对于大量资料进行分析的基础上,运用历史学、社会学、法学、教育学等研究方法对于英国近代法律教育的转型做了比较深入的探讨。全文共分为五章。
一个国家的教育制度是与社会的发展要求密切联系的,社会发展变化必然对已经存在的教育制度提出新的要求,法律教育制度也不例外。因此,要研究英国近代法律教育,就应从分析其社会背景入手。本文第一章着重分析了社会发展变化与当时法律教育之间的矛盾,特别是通过对18世纪中叶之前律师会馆和大学法律教育的分析,明确提出律师会馆所进行的学徒制—经验型法律教育和牛津、剑桥大学的罗马法—民法教育不仅处于相对分离状态,而且社会发展所要求的科学、系统的普通法法律教育在律师会馆和大学里都没有开展起来。随着英国社会从中世纪走向近代,法律教育的分离状态必定要改变,法律教育的转型势在必行。在转型过程中,势必要对各种力量和资源进行重新调整和配置,使之实现优化组合,发挥最大效益。在对18世纪中叶之前英国法律教育的分析中,对于传统的法律教育并不是一味否定,而是进行历史的评析。律师会馆法律教育不仅促进了英国法律共同体的形成,而且这种法律职业组织的教育活动在新的时代将会得到复兴。在进入近代社会之后,大学和法律职业组织在各自传统文化基础上适时根据社会需要不断进行调整,两者的关系也开始发生微妙的变化,从而带来英国法律教育的向前推进。
从第二章到第四章,以律师会馆和大学之间关系的动态分析为线索,分阶段叙述英国法律教育的演进过程：以18世纪中叶布莱克斯通在牛津大学进行法律教育实践活动为标志,英国开始了大学进行普通法教育的探索和尝试。尽管布莱克斯通之后大学里的法律教育没有得到轰轰烈烈的开展,但是这一尝试预示了大学必定会成为近现代法律教育的主体,宣告了英国法律教育的新纪元的到来。布莱克斯通通过他的教育实践活动和著述,提出了大学进行系统的法律教育的构想。布莱克斯通进行的法律教育的大胆探索和实践深刻地影响着英国近代法律教育。布莱克斯通运用其知识和智慧为英国普通法制作了一件比较得体的衣衫,使普通法走到了普通大众的面前,为近代法律教育的开展创造了条件,而且预示着英国法律教育体制的根本转向。布莱克斯通的法律教育理论和实践初步定下了英国法律教育的基调,即在重视法律教育的职业化和应用性的同时,强调法律教育的理论性和科学性。从这个意义上可以说布莱克斯通的法律教育活动成为英国法律教育历史发展的一个分水岭,意味着英国法律教育在进入新的世纪之后需要继续做出调整和变革,意味着大学不再完全置身于英国法律教育之外,而是要成为英国法律教育的重要场所,并将和法律职业组织一起担负起培养法律人才的重任。(第二章)。
以19世纪三十年代伦敦大学和法律职业组织的创立为契机,英国近代法律教育在人才培养体制、教育内容和方法等方面有了初步发展。伦敦大学的创立是英国法律教育史上的一个重要的里程碑,比1753年布莱克斯通在牛津大学的大胆的教学改革来说,意义更大。伦敦成功地把学法律的学生引入大学学院来,把自由教育的好处带给高等学校的学生,这是一项伟大的成就。尽管伦敦大学的法律教育还处于发展的初期阶段,还存在教育体制、内容等方面的许多问题,但是大学毕竟加入到法律教育的主流中来,从这个意义上说,伦敦大学的创立具有划时代意义。在此之后,英国大学纷纷建立,到19世纪中期,牛津和剑桥不再是英格兰唯有的两所大学了。大学正式参与到英国法律教育中来。法律职业组织在进入新世纪以后根据社会的发展变化适时作出调整。事务律师于1831年成立法律协会(law society)。新的协会对于渴望成为事务律师的学生提供充分的教育。律师会馆也积极探索有效的教育方案。但是总的来说,19世纪上半叶,无论是大学还是法律职业组织的法律教育都不尽人意,大学和法律职业组织基本上还是各自为政,没有什么合作。1846年众议院法律教育专门委员会通过一份报告,分析了传统法律教育的弊端,提出了法律改革的纲要,建议法律基础教育和实践技能培训分阶段进行,大学进行法律基础教育,法律协会负责从事律师资格考试等方面的实践技能培训,将基础教育和职业教育有机结合起来。报告建议学生应首先进入大学完成基础教育,尔后再接受职业教育。法律教育专门委员会的报告成为英国19世纪法律教育发展的指导纲领,指明了英国法律教育的未来发展方向,特别是主张大学和法律职业组织分工与合作,携手推进法律教育事业。因此,可以说,1846年报告是英国法律教育发展史上的一个重要里程碑和风向标,引导着大学和法律职业组织等主要教育资源在法律教育领域进行分工与合作,通过优化配置实现法律教育体制的基本转型。在1846年委员会报告之后,无论是大学还是法律职业组织都采取有力措施推进法律教育。(第三章)。
从19世纪中叶特别是从八十年代开始,英国新旧大学和法律职业组织都投入到法律教育中来,积极推行法律教育,并初步实现分工与合作,资源通过优化配置收到了较好效果。从法律教育体制到教育内容,英国法律教育进入了实质性的改革与扩张时期,大学法律教育进入了最具活力的时期,形成了许多具有现代意义的特征。在大学法律教育轰轰烈烈展开的同时,法律职业组织的法律教育的步伐和力度也在加快,并且加强了与大学的联姻,共同推进法律教育。到二十世纪初,一种新型法律教育基本确立。(第四章)
在对英国近代法律教育历史进程进行动态分析的基础上,第五章对英国近代法律教育模式和社会效果进行深入分析,以期形成一个关于英国近代法律教育的整体认识和把握。对照传统律师会馆的法律教育,第五章通过对于英国近代法律教育的人才培养体制、教育内容、教学方法和教育管理等方面的分析,指出英国近代法律教育总体上已经实现了法律教育的近代化。英国法律教育由大学和法律职业组织承担,实行分工与合作,课程设置、教学方法、教育管理等环节基本都按照培养目标和大学与法律职业组织本身的特点进行设置和安排,在充分发挥各个机构作用的基础上强调各种资源之间的优化配置,法律教育制度日趋完善。在教育体制上,形成了大学学院和法律职业组织并驾齐驱,互相促进,互为补充的良好格局。英国法律教育以各大学学院、公共法律教育者协会和事务律师协会、四大律师会馆及其下属的法律教育理事会为主体,大学学院侧重于基本知识和基础理论方面的素质教育,职业组织侧重于实务性的职业技能训练,前后衔接、优势互补、相辅相成,从而提高了法律教育的质量,基本满足了社会对高素质法律人才的需求。新型法律教育对于英国社会发展发挥了重要的作用,这突出表现在接受法律教育的人数的增加和法律职业人员素质的提高。近代法律教育通过培养优秀的人才在推进英国法治水平的同时不断推进整个社会稳步发展。
Legal education is an essential element of a country's legal construction. Legal education even gives a direct impact on direction, scale, and speed of the law development. In the 30 years of Reform and Opening up, China's legal education can be described by leaps and bounds. Today, China's legal education becomes the community's concerns. The study of legal history is also inseparable from the history of legal education. Thus examination of legal education in the U.K., either for theoretical research or for practice, has an important significance. However, lack of research on British modern legal education makes us unable to identify the origin and the future of British legal education, unable to recognize its current state, and thus we can not reveal the organic link between the rule of law and legal education. To research the evolution history of legal education in modern British and to discuss its evolution mechanisms and implementation effect become the main parts of this paper.
In this paper, the analysis of the transformation of legal education in modern Britain is based on large amounts of data and research methods of history, sociology, law, education and others.
A country's education system is closely related to social development. Social development and social changes put forward new demands for legal education. Therefore, to study modern English legal education, we should start with analysis of its social background. Chapter One focuses on analysis of the contradiction between social development and legal education system, especially on analysis of legal education in Inns of Courts and universities before the middle of the 18th century. The separation of legal education is bound to change with the British society from the Middle Ages into modern times. The transformation of legal education is imperative. In the transition process, a variety of forces and resources are bound to be readjusted and allocated for optimal combination and maximum effectiveness. In research on the transition process, we should not deny the traditional legal education. We must give a historical assessment of it. The legal education of Inns of Court promotes the form of the United Kingdom's legal community. Moreover, this educational activity of legal professional association will be revived in the new era. After entering the modern society, the universities and the legal professional organizations have continuously made progress in their traditional cultural basis. The relationship between the two sides begins to change in a subtle way, which promotes the development of the legal education in the U.K.
From Chapter Two to Four,we can take the relationship between Inns of Court and the universities as the clue, and narrate the evolution process of the legal education in the U.K. in stages. Since William Blackstone started the legal education in Oxford in the middle of the 18th century, the U.K. began to put common legal education in the universities. Although the legal education didn't develop greatly after Blackstone, this attempt indicated that the universities would be the main body of modern legal education and declared that the new era of legal education of the U.K. was coming. Blackstone put forward the concept of adding the systemic legal education in the universities by his educational practical activities and his writings, which deeply influenced the modern legal education of the U.K. Blackstone used his knowledge and wisdom to make a decent suit for the common law of the U.K. He let the common law get close to the ordinary people and created the conditions for the development of the modern legal education. It indicated the change direction of the U.K.'s legal education system. Blackstone's theory and practice set the tone of the U.K.'s legal education. That was, paying more attention to the professionalism and application of legal education, while stressing the theory and scientific knowledge of legal education. In this sense, the legal education activities of Blackstone became the watershed of the U.K.'s legal education history, which meant the legal education of the U.K. needed to be adjusted and improved after entering a new era, and the universities would be the important places for developing legal education and cultivating legal talents jointly with the professional legal organizations. (Chapter Two)
By taking the opportunity of the establishment of University of London and the professional legal organizations in the 1830s, the modern legal education of the U.K. initially developed in the aspects of talents training system, educational content and methods. The establishment of the University of London was a milestone in the history of the U.K.'s legal education. It was more significant than Blackstone's teaching reform in Oxford. London successfully led the students who studied law to the universities and brought the advantages of free education to the university students. Although the development of the legal education of the University of London was still in an initial stage and some problems was still existed in the aspects of educational system and educational content, the universities after all entered into the main stream of legal education. So, the establishment of the University of London had epoch-making significance. After that period, the more and more universities were established in the U.K. In the middle of the 19th century, Oxford and Cambridge were no longer the only universities in England. Universities formally took part in the legal education. The professional legal organizations made adjustment according to the development and changes of the society after entering the new era. The solicitors established the Law Society in 1831. This new association provided education for the students who wanted to be a solicitor. Inns of Court also explored the efficient educational schemes. However, the legal education in universities and in professional legal organizations was not good enough in the first half of the 19th century. The universities and the organizations went their own ways without any cooperation. In 1846, the Legal Education Special Committee of the House of Commons approved a report, which analyzed the disadvantages of the traditional legal education and put forward the program of legal reform. The report suggested that the basic legal education and the practical skill trainings should be carried out in stages. The basic legal education should be in universities and the organizations should be in charge of the practical trainings such as the examinations of qualification of lawyers. The report also suggested that the students firstly completed the basic education in the universities, and then received the professional education. This report became the guiding principle of the legal education development in the 19th century, which gave direction to the future development of the legal education especially suggesting the cooperation between the universities and the organizations. Therefore, this report was a milestone in the history of the U.K.'s legal education, which led the main educational resources such as universities and the professional legal organizations to divide the work and cooperate in the field of legal education, and realized the basic change of legal education system by optimizing resource allocation. After the report was approved in 1846, the universities and the professional legal organizations all took effective measures to promote legal education. (Chapter Three)
Since the middle of the 19th century, the new and old universities of the U.K.and the professional legal organizations all actively promoted legal education and realized the work division and cooperation. The resource utilization received the good result by optimizing allocation. From the legal education system to the educational content, the legal education of the U.K. entered the stage of reform and expansion. The legal education in the universities entered the most energetic period and formed many characters with modern significance. Meanwhile, the legal education of the professional legal organizations was also developed rapidly. At the beginning of the 20th century, a new type of legal education was basically established. (Chapter Four)
Chapter Five is about the model of modern legal education and its social effects. By in-depth analysis on the formation of the modern legal education, we expect to understand and grasp it wholly.Form the beginning of the 20th century, the British legal education is assumed by professional legal organizations and universities. They execute legal education through division of labor and cooperation. Curriculum, teaching methods, educational management are in accordance with the training goal and the characteristics of universities and professional legal organizations. Various agencies gave full play to the role on the basis of optimal allocation of resources, and the legal education system are being further improved. Universities and professional legal organizations kept pace with and promoted each other, and took on a harmony pattern. British legal education was assumed jointly by the University Law School, the Public Legal Education Association, the Law Society, the Inns of Courts and the Council of Legal Education. University Law School focused on the basic knowledge and basic theory, but profession organizations focused on vocational skills training.They supplemented and reinforced mutually, thus enhanced the quality of legal education. They met the social needs for high-quality legal profession. New type of legal education played an important role in the social development of the United Kingdom. This is conspicuously manifested by the increase of the number of person receiving legal education and quality of the legal profession. By fostering talents, modern legal education propelled the level of the British rule of law and promoted the steady development of society.
本文在对于大量资料进行分析的基础上,运用历史学、社会学、法学、教育学等研究方法对于英国近代法律教育的转型做了比较深入的探讨。全文共分为五章。
一个国家的教育制度是与社会的发展要求密切联系的,社会发展变化必然对已经存在的教育制度提出新的要求,法律教育制度也不例外。因此,要研究英国近代法律教育,就应从分析其社会背景入手。本文第一章着重分析了社会发展变化与当时法律教育之间的矛盾,特别是通过对18世纪中叶之前律师会馆和大学法律教育的分析,明确提出律师会馆所进行的学徒制—经验型法律教育和牛津、剑桥大学的罗马法—民法教育不仅处于相对分离状态,而且社会发展所要求的科学、系统的普通法法律教育在律师会馆和大学里都没有开展起来。随着英国社会从中世纪走向近代,法律教育的分离状态必定要改变,法律教育的转型势在必行。在转型过程中,势必要对各种力量和资源进行重新调整和配置,使之实现优化组合,发挥最大效益。在对18世纪中叶之前英国法律教育的分析中,对于传统的法律教育并不是一味否定,而是进行历史的评析。律师会馆法律教育不仅促进了英国法律共同体的形成,而且这种法律职业组织的教育活动在新的时代将会得到复兴。在进入近代社会之后,大学和法律职业组织在各自传统文化基础上适时根据社会需要不断进行调整,两者的关系也开始发生微妙的变化,从而带来英国法律教育的向前推进。
从第二章到第四章,以律师会馆和大学之间关系的动态分析为线索,分阶段叙述英国法律教育的演进过程：以18世纪中叶布莱克斯通在牛津大学进行法律教育实践活动为标志,英国开始了大学进行普通法教育的探索和尝试。尽管布莱克斯通之后大学里的法律教育没有得到轰轰烈烈的开展,但是这一尝试预示了大学必定会成为近现代法律教育的主体,宣告了英国法律教育的新纪元的到来。布莱克斯通通过他的教育实践活动和著述,提出了大学进行系统的法律教育的构想。布莱克斯通进行的法律教育的大胆探索和实践深刻地影响着英国近代法律教育。布莱克斯通运用其知识和智慧为英国普通法制作了一件比较得体的衣衫,使普通法走到了普通大众的面前,为近代法律教育的开展创造了条件,而且预示着英国法律教育体制的根本转向。布莱克斯通的法律教育理论和实践初步定下了英国法律教育的基调,即在重视法律教育的职业化和应用性的同时,强调法律教育的理论性和科学性。从这个意义上可以说布莱克斯通的法律教育活动成为英国法律教育历史发展的一个分水岭,意味着英国法律教育在进入新的世纪之后需要继续做出调整和变革,意味着大学不再完全置身于英国法律教育之外,而是要成为英国法律教育的重要场所,并将和法律职业组织一起担负起培养法律人才的重任。(第二章)。
以19世纪三十年代伦敦大学和法律职业组织的创立为契机,英国近代法律教育在人才培养体制、教育内容和方法等方面有了初步发展。伦敦大学的创立是英国法律教育史上的一个重要的里程碑,比1753年布莱克斯通在牛津大学的大胆的教学改革来说,意义更大。伦敦成功地把学法律的学生引入大学学院来,把自由教育的好处带给高等学校的学生,这是一项伟大的成就。尽管伦敦大学的法律教育还处于发展的初期阶段,还存在教育体制、内容等方面的许多问题,但是大学毕竟加入到法律教育的主流中来,从这个意义上说,伦敦大学的创立具有划时代意义。在此之后,英国大学纷纷建立,到19世纪中期,牛津和剑桥不再是英格兰唯有的两所大学了。大学正式参与到英国法律教育中来。法律职业组织在进入新世纪以后根据社会的发展变化适时作出调整。事务律师于1831年成立法律协会(law society)。新的协会对于渴望成为事务律师的学生提供充分的教育。律师会馆也积极探索有效的教育方案。但是总的来说,19世纪上半叶,无论是大学还是法律职业组织的法律教育都不尽人意,大学和法律职业组织基本上还是各自为政,没有什么合作。1846年众议院法律教育专门委员会通过一份报告,分析了传统法律教育的弊端,提出了法律改革的纲要,建议法律基础教育和实践技能培训分阶段进行,大学进行法律基础教育,法律协会负责从事律师资格考试等方面的实践技能培训,将基础教育和职业教育有机结合起来。报告建议学生应首先进入大学完成基础教育,尔后再接受职业教育。法律教育专门委员会的报告成为英国19世纪法律教育发展的指导纲领,指明了英国法律教育的未来发展方向,特别是主张大学和法律职业组织分工与合作,携手推进法律教育事业。因此,可以说,1846年报告是英国法律教育发展史上的一个重要里程碑和风向标,引导着大学和法律职业组织等主要教育资源在法律教育领域进行分工与合作,通过优化配置实现法律教育体制的基本转型。在1846年委员会报告之后,无论是大学还是法律职业组织都采取有力措施推进法律教育。(第三章)。
从19世纪中叶特别是从八十年代开始,英国新旧大学和法律职业组织都投入到法律教育中来,积极推行法律教育,并初步实现分工与合作,资源通过优化配置收到了较好效果。从法律教育体制到教育内容,英国法律教育进入了实质性的改革与扩张时期,大学法律教育进入了最具活力的时期,形成了许多具有现代意义的特征。在大学法律教育轰轰烈烈展开的同时,法律职业组织的法律教育的步伐和力度也在加快,并且加强了与大学的联姻,共同推进法律教育。到二十世纪初,一种新型法律教育基本确立。(第四章)
在对英国近代法律教育历史进程进行动态分析的基础上,第五章对英国近代法律教育模式和社会效果进行深入分析,以期形成一个关于英国近代法律教育的整体认识和把握。对照传统律师会馆的法律教育,第五章通过对于英国近代法律教育的人才培养体制、教育内容、教学方法和教育管理等方面的分析,指出英国近代法律教育总体上已经实现了法律教育的近代化。英国法律教育由大学和法律职业组织承担,实行分工与合作,课程设置、教学方法、教育管理等环节基本都按照培养目标和大学与法律职业组织本身的特点进行设置和安排,在充分发挥各个机构作用的基础上强调各种资源之间的优化配置,法律教育制度日趋完善。在教育体制上,形成了大学学院和法律职业组织并驾齐驱,互相促进,互为补充的良好格局。英国法律教育以各大学学院、公共法律教育者协会和事务律师协会、四大律师会馆及其下属的法律教育理事会为主体,大学学院侧重于基本知识和基础理论方面的素质教育,职业组织侧重于实务性的职业技能训练,前后衔接、优势互补、相辅相成,从而提高了法律教育的质量,基本满足了社会对高素质法律人才的需求。新型法律教育对于英国社会发展发挥了重要的作用,这突出表现在接受法律教育的人数的增加和法律职业人员素质的提高。近代法律教育通过培养优秀的人才在推进英国法治水平的同时不断推进整个社会稳步发展。
Legal education is an essential element of a country's legal construction. Legal education even gives a direct impact on direction, scale, and speed of the law development. In the 30 years of Reform and Opening up, China's legal education can be described by leaps and bounds. Today, China's legal education becomes the community's concerns. The study of legal history is also inseparable from the history of legal education. Thus examination of legal education in the U.K., either for theoretical research or for practice, has an important significance. However, lack of research on British modern legal education makes us unable to identify the origin and the future of British legal education, unable to recognize its current state, and thus we can not reveal the organic link between the rule of law and legal education. To research the evolution history of legal education in modern British and to discuss its evolution mechanisms and implementation effect become the main parts of this paper.
In this paper, the analysis of the transformation of legal education in modern Britain is based on large amounts of data and research methods of history, sociology, law, education and others.
A country's education system is closely related to social development. Social development and social changes put forward new demands for legal education. Therefore, to study modern English legal education, we should start with analysis of its social background. Chapter One focuses on analysis of the contradiction between social development and legal education system, especially on analysis of legal education in Inns of Courts and universities before the middle of the 18th century. The separation of legal education is bound to change with the British society from the Middle Ages into modern times. The transformation of legal education is imperative. In the transition process, a variety of forces and resources are bound to be readjusted and allocated for optimal combination and maximum effectiveness. In research on the transition process, we should not deny the traditional legal education. We must give a historical assessment of it. The legal education of Inns of Court promotes the form of the United Kingdom's legal community. Moreover, this educational activity of legal professional association will be revived in the new era. After entering the modern society, the universities and the legal professional organizations have continuously made progress in their traditional cultural basis. The relationship between the two sides begins to change in a subtle way, which promotes the development of the legal education in the U.K.
From Chapter Two to Four,we can take the relationship between Inns of Court and the universities as the clue, and narrate the evolution process of the legal education in the U.K. in stages. Since William Blackstone started the legal education in Oxford in the middle of the 18th century, the U.K. began to put common legal education in the universities. Although the legal education didn't develop greatly after Blackstone, this attempt indicated that the universities would be the main body of modern legal education and declared that the new era of legal education of the U.K. was coming. Blackstone put forward the concept of adding the systemic legal education in the universities by his educational practical activities and his writings, which deeply influenced the modern legal education of the U.K. Blackstone used his knowledge and wisdom to make a decent suit for the common law of the U.K. He let the common law get close to the ordinary people and created the conditions for the development of the modern legal education. It indicated the change direction of the U.K.'s legal education system. Blackstone's theory and practice set the tone of the U.K.'s legal education. That was, paying more attention to the professionalism and application of legal education, while stressing the theory and scientific knowledge of legal education. In this sense, the legal education activities of Blackstone became the watershed of the U.K.'s legal education history, which meant the legal education of the U.K. needed to be adjusted and improved after entering a new era, and the universities would be the important places for developing legal education and cultivating legal talents jointly with the professional legal organizations. (Chapter Two)
By taking the opportunity of the establishment of University of London and the professional legal organizations in the 1830s, the modern legal education of the U.K. initially developed in the aspects of talents training system, educational content and methods. The establishment of the University of London was a milestone in the history of the U.K.'s legal education. It was more significant than Blackstone's teaching reform in Oxford. London successfully led the students who studied law to the universities and brought the advantages of free education to the university students. Although the development of the legal education of the University of London was still in an initial stage and some problems was still existed in the aspects of educational system and educational content, the universities after all entered into the main stream of legal education. So, the establishment of the University of London had epoch-making significance. After that period, the more and more universities were established in the U.K. In the middle of the 19th century, Oxford and Cambridge were no longer the only universities in England. Universities formally took part in the legal education. The professional legal organizations made adjustment according to the development and changes of the society after entering the new era. The solicitors established the Law Society in 1831. This new association provided education for the students who wanted to be a solicitor. Inns of Court also explored the efficient educational schemes. However, the legal education in universities and in professional legal organizations was not good enough in the first half of the 19th century. The universities and the organizations went their own ways without any cooperation. In 1846, the Legal Education Special Committee of the House of Commons approved a report, which analyzed the disadvantages of the traditional legal education and put forward the program of legal reform. The report suggested that the basic legal education and the practical skill trainings should be carried out in stages. The basic legal education should be in universities and the organizations should be in charge of the practical trainings such as the examinations of qualification of lawyers. The report also suggested that the students firstly completed the basic education in the universities, and then received the professional education. This report became the guiding principle of the legal education development in the 19th century, which gave direction to the future development of the legal education especially suggesting the cooperation between the universities and the organizations. Therefore, this report was a milestone in the history of the U.K.'s legal education, which led the main educational resources such as universities and the professional legal organizations to divide the work and cooperate in the field of legal education, and realized the basic change of legal education system by optimizing resource allocation. After the report was approved in 1846, the universities and the professional legal organizations all took effective measures to promote legal education. (Chapter Three)
Since the middle of the 19th century, the new and old universities of the U.K.and the professional legal organizations all actively promoted legal education and realized the work division and cooperation. The resource utilization received the good result by optimizing allocation. From the legal education system to the educational content, the legal education of the U.K. entered the stage of reform and expansion. The legal education in the universities entered the most energetic period and formed many characters with modern significance. Meanwhile, the legal education of the professional legal organizations was also developed rapidly. At the beginning of the 20th century, a new type of legal education was basically established. (Chapter Four)
Chapter Five is about the model of modern legal education and its social effects. By in-depth analysis on the formation of the modern legal education, we expect to understand and grasp it wholly.Form the beginning of the 20th century, the British legal education is assumed by professional legal organizations and universities. They execute legal education through division of labor and cooperation. Curriculum, teaching methods, educational management are in accordance with the training goal and the characteristics of universities and professional legal organizations. Various agencies gave full play to the role on the basis of optimal allocation of resources, and the legal education system are being further improved. Universities and professional legal organizations kept pace with and promoted each other, and took on a harmony pattern. British legal education was assumed jointly by the University Law School, the Public Legal Education Association, the Law Society, the Inns of Courts and the Council of Legal Education. University Law School focused on the basic knowledge and basic theory, but profession organizations focused on vocational skills training.They supplemented and reinforced mutually, thus enhanced the quality of legal education. They met the social needs for high-quality legal profession. New type of legal education played an important role in the social development of the United Kingdom. This is conspicuously manifested by the increase of the number of person receiving legal education and quality of the legal profession. By fostering talents, modern legal education propelled the level of the British rule of law and promoted the steady development of society.
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13、[美]安索尼·克罗曼：《迷失的律师》,周战超、石新中译,法律出版社2002年版
14、[美]诺内特·塞尔兹尼克：《转变中的法律与社会》,张志铭译,中国政法大学出版社1994年版
15、[美]博登海默：《法理学法哲学与法律方法》,邓正来译,中国政法大学出版社1999年版
16、[美]伯纳德·施瓦茨：《美国法律史》,王军等译,中国政法大学出版社1990年版
17、[美]罗伯特·赫钦斯：《美国高等教育》,汪利兵译,浙江教育出版社2001年版
18、[美]哈罗德.J.伯尔曼：《法律与革命：西方法律传统的形成》,贺卫方等译,中国大百科全书出版社1996年版
19、[美]爱德华.S.考文：《美国宪法的“高级法”背景》,强世功译,生活读书新知三联书店1996年版
20、P.S阿蒂亚.R.S.萨默斯：《英美法的形式与实质》,金敏、陈林林、王笑红译,中国政法大学出版社2001年版
21、[美]本杰明·卡多佐：《司法过程的性质》,苏力译,商务印书馆2003年版
22、[美]博西格诺： 《法律之门》,华夏出版社2007年版
23、[美]菲利普·李·拉尔夫、罗伯特.E.勒纳等：《世界文明史》(下卷),赵丰等译,商务印书馆1999年版
24、[美]霍姆斯：《普通法》,冉昊、姚中秋译,中国政法大学出版社2006年版
25、[美]罗伯特·斯蒂文思：《法学院—19世纪50年代到20世纪80年代的美国法学教育》,阎亚林、付欣译,中国政法大学出版社2003年版
26、[美]诺内特·塞尔兹尼克：《转变中的法律与社会》,张志铭译,中国政法大学出版社1994年版
27、[美]H.W.埃尔曼：《比较法律文化》,贺卫方、高鸿钧译,清华大学出版社2002年版
28、[美]丹尼尔·布尔斯廷：《美国人：开拓历程》,北京三联书店1993年版
29、[美]哈里.H.韦林顿：《对法学教育的挑战》,郭伟译,《法学译丛》,1989年第2期
30、[美]伯尔曼：《法律与革命》,第2卷,袁瑜琤、苗文龙译,法律出版社2008年版
31、[美]帕尔默·科尔顿：《近现代世界史》(上),孙福生等译,商务印书馆1988
32、泰勒、利维：《法律与资本主义的兴起》,纪琨译,学林出版社1996年版
33、[美]克里斯托弗·沃尔夫：《司法能动主义》,黄金荣译,中国政法大学出版社2004年版
34、[美]波斯纳：《正义／司法的经济学》,苏力译,中国政法大学出版社2002年版
35、[法]托克维尔：《论美国的民主》(上),董果良译,商务印书馆1997年版
36、[法]保尔·芒图：《十八世纪产业革命——英国近代大工业初期的概况》,商务 印书馆1983年版
37、[法]勒内·达维德：《当代主要法律体系》,漆竹生译,上海译文出版社1984年版
38、[德]马克斯·韦伯：《经济与社会》(下卷),林荣远译,商务印书馆1997年版
39、[德]K.茨威格特、H.克茨：《比较法总论》,潘汉典等译,贵州人民出版社1992年版
40、[德]马克斯·韦伯：《论经济与社会中的法律》,张乃根译,中国大百科全书出版社1998年版
41、[葡]叶士朋：《欧洲法学史导论》,中国政法大学出版社1998年版
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43、[比]R.C.范·卡内冈《法官、立法者与法学教授——欧洲法律史篇》,薛张敏敏译,北京大学出版社2006年版
44、[比]R.C.范·卡内冈：《英国普通法的诞生》,李红海译,中国政法大学出版社2003年版
45、[日]大木雅夫：《比较法》,范愉译,法律出版社1999年版
46、[加]莱纳兹：《教育的各种职能》,瞿葆奎主编,人民教育出版社1989年版
47、[爱尔兰]J.M.凯利：《西方法律思想简史》,王笑红译,法律出版社2002年版
1、钱乘旦、许洁明：《英国通史》,上海社会科学院出版社2002年版
2、钱乘旦、陈晓律：《英国文化模式溯源》,上海社会科学院出版社2003年版
3、黄伟合：《英国近代自由主义研究——从洛克、边沁到密尔》,北京大学出版社2005年版
4、房文翠：《法学教育价值研究—兼论我国法学教育改革的走向》,北京大学出版社2005年版
5、夏利民、李恩慈：《法学教育论》,中国人民公安大学出版社2006年版
6、邵建东：《德国法学教育的改革和律师职业》,中国政法大学出版社2004年版
7、陈绪刚：《法律职业与法治：以英国为例》,清华大学出版社2007年版
8、魏建国：《宪政体制的形成与近代英国崛起》,法律出版社2006年版
9、王健：《中国近代的法律教育》,中国政法大学出版社2001年版
10、王承绪：《伦敦大学》,湖南教育出版社1995年版
11、何勤华：《英国法律发达史》,法律出版社1999年版
12、何勤华：《西方法学史》,中国政法大学出版社2003年版
13、贺卫方：《中国法律教育之路》,中国政法大学出版社1997年版
14、贺卫方：《运送正义的方式》,上海三联书店2002年版
15、贺卫方：《司法理念与制度》,中国政法大学出版社1998年版
16、程汉大、李培锋：《英国司法制度史》,清华大学出版社2007年版
17、程汉大：《英国法制史》,齐鲁书社2001年版
18、任钟印：《世界教育名著通览》,湖北教育出版社1994年版
19、孙晓楼：《法律教育》,中国政法大学出版社2004年版
20、苏力：《送法下乡》,中国政法大学出版社2002年版
21、丁建弘主编：《发达国家的现代化道路：一种历史社会学的研究》,北京大学出版社1999年版
22、侯强：《中国近代法律教育转型与社会变迁研究》,中国社会科学出版社2008年版
23、刘小枫：《现代型社会理论绪论》,上海三联书店1998年版
24、郭成伟：《法学教育的现状与未来》,中国法制出版社2000年版
25、季卫东： 《法治秩序的建构》,中国政法大学出版社1999年版
26、曹义孙：《漂泊的思：现代性视野下的法学与教育》,中国法制出版社2006年版
27、彭小云主编：《牛津大学》,军事谊文出版社2007年版
28、程燎原：《法治下政治家的法律专业背景：以西方七国为例》,《清华法治论衡》第一辑
29、孙笑侠：《法律家的技能与伦理》,《法学研究》2001年第6期
30、李猛：《除魔的世界与禁欲者的守护神：韦伯社会理论中的英国法问题》,《思想与社会》第一辑,上海人民出版社2001年版
31、李东成：《导师制：牛津和剑桥培育创新人才的有效模式》,《中国高等教育》,
2001年第8期
32、杜智萍：《牛津大学的导师制与自由教育传统》,《科学时报》2007-7-3
1、仝宗锦：《威廉·布莱克斯通爵士和他的〈英国法释义〉》——以英格兰法体系化的问题为中心,北京大学博士学位论文,2004年
2、王建波：《法律职业化的兴起——英国律师会馆初探》,北大硕士论文,2002年
3、袁毅超：《英美法律教育与法律职业的比较研究——从历史的角度》,中国政法大学硕士论文,2004年
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②[美]安索尼·克罗曼： 《迷失的律师》,周战超、石新中译,法律出版社,2002年。
③ Sol M. Linowitz & Martin Mayer, the Betrayed Profession:Lawyering at the End of the Twentieth Century, C. Scribner's Sons,1994.
④ Carl T. Bogus, The Death of an Honorable Profession,71 Indiana Law Journal,1996.
③[古希腊]亚里士多德：《政治学》,吴寿彭译,商务印书馆,1965年,第167页。
①《孟子.离娄上》：“离娄之明,公输子之巧,不以规矩,不能成方圆；师旷之聪,不以六律,不能正五音；尧舜之道,不以仁政,不能平治天下,……故曰,徒善不足以为政,徒法不足以自行”。
②何勤华：《西方法学史》,中国政法大学出版社,2003年,第18页。
③贺卫方：《运送正义的方式》,上海三联书店,2002年,第216-219页。
①[美]博登海默：《法理学法哲学与法律方法》,邓正来译,中国政法大学出版社,1999年,第505页。
②程燎原：《法治下政治家的法律专业背景：以西方七国为例》,《清华法治论衡》第一辑。
①贺卫方：《司法理念与制度》,中国政法大学出版社,1998年,第260页。
②[美]诺内特·塞尔兹尼克：《转变中的法律与社会》,张志铭译,中国政法大学出版社,1994年,第69页。
③孙晓楼：《法律教育》,中国政法大学出版社,2004年,自序。
①[美]哈罗德.J.伯尔曼：《法律与革命：西方法律传统的形成》,贺卫方等译,中国大百科全书出版社,1996年,第143页。
①[美]霍姆斯：《普通法》,冉吴、张中秋译,中国政法大学出版社,2006年,第1页。
①何勤华：《英国法律发达史》,法律出版社,1999年,第72页。
②《清华法治论衡》第4辑,清华大学出版社,2004年。
③程汉大、李培锋：《英国司法制度史》,清华大学出版社,2007年。
①贺卫方：《中国法律教育之路》,中国政法大学出版社,1997年,序言。
② Sir Pollock & F.W. Maitland,the History of English Law_Before the time of Edward 1,Cambridge university press,1923.
① Edward Jenks,A Short History of EnglishLaw:from the Earliest Times to the End of the Year 1927,London:methuen,1928.
② T. F.T.Plucknett,A Concise History of the Common Law.中信出版社,2003年影印本.
③ W.Holdsworth,A History of English Law,v2、6、12、15,London,1965.
④ S.F.C.Milson,Studies in theHistory of the Common Law, the Hambledon press,1985.
⑤ W.Geldart,Introduction to English Law, Oxford university Press,1991.
⑥ J.H.Baker,An Introduction to English Legal Hhistory,fourth edition,Butterworths,2002.
⑦ J.H.Baker,University College and Legal Education,1826-1976,current legal problems,London,Stevens& Sons,1977.
⑧ H.S.Richards,Legal Education in Great Britain, Washtington,1915.
⑨ David Sugarman,Legal Theory, the Common Law Mind and the Making of the Textbook Tradition,from Legal Theory and Common Law,edited by William Twining,Basil Blackwell,1986,p.29.
⑩P.S阿蒂亚、R.S.萨默斯：《英美法的形式与实质》,金敏、陈林林、王笑红译,中国政法大学出版社,2001年,第341页。
① David S. Clark,the Medieval Origins of Modern Legal Education:Between Church and State The American Journal of Comparative Law, vol.35, no.4,1987, p.653-719.
② H.H. Greville, the Vinerian Chair and Legal Education,Oxford,Blackwell,1958.
③ F.H.Lawson, the Oxford Llaw School,1850-1965,Oxford,1968.
④ Philip Anstle Smith, A History of Education for the English Bar with Suggestions as to Subjects and Methods of Study,London:butterworths,1860.
⑤ J. H. Merryman, Legal Education:there and here.A Comparison,Stanford Law Review,1975,p.859-878.
⑥ C.H.Fifoot, Judge and Jurist in theReign of Victoria,London,stevens,1959,p.9.
①刘小枫：《现代型社会理论绪论》,上海三联书店,1998年,第175页。
②[美]帕尔默·科尔顿：《近现代世界史》(上),孙福生等译,商务印书馆,1988年,第394-395页。
③刘小枫：《现代型社会理论绪论》,上海三联书店,1998年,第175页。
①泰勒、利维：《法律与资本主义的兴起》,纪琨译,学林出版社,1996年,第149页。
②[美]爱德华.S.考文：《美国宪法的高级法背景》,强世功译,生活读书新知三联书店,1996年,第33-35页。
① J.H.Baker,An Introduction to English Legal History,London Butterworths,p.147-148.
②何勤华：《英国法律发达史》,法律出版社,1999年,第72页。
③[英]塞西尔·黑德勒姆撰写：《律师会馆》,张芝梅编译,上海三联书店,2006年,第9页。
④[比]R.C.范·卡内冈：《法官、立法者与法学教授——欧洲法律史篇》,薛张敏敏译,北京大学出版社,2006年,第60页。
①[英]塞西尔·黑德勒姆撰写：《律师会馆》,张芝梅编译,上海三联书店,2006年,第13页。
① J.H.Baker,theCommon Law Tradition,the Cambridge university press,2000,p.4-5.
①[英]塞西尔·黑德勒姆撰写：《律师会馆》,张芝梅编译,上海三联书店,2006年,第19页。
②泰勒、利维：《法律与资本主义的兴起》,纪琨译,学林出版社,1996年,第211页。
③[德]马克斯·韦伯：《经济与社会》(下卷),林荣远译,商务印书馆,1997年,第118页。
①[法]托克维尔：《论美国的民主》(上),董果良译,商务印书馆,1997年,第303页。
②李红海：《普通法的历史解读——从梅特兰开始》,清华大学出版社,2003年,第342页,注1.
③ Mary Seneviratne,the Legal Profession:Revolution and the Consumer,London:sweet & maxwell ltd.,1999,p.5.
④李学尧：《法律职业主义》,中国政法大学出版社,2007年,第44页。
⑤ H. S.Richards, Legal Education in Great Britain, Washington,1915, p.8.
① Richard Aldrich, An Introduction to the History of Education, Hodder and Stoughton, London,1982, p.145.
②程汉大、李培峰：《英国司法制度史》,清华大学出版社,2007年,第193页。
③ N. Harte,the University of London 1836-1986,The Athlone Press Ltd, London,1986,p.50.
④ N. Harte, the University of London 1836-1986,P.50-51.另外,贝克在他的《普通法传统》一书中提供了丰富的资料,使我们可以清楚地看到,在14-16世纪,伦敦的律师会馆的法律教育非常兴盛,堪比当时的牛桥大学。(J.H.Baker,the Common Law Tradition,the Cambridge university press,2000,p.3-28)
①[英]塞西尔·黑德勒姆撰写：《律师会馆》,张芝梅编译,上海三联书店,2006年,第21页。
① J.H.Baker, the Common Law Tradition,the Cambridge university press,2000,p.26.
①[美]哈罗德.J.伯尔曼：《法律与革命：西方法律传统的形成》,贺卫方等译,中国大百科全书出版社,1996年,第143页。
① Sir Pollock & Frederic William Maitland,the History of English Law before the Time of Edward 1,Cambridge university press,1923,vol.l,p.24
②[美]哈罗德.J.伯尔曼：《法律与革命：西方法律传统的形成》,贺卫方等译,中国大百科全书出版社,1996年,第143-170页。
① H.G.Hanbury,the Vinerial Chair and Legal Education,Oxford,1958,p.5.
② H.G.Hanbury,the Vinerial Chair and Legal Education,Oxford,1958,p.8-9.
③ Sheldon Rothblatt,the Revolution of the the Dons,Faber and Faber Ltd,London,1968,p.18
④[法]勒内·达维德：《当代主要法律体系》,漆竹生译,上海译文出版社,1984年,第319页。
①[美]卡尔文·伍达德：《威廉·布莱克斯通爵士与英美法理学》,收入肯尼思·汤普森：《宪法的政治理论》,张志铭译,生活读书新知三联书店,1997年,第60页。
①[美]H.W.埃尔曼：《比较法律文化》,贺卫方、高鸿钧译,清华大学出版社,2002年,第102-103页。
②[法]勒内·达维德：《当代主要法律体系》,漆竹生译,上海译文出版社,1984年,第305页。
③[德]马克斯·韦伯：《论经济与社会中的法律》,张乃根译,中国大百科全书出版社,1998年,第198页。
①[德]马克斯·韦伯：《论经济与社会中的法律》,张乃根译,中国大百科全书出版社,1998年,第202页。
①[德]马克斯·韦伯：《经济与社会》(下卷),林荣远译,商务印书馆,1997年,第121页。
② Prest, the English Bar, W.Prest,Lawyers in Early Modern Europe and America,London,1981,p.79.
③ Brooks,the Common Lawyers in England,1558-1642, W.Prest,Lawyers in Early Modern Europe and America,London 1981,p.53.
①[英]艾瑞克·霍布斯鲍姆：《革命的年代：1789-1848年》,王章辉等译,江苏人民出版社,1999年,第1页·
② J.H.Baker,An Introduction to English Legal History,London,Butterworths,p.148.
① H.G.Hanbury,The Vinerial Chair and Legal Education,Oxford,1958,P.15.
① W.Holdsworth,A History of English Law,vol.12,London,1938,p.724.
②[美]波斯纳：《正义／司法的经济学》,苏力译,中国政法大学出版社,2002年,第14-15页。
③ W.Holdsworth,A History of English Law,Vol.12,London,1938,p.724.
④边沁：《政府片论》,沈叔平等译,商务印书馆,1997年,第113页。
① J.H.Baker,An Introduction to English Legal History,fourth edition,Butterworths,2002,p.191.
②[英]布莱克斯通：《英国法释义》,游云庭、缪苗译,上海人民出版社,2006年,第7页。
①[英]布莱克斯通：《英国法释义》,游云庭、缪苗译,上海人民出版社,2006年,第32页。
②[英]布莱克斯通：《英国法释义》,游云庭、缪苗译,上海人民出版社,2006年,第32页。
①[美]肯尼思.w.汤普森：《宪法的政治理论》,张志铭译,北京：生活.读书.新知三联书店,1997年,第80页。
① Theodore F.T.Plucknett,A Concise History of the Common Law,北京：中信出版社,2003年影印本,第286页。
② Philip Anstle Smith,A History of Education for the English Bar with Suggestions as to Subjects and Methods of Study, London:butterworths,7,fleet street,1860,p.166.
③[美]肯尼思.w.汤普森：《宪法的政治理论》,张志铭译,北京：生活.读书.新知三联书店,1997年,第80页。
④[美]肯尼思.w.汤普森：《宪法的政治理论》,张志铭译,北京：生活.读书.新知三联书店,1997年,第82页。
① P.Lucas, Blackstone and the Reform of the Legal Profession, English Historical Review,1962,p.456-489.
② David Lemmings, Blackstone and Law Reform by Education:Preparation for the Bar and Lawyerly Culture in Eighteenth Century England,law and history review,1998,p.211-255.
③ W.S.Holdworth, the Place of English History on the Education of English Lawyers, Columbia law review,vol.10,no.8,1910.
① H.G.Hanbury,The Vinerian Chair and Legal Education,Oxford,1958,P.61.
①[美]S.E.佛罗斯特著：《西方教育的历史和哲学基础》,吴元训等译,华夏出版社,1987年,第393页。
① A Century of Law Reform:12 Lectures on the Changes in Llaw of England during the 19th Century:Delivered at the Request of the Council for Legal Education,London,1901,选自W.Blake Odgers:Changes in the Common Law and in the Law of Persons,in the Legal Profession and in Legal Education(1900-11-8).
① Theodore F.T.Plucknett,A Concise History of the Common Law.北京：中信出版社,2003年影印本,p.73.
① W.S.Holdsworth,the Place of English History on the Education of English Lawyers,Columbia law review, vol.10,no.8,1910.
① D.G.Kilgour,Legal Education:in Favour of an Undergraduate Faculty of Law,the university of Toronto law journal,1955.
②[美]伯纳德·施瓦茨：《美国法律史》,王军等译,中国政法大学出版社,1990年,第65页。
③ Charles M.Hepburn,the Inns of Court and Certain Condition in American LegalEducation,Virginia law review,1921.
① A Century of Law Reform:12 Lectures on the Changes in Llaw of England during the 19th Century:Delivered at the Request of the Council for Legal Education,London,1901,选自W.Blake Odgers:Changes in the Common Law and in the Law of Persons, in the Legal Profession and in Legal Education(1900-11-8)
① J.H.Baker,University College and Legal Education,1826-1976,Current legal problems,London,Stevens & Sons,1977.
① J.H.Baker,University College and Legal Education,1826-1976,Current legal problems,London,Stevens & Sons,1977.
②王承绪：《伦敦大学》,湖南教育出版社,1995年,第23页。
① Philip Anstle Smith,A history of education for the English bar with suggestions as to subjects and methods of study,London:butterworths,7,fleet street,1860,p169.
① J.H.Baker,University College and Legal Education,1826-1976,Current legal problems,London,Stevens & Sons,1977.
② J.H.Baker,University College and Legal Education,1826-1976,Current legal problems,London,Stevens & Sons,1977.
① P.Stein,Legal Theory and the Reform of Legal Education in Mid-nineteenth Century England, from Character and Influence of Roman Civil Law,p.231.
② P.Stein,Legal Theory and the Reform of Legal Education in Mid-nineteenth Century England, from Character and Influence of Roman Civil Law,p.232.
③ P.Sein,Legal Theory and the Reform of Legal Education in Mid-nineteenth Century England, from Character and Influence of Roman Civil Law,p.232.
① P.Stein,Legal Theory and the Reform of Legal Education in Mid-nineteenth Century England,from Character and Influence of Roman Civil Law,p.231-250.
① Legal Education:a Speech Delivered in the House of Commons, on Tuesday, July 11,1871,by Selborne, Roundell Palmer, Earl of,1812-1895,publisher:Westminster:Printed by J.B. Nichols and Sons,25 Parliament Street.
②[美]罗伯特.赫钦斯：《美国高等教育》,汪利兵译,浙江教育出版社,2001年,第23、71页。
③[法]勒内.达维德：《当代主要法律体系》,漆竹生译,上海译文出版社,1984年,第23页。
① P.Stein,Legal Theory and the Reform of Legal Education in Mid-nineteenth Century England, from Character and Influence of Roman Civil Law,p.231-250.
② P.Stein,Legal Theory and the Reform of Legal Education in Mid-nineteenth Century England, from Character and Influence of Roman Civil Law,p.231-250.
① W.Holdsworth,A History of English Law,vol.15,London,1965,p.237.
① W.S.Holdworth,the Place of English History on the Education of English Lawyers,Columbia law review, vol.10,no.8,1910.
② Philip Anstle Smith,A history of education for the English bar with suggestions as to subjects and methods of study,London:butterworths,7,fleet street,1860,p.171.
③ Philip Anstle Smith,A history of education for the English bar with suggestions as to subjects and methods of study,London:butterworths,7,fleet street,1860,p.173.
① Philip Anstle Smith,A history of education for the English bar with suggestions as to subjects and methods of study,London:butterworths,7,fleet street,1860,p.174.
② Philip Anstle Smith,A history of education for the English bar with suggestions as to subjects and methods of study,London:butterworths,7,fleet street,1860,p.177.
① Philip Anstle Smith,A history of education for the English bar with suggestions as to subjects and methods of study,London:butterworths,7,fleet street,1860,p.178.
② Philip Anstle Smith,A history of education for the English bar with suggestions as to subjects and methods of study,London:butterworths,7,fleet street,1860,p.179.
①本实例分析主要参考Wesley Pue,Guild Training vs Professional Education:the Committee on Legal Education and the Law Department of Queen's College,Birmingham in the 1850s,the American journal of legal history,vol.33,1989.
①E.Edwards,Personal Recollections of Birmingham and Birmingham Men,Birmingham,1877,p.134.
②Conrad Gill,History of Birmingham,London,Oxford university press,1952,p.37.
③Charles Ran Kennedy,Address to the Mutual Law Association,Birmingham,1852,p.4.
① Charles Ran Kennedy,Address to the Mutual Law Association,Birmingham,1852,p.66. circular,no.8,1855.
② J.Bulmer,upon the Present State of the Legal Profession in England,metropolitan and provincial law association
① Aris's Birmingham Gazette,13.Oct.1851.
② Aris's Birmingham Gazette,5.Oct.1857.
③ Supplement to the Birmingham Journal,10.Oct.1857.
① R.Ericson and P.Baranek,the Ordering of Justice, Toronto university press,1982.
①《马克思恩格斯全集》,第2卷,第28页。
②[意]卡洛.M.奇波拉主编：《欧洲经济史》,之卷三,商务印书馆,1989年,第2页。
③[意]卡洛.M.奇波拉主编：《欧洲经济史》,之卷三,商务印书馆,1989年,第10-11页。
④[法]保尔·芒图：《十八世纪产业革命——英国近代大工业初期的概况》,商务印书馆,1983年,第273页。
①[德]马克斯·韦伯：《论经济与社会中的法律》,张乃根译,中国大百科全书出版社,1998年,第101页。
②李猛：《除魔的世界与禁欲者的守护神：韦伯社会理论中的英国法问题》,《思想与社会》第一辑,上海人民出版社,2001年,第209页。
①程汉大：《英国法制史》,齐鲁书社,2001年,第377页。
①[加]莱纳兹：《教育的各种职能》,瞿葆奎主编,人民教育出版社,1989年,第89页。
②[英]塞缪尔·斯迈尔斯：《自助者天助》,王轶博译,中国长安出版社,2009年。塞缪尔·斯迈尔斯(1812—1904)是英国十九世纪伟大的道德学家,他写过许多脍炙人口的人生随笔作品,如《自助者天助》、《品格的力量》、《金钱与人生》、《人生的职责》等,这些作品在全球畅销一百多年而不衰,改变了亿万人民的命运,塑造了近现代西方道德文明的精神风貌。他的这几部人生丛书被誉为“个人奋斗的精神标本”、“高贵情操的精神堡垒。”《自助者天助》刚刚出版就受到英国和世界各地的广泛关注。到1910年,该书已重版34次。在美国,《自助者天助》一经于英国问世,美国就马上出现盗版,甚至泛滥成灾。在日本,访书刚刚进入书店,即为读者所蜂拥抢购。
①任钟印：《世界教育名著通览》,湖北教育出版社,1994年,第799页。
① Roscoe Pound,the Law School and the Professional Tradition, Michigan law review,vol.24,no.2,1925.
② T. C.Fischer,Legal EducationLaw Practice,and the Economy:A New England Study,Littleton,1990,p.15.
① F.H.Lawson,the Oxford Law School,1850-1965,Oxford,1968,p.13.
② F.H.Lawson,the Oxford Law School,1850-1965,Oxford,1968,p.15.
③[日]大木雅夫：《比较法》,范愉译,法律出版社,1999年,第256页。
④ Walter Bagehot,Literary Studies by the Late Walter Bagehot(1905),Longmans,P.251-279.
① Walter Bagehot,Literary Studies by the Late Walter Bagehot (1905),Longmans, P.251-279.
② A.V.Dicey:Can English Law be Taught at the Universities?London:Macmillan,1883.
① A.V.Dicey,Can English Law be Taught at the Universities?London:Macmillan,1883.
① A.V.Dicey,Can English Law be Taught at the Universities?London:Macmillan,1883.
② P.Stein,Legal Theory and the Reform of Legal Education in Mid-nineteenth Century England, from Character and Influence of Roman Civil Law,p.231-250.
① Magali Sarfatti Larson, The Rise of Professionalism:A Sociological Analysis, Berkeley:University of California Press,1977, p.6.
① J.Austin,The Province of Jurisprudence Determined,Weidenfeld & Nicholson,London,1954,p.13.
①蒂鲍,A.F.Thibaut,1772-1840,德国法学家,以温和的理性主义精神坚持自然法传统,是德国哲理法学派的领袖人物。他主张编纂德国民法典,这反映了拿破仑战争之后德国民族主义的兴起。但是这一主张遭到了德国历史法学派领袖萨维尼的强烈反对,引起了激烈的争论。蒂鲍的著作有《罗马法的逻辑解释的理论》(1799),《罗马法制度》(1803)。《罗马法制度》一书的总论英译名为《法理学研究导论》。
①M.H.Hoeflich Athens,Roman and Civil Law and the Development of Anglo-American Jurisprudence in the Nineteenth Century,University of Georgia Press,1997,p.138.
②P.Stein,Legal Theory and the Reform of Legal Education in Mid-nineteenth Century Englan,from Character and Influence of Roman Civil Law,p.231-250.
①H.G.Hanbury,the Vinerial Chair and Legal Education,Oxford,1958,p.246.
②A.V.Dicey,The Extension of Law Teaching at Oxford,law review, vol.24,no.1,1910.
①N. Harte,the University of London,1836-1986, The Athlone Press Ltd, London,1986,p.173.
②王承绪：《伦敦大学》,湖南教育出版社,1995年,第209页。
① N. Harte,the University of London,1836-1986, The Athlone Press Ltd, London,1986,p.183.
② F.H.Lawson,the Oxford Law School,1850-1965,Oxford,1968,p.74.
③ C.H. Fifoot,Judge and Jjurist in the Reign of Victoria,London,Stenens,1959,p.27.
① M.H.Hoeflich,Roman and Civil Law and the Development of Anglo-American Jurisprudence in the 19th Century,the university of Georgia press.p.134-135.
② F.H.Lawson,the Oxford Law School,1850-1965,Oxford,1968,p.96-98.
①[英]戴雪：《英宪精义》,雷宾南译,中国法制出版社,2001年,第244-245页。
② H.G.Hanbury,The Vinerial Chair and Legal Education,Oxford,1958,P.100.
③ H.G.Hanbury,The Vinerial Chair and Legal Education,Oxford,1958,P.184.
①以上主要法学家的教育活动可以参考：H.G.Hanbury,The Vinerial Chair and Legal Education,Oxford,1958; F.H.Lawson,the Oxford Law School,1850-1965,Oxford,1968.
① F.H.Lawson,the Oxford Law School,1850-1965,Oxford,1968,p.69.
③ Philip Anstle Smith,A History of Education for the English Bar with Suggestions as to Subjects and
② Daniel Duman,Pathway to Professionalism:the English Bar in the 18th and 19th Centuries,Journal of social history,vol.13,no.4,1980. Methods of Study,London:Butterworths,7,fleet street,1860,p.187.
① H.S.Richards,Legal Education in Great Britain,Washtington,1915, p.8.
② Philip Anstle Smith,A History of Education for the English Bar with Suggestions as to Subjects and Methods of Study,London:butterworths,7,fleet street,1860,p.189.
③ Philip Anstle Smith,A History of Education for the English Bar with Suggestions as to Subjects and Methods of Study,London:butterworths,7,fleet street,1860,p.191.
① C. Gregory, A Movement in English Llegal Education, Harvard law review,vol.10,no.7,1897.
② C. Gregory, A Movement in English Legal Education,Harvard law review,vol.10,no.7,1897.
① Daniel Duman,Pathway to Professionalism:the English Bar in the 18th and 19th Centuries, Journal of Social History,vol.13,no.4,1980.
② Daniel Duman,Pathway to Professionalism:the English Bar in the 18th and 19th Centuries, Journal of Social History,vol.13,no.4,1980.
③ H.G.Hanbury,The Vinerial Chair and Legal Education,Oxford,1958,P.243.
① C. Gregory,A Movement in English Legal Education,Harvard law review,vol.10,no.7,1897,p.418-427. review,vol.10,no.8,1910.
② W.S.Holdsworth,the Place of English History on the Education of English Lawyers, Columbia law
①程汉大、李培锋：《英国司法制度史》,清华大学出版社,2007年,第249页。
① William Twining,Thinking about Law Schools:Rutland Review,Journal of law and society,vol.25,no.1,1998.
①[美]丹尼尔·布尔斯廷：《美国人：开拓历程》,北京三联书店,1993年,第234页。
② Kahn-Freund,Reflections on Legal Education,modem law review,vol.29,no.2,1966.
③彭小云主编：《牛津大学》,军事谊文出版社,2007年,第80页。
① N.Harte,the University of London,1836-1986,P.286.
①[日]大木雅夫：《比较法》,范愉译,法律出版社,1999年,第390页。
①[日]大木雅夫：《比较法》,范愉译,法律出版社,1999年,第255页。
② P. Anstle Smith,A History of Education for the English Bar with Suggestions as to Subjects and Methods of Study,London:butterworths,7,fleet street,1860,p.194.
③ H.S.Richards,LegalEducation in Great Britain, Washington,1915,p.17.
④ F.H.Lawson,the Oxford Law School,1850-1965,Oxford,1968,p.7.
① P. Anstle Smith,A History of Education for the English Bar with Suggestions as to Subjects and Methods of Study,London:butterworths,7,fleet street,1860,p.196.
① H.S.Richards,Legal Education in Great Britain, Washtington,1915,p.14
① F.H.Lawson,the Oxford Law School,1850-1965,Oxford,1968,p.112.
① H.S.Richards,Legal Education in Great Britain,Washtington,1915,p.10.
① H.S.Richards,Legal Education in Great Britain,Washtington,1915,p.15
① H.S.Richards,Legal Education in Great Britain,Washtington,1915,p.7.
① Ricard Posner,Overcoming Law, Harvard University Press,1995.P.37-38.
②李猛：《除魔的世界与禁欲者的守护神：韦伯社会理论中的英国法问题》,《思想与社会》第一辑,上海人民出版社,2001年,第205页。
①[美]爱德华.S.考文：《美国宪法的高级法背景》,强世功译,生活读书新知三联书店,1996年,第33-35页。
②[英]托马斯·霍布斯：《哲学家与英格兰法律家的对话》,姚中秋译,上海三联书店,2006年,第205页。
③主要参考：Daniel Duman,Pathway to Professionalism:the English Bar in the 18th and 19th Century,Journal of social history,vol.13,no.4,1980.
① Daniel Duman,Pathway to Professionalism:the English Bar in the 18th and 19th Century,Journal of social history,vol.13,no.4,1980.
② Daniel Duman,Pathway to Professionalism:the English Bar in the 18th and 19th Century,Journal of social history,vol.13,no.4,1980.
① A Century of Law Reform:12 Lectures on the Changes in Law of England during the 19th Century:Delivered at the Request of the Council for Legal Education,London,1901,选自W.Blake Odgers:Changes in the Common Law and in the Law of Persons, in the Legal Profession and in Legal Education(1900-11-8).
② J.H.Baker,An Introduction to English Legal History,London,Butterworths,p.149.
③ J.H.Baker,University College and Legal Education,1826-1976,current legal problems,London,Stevens & Sons,1977.
① H.S.Richards,Legal Education in Great Britain,Washtington,1915,p.20.
① Patrick Mcouslan,the Coming Crisis in Legal Education,Journal of law and society,vol.16,no.3,1989.
① Philip Anstle Smith,A History of Education for the Eenglish Bar with Suggestions as to Subjects and Methods of Study, London:butterworths,7,fleet street,1860,p.200.
②苏力：《送法下乡》,中国政法大学出版社,2002年,第6页。
③克里斯托弗·沃尔夫：《司法能动主义》,黄金荣译,中国政法大学出版社,2004年,第1页。
①[美]本杰明·卡多佐：《司法过程的性质》,苏力译,商务印书馆,2003年,第9页。
②[美]博西格诺： 《法律之门》,华夏出版社,2007年,第444页。
① H.G.Hanbury,The vinerial chair and Legal education,Oxford,1958,p244.
①丁建弘主编：《发达国家的现代化道路：一种历史社会学的研究》,北京大学出版社,1999年,第2页。
①侯强：《中国近代法律教育转型与社会变迁研究》,中国社会科学出版社,2008年,第13页。
① Legal education in England and Wales,the international and comparative law quarterly,vol.20,1971.
① Martin partington, Academic Lawyers and Legal Practice in Britain:a Preliminary Reappraisal, journal of law and society,vol,15,no,4,1988,p.374-391.
②郭成伟：《法学教育的现状与未来》,中国法制出版社,2000年,第37页。
③程汉大、李培峰：《英国司法制度史》,清华大学出版社,2007年,第234页。
①何勤华：《西方法学史》,中国政法大学出版社,1996年,第296页。
② Neil Kibble,Access to Legal Education and Legal Profession in England,Butterworth,1989,p.135.
③[日]大木雅夫：《比较法》,范愉译,法律出版社,1999年,第317页。
④ Andrew Boon,History is Past Politics:a Critique of the Legal Skills Movement in England and Wales,journal of law and society,vol.25,no.1,1998.
① Andrew Boon,History is Past Politics:a Critique of theLegal Skills Movement in England and Wales,journal of law and society,vol.25,no.1,1998.
② Patrical Leighton,New Wine in Old Bottles or New Wine in New Bottles?journal of law and society, vol.25,no.1,1998.
2.F.H.Lawson,The Oxford Law School,1850-1965,Oxford,l968.
3.P.Anstle Smith,A History of Education for the English Bar with Suggestions as to Subjects and Methods of Study, London:Butterworths,1860.
4.C.H.Fifoot,Judge and Jurist in the Reign of Victoria,London,stevens,1959.
5.Richard Aldrich,An Introduction to the History of Education,London,1982.
6.N.Harte,The University of London 1836-1986,The Athlone Press Ltd, London,1986.
7.Edward Jenks,A Short History of English Law from the Earliest Times to the End of the Year 1927,London,1928.
8.P.Stein,Legal Theory and the Reform of Legal Education in Mid-nineteenth Century England, from Character and Influence of Roman Civil Law.
9.T. F.T.Plucknett.A Concise History of the Common Law,北京：中信出版社,2003年,影印本.
10.S.F.C.Milson,Studies in the History of the Common Law, the Hambledon press,1985.
11.W.Geldart,Introduction to English Law,Oxford university Press,1991.
12.J.H.Baker,An Introduction to English Legal History,Fourth edition,Butterworths,2002.
13.J.H.Baker,The Common LawTradition,Cambridge university press,2000.
14.H.S.Richards,Legal Education in Great Britain, Washtington,1915.
15.David Sugarman,Legal Theory,the Common Law Mind and the Making of the Textbook Traditionfrom Legal Theory and Common Law,edited by William Twining,Basil Blackwell,1986.
16.William Holdsworth,A History of English Law,vol.2、6、15,London,1965.
17.W.S.Holdsworth,A History of English Law,vol.12,Third Edition,London,1923.
18.Mary Ann GlHendon, A Nation under Lawyers:How the Crisis in the Legal Profession Is Transforming American Society, New York:Farrar, Straus and Giroux,1994.
19. Sol M. Linowitz & Martin Mayer, The Betrayed Profession:Lawyering at the End of the Twentieth Century, C. Scribner's Sons,1994.
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1、[古希腊]亚里士多德：《政治学》,吴寿彭译,商务印书馆1965年版
2、[英]边沁：《政府片论》,沈叔平等译,商务印书馆1997年版
3、[英]布莱克斯通：《英国法释义》,游云庭、缪苗译,上海人民出版社2006年版
4、[英]艾瑞克·霍布斯鲍姆：《革命的年代：1789-1848年》,王章辉等译,江苏人民出版社1999年版
5、[英]塞西尔·黑德勒姆撰写,《律师会馆》,张芝梅编译,上海三联书店2006年版
6、[英]塞缪尔·斯迈尔斯：《自助者天助》,王轶博译,中国长安出版社2009年版
7、[英]托马斯·霍布斯：《哲学家与英格兰法律家的对话》,姚中秋译,上海三联书店2006年版
8、[英]丹宁勋爵：《法律的训诫》,刘庸安、杨百揆、丁健译,法律出版社1999年版
9、[英]丹宁勋爵：《法律的未来》,刘庸安、张文镇译,法律出版社1999年版
10、[英]戴雪：《英宪精义》,雷宾南译,中国法制出版社2001年版
11、[美]肯尼思.w.汤普森：《宪法的政治理论》,张志铭译,北京：生活.读书.新知三联书店1997年版
12、[美]S.E.佛罗斯特著：《西方教育的历史和哲学基础》,吴元训等译,华夏出版社1987年版
13、[美]安索尼·克罗曼：《迷失的律师》,周战超、石新中译,法律出版社2002年版
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15、[美]博登海默：《法理学法哲学与法律方法》,邓正来译,中国政法大学出版社1999年版
16、[美]伯纳德·施瓦茨：《美国法律史》,王军等译,中国政法大学出版社1990年版
17、[美]罗伯特·赫钦斯：《美国高等教育》,汪利兵译,浙江教育出版社2001年版
18、[美]哈罗德.J.伯尔曼：《法律与革命：西方法律传统的形成》,贺卫方等译,中国大百科全书出版社1996年版
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20、P.S阿蒂亚.R.S.萨默斯：《英美法的形式与实质》,金敏、陈林林、王笑红译,中国政法大学出版社2001年版
21、[美]本杰明·卡多佐：《司法过程的性质》,苏力译,商务印书馆2003年版
22、[美]博西格诺： 《法律之门》,华夏出版社2007年版
23、[美]菲利普·李·拉尔夫、罗伯特.E.勒纳等：《世界文明史》(下卷),赵丰等译,商务印书馆1999年版
24、[美]霍姆斯：《普通法》,冉昊、姚中秋译,中国政法大学出版社2006年版
25、[美]罗伯特·斯蒂文思：《法学院—19世纪50年代到20世纪80年代的美国法学教育》,阎亚林、付欣译,中国政法大学出版社2003年版
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34、[美]波斯纳：《正义／司法的经济学》,苏力译,中国政法大学出版社2002年版
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37、[法]勒内·达维德：《当代主要法律体系》,漆竹生译,上海译文出版社1984年版
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41、[葡]叶士朋：《欧洲法学史导论》,中国政法大学出版社1998年版
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43、[比]R.C.范·卡内冈《法官、立法者与法学教授——欧洲法律史篇》,薛张敏敏译,北京大学出版社2006年版
44、[比]R.C.范·卡内冈：《英国普通法的诞生》,李红海译,中国政法大学出版社2003年版
45、[日]大木雅夫：《比较法》,范愉译,法律出版社1999年版
46、[加]莱纳兹：《教育的各种职能》,瞿葆奎主编,人民教育出版社1989年版
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4、房文翠：《法学教育价值研究—兼论我国法学教育改革的走向》,北京大学出版社2005年版
5、夏利民、李恩慈：《法学教育论》,中国人民公安大学出版社2006年版
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7、陈绪刚：《法律职业与法治：以英国为例》,清华大学出版社2007年版
8、魏建国：《宪政体制的形成与近代英国崛起》,法律出版社2006年版
9、王健：《中国近代的法律教育》,中国政法大学出版社2001年版
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12、何勤华：《西方法学史》,中国政法大学出版社2003年版
13、贺卫方：《中国法律教育之路》,中国政法大学出版社1997年版
14、贺卫方：《运送正义的方式》,上海三联书店2002年版
15、贺卫方：《司法理念与制度》,中国政法大学出版社1998年版
16、程汉大、李培锋：《英国司法制度史》,清华大学出版社2007年版
17、程汉大：《英国法制史》,齐鲁书社2001年版
18、任钟印：《世界教育名著通览》,湖北教育出版社1994年版
19、孙晓楼：《法律教育》,中国政法大学出版社2004年版
20、苏力：《送法下乡》,中国政法大学出版社2002年版
21、丁建弘主编：《发达国家的现代化道路：一种历史社会学的研究》,北京大学出版社1999年版
22、侯强：《中国近代法律教育转型与社会变迁研究》,中国社会科学出版社2008年版
23、刘小枫：《现代型社会理论绪论》,上海三联书店1998年版
24、郭成伟：《法学教育的现状与未来》,中国法制出版社2000年版
25、季卫东： 《法治秩序的建构》,中国政法大学出版社1999年版
26、曹义孙：《漂泊的思：现代性视野下的法学与教育》,中国法制出版社2006年版
27、彭小云主编：《牛津大学》,军事谊文出版社2007年版
28、程燎原：《法治下政治家的法律专业背景：以西方七国为例》,《清华法治论衡》第一辑
29、孙笑侠：《法律家的技能与伦理》,《法学研究》2001年第6期
30、李猛：《除魔的世界与禁欲者的守护神：韦伯社会理论中的英国法问题》,《思想与社会》第一辑,上海人民出版社2001年版
31、李东成：《导师制：牛津和剑桥培育创新人才的有效模式》,《中国高等教育》,
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32、杜智萍：《牛津大学的导师制与自由教育传统》,《科学时报》2007-7-3
1、仝宗锦：《威廉·布莱克斯通爵士和他的〈英国法释义〉》——以英格兰法体系化的问题为中心,北京大学博士学位论文,2004年
2、王建波：《法律职业化的兴起——英国律师会馆初探》,北大硕士论文,2002年
3、袁毅超：《英美法律教育与法律职业的比较研究——从历史的角度》,中国政法大学硕士论文,2004年
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②[美]安索尼·克罗曼： 《迷失的律师》,周战超、石新中译,法律出版社,2002年。
③ Sol M. Linowitz & Martin Mayer, the Betrayed Profession:Lawyering at the End of the Twentieth Century, C. Scribner's Sons,1994.
④ Carl T. Bogus, The Death of an Honorable Profession,71 Indiana Law Journal,1996.
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②何勤华：《西方法学史》,中国政法大学出版社,2003年,第18页。
③贺卫方：《运送正义的方式》,上海三联书店,2002年,第216-219页。
①[美]博登海默：《法理学法哲学与法律方法》,邓正来译,中国政法大学出版社,1999年,第505页。
②程燎原：《法治下政治家的法律专业背景：以西方七国为例》,《清华法治论衡》第一辑。
①贺卫方：《司法理念与制度》,中国政法大学出版社,1998年,第260页。
②[美]诺内特·塞尔兹尼克：《转变中的法律与社会》,张志铭译,中国政法大学出版社,1994年,第69页。
③孙晓楼：《法律教育》,中国政法大学出版社,2004年,自序。
①[美]哈罗德.J.伯尔曼：《法律与革命：西方法律传统的形成》,贺卫方等译,中国大百科全书出版社,1996年,第143页。
①[美]霍姆斯：《普通法》,冉吴、张中秋译,中国政法大学出版社,2006年,第1页。
①何勤华：《英国法律发达史》,法律出版社,1999年,第72页。
②《清华法治论衡》第4辑,清华大学出版社,2004年。
③程汉大、李培锋：《英国司法制度史》,清华大学出版社,2007年。
①贺卫方：《中国法律教育之路》,中国政法大学出版社,1997年,序言。
② Sir Pollock & F.W. Maitland,the History of English Law_Before the time of Edward 1,Cambridge university press,1923.
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④ Philip Anstle Smith, A History of Education for the English Bar with Suggestions as to Subjects and Methods of Study,London:butterworths,1860.
⑤ J. H. Merryman, Legal Education:there and here.A Comparison,Stanford Law Review,1975,p.859-878.
⑥ C.H.Fifoot, Judge and Jurist in theReign of Victoria,London,stevens,1959,p.9.
①刘小枫：《现代型社会理论绪论》,上海三联书店,1998年,第175页。
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③刘小枫：《现代型社会理论绪论》,上海三联书店,1998年,第175页。
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① J.H.Baker,An Introduction to English Legal History,London Butterworths,p.147-148.
②何勤华：《英国法律发达史》,法律出版社,1999年,第72页。
③[英]塞西尔·黑德勒姆撰写：《律师会馆》,张芝梅编译,上海三联书店,2006年,第9页。
④[比]R.C.范·卡内冈：《法官、立法者与法学教授——欧洲法律史篇》,薛张敏敏译,北京大学出版社,2006年,第60页。
①[英]塞西尔·黑德勒姆撰写：《律师会馆》,张芝梅编译,上海三联书店,2006年,第13页。
① J.H.Baker,theCommon Law Tradition,the Cambridge university press,2000,p.4-5.
①[英]塞西尔·黑德勒姆撰写：《律师会馆》,张芝梅编译,上海三联书店,2006年,第19页。
②泰勒、利维：《法律与资本主义的兴起》,纪琨译,学林出版社,1996年,第211页。
③[德]马克斯·韦伯：《经济与社会》(下卷),林荣远译,商务印书馆,1997年,第118页。
①[法]托克维尔：《论美国的民主》(上),董果良译,商务印书馆,1997年,第303页。
②李红海：《普通法的历史解读——从梅特兰开始》,清华大学出版社,2003年,第342页,注1.
③ Mary Seneviratne,the Legal Profession:Revolution and the Consumer,London:sweet & maxwell ltd.,1999,p.5.
④李学尧：《法律职业主义》,中国政法大学出版社,2007年,第44页。
⑤ H. S.Richards, Legal Education in Great Britain, Washington,1915, p.8.
① Richard Aldrich, An Introduction to the History of Education, Hodder and Stoughton, London,1982, p.145.
②程汉大、李培峰：《英国司法制度史》,清华大学出版社,2007年,第193页。
③ N. Harte,the University of London 1836-1986,The Athlone Press Ltd, London,1986,p.50.
④ N. Harte, the University of London 1836-1986,P.50-51.另外,贝克在他的《普通法传统》一书中提供了丰富的资料,使我们可以清楚地看到,在14-16世纪,伦敦的律师会馆的法律教育非常兴盛,堪比当时的牛桥大学。(J.H.Baker,the Common Law Tradition,the Cambridge university press,2000,p.3-28)
①[英]塞西尔·黑德勒姆撰写：《律师会馆》,张芝梅编译,上海三联书店,2006年,第21页。
① J.H.Baker, the Common Law Tradition,the Cambridge university press,2000,p.26.
①[美]哈罗德.J.伯尔曼：《法律与革命：西方法律传统的形成》,贺卫方等译,中国大百科全书出版社,1996年,第143页。
① Sir Pollock & Frederic William Maitland,the History of English Law before the Time of Edward 1,Cambridge university press,1923,vol.l,p.24
②[美]哈罗德.J.伯尔曼：《法律与革命：西方法律传统的形成》,贺卫方等译,中国大百科全书出版社,1996年,第143-170页。
① H.G.Hanbury,the Vinerial Chair and Legal Education,Oxford,1958,p.5.
② H.G.Hanbury,the Vinerial Chair and Legal Education,Oxford,1958,p.8-9.
③ Sheldon Rothblatt,the Revolution of the the Dons,Faber and Faber Ltd,London,1968,p.18
④[法]勒内·达维德：《当代主要法律体系》,漆竹生译,上海译文出版社,1984年,第319页。
①[美]卡尔文·伍达德：《威廉·布莱克斯通爵士与英美法理学》,收入肯尼思·汤普森：《宪法的政治理论》,张志铭译,生活读书新知三联书店,1997年,第60页。
①[美]H.W.埃尔曼：《比较法律文化》,贺卫方、高鸿钧译,清华大学出版社,2002年,第102-103页。
②[法]勒内·达维德：《当代主要法律体系》,漆竹生译,上海译文出版社,1984年,第305页。
③[德]马克斯·韦伯：《论经济与社会中的法律》,张乃根译,中国大百科全书出版社,1998年,第198页。
①[德]马克斯·韦伯：《论经济与社会中的法律》,张乃根译,中国大百科全书出版社,1998年,第202页。
①[德]马克斯·韦伯：《经济与社会》(下卷),林荣远译,商务印书馆,1997年,第121页。
② Prest, the English Bar, W.Prest,Lawyers in Early Modern Europe and America,London,1981,p.79.
③ Brooks,the Common Lawyers in England,1558-1642, W.Prest,Lawyers in Early Modern Europe and America,London 1981,p.53.
①[英]艾瑞克·霍布斯鲍姆：《革命的年代：1789-1848年》,王章辉等译,江苏人民出版社,1999年,第1页·
② J.H.Baker,An Introduction to English Legal History,London,Butterworths,p.148.
① H.G.Hanbury,The Vinerial Chair and Legal Education,Oxford,1958,P.15.
① W.Holdsworth,A History of English Law,vol.12,London,1938,p.724.
②[美]波斯纳：《正义／司法的经济学》,苏力译,中国政法大学出版社,2002年,第14-15页。
③ W.Holdsworth,A History of English Law,Vol.12,London,1938,p.724.
④边沁：《政府片论》,沈叔平等译,商务印书馆,1997年,第113页。
① J.H.Baker,An Introduction to English Legal History,fourth edition,Butterworths,2002,p.191.
②[英]布莱克斯通：《英国法释义》,游云庭、缪苗译,上海人民出版社,2006年,第7页。
①[英]布莱克斯通：《英国法释义》,游云庭、缪苗译,上海人民出版社,2006年,第32页。
②[英]布莱克斯通：《英国法释义》,游云庭、缪苗译,上海人民出版社,2006年,第32页。
①[美]肯尼思.w.汤普森：《宪法的政治理论》,张志铭译,北京：生活.读书.新知三联书店,1997年,第80页。
① Theodore F.T.Plucknett,A Concise History of the Common Law,北京：中信出版社,2003年影印本,第286页。
② Philip Anstle Smith,A History of Education for the English Bar with Suggestions as to Subjects and Methods of Study, London:butterworths,7,fleet street,1860,p.166.
③[美]肯尼思.w.汤普森：《宪法的政治理论》,张志铭译,北京：生活.读书.新知三联书店,1997年,第80页。
④[美]肯尼思.w.汤普森：《宪法的政治理论》,张志铭译,北京：生活.读书.新知三联书店,1997年,第82页。
① P.Lucas, Blackstone and the Reform of the Legal Profession, English Historical Review,1962,p.456-489.
② David Lemmings, Blackstone and Law Reform by Education:Preparation for the Bar and Lawyerly Culture in Eighteenth Century England,law and history review,1998,p.211-255.
③ W.S.Holdworth, the Place of English History on the Education of English Lawyers, Columbia law review,vol.10,no.8,1910.
① H.G.Hanbury,The Vinerian Chair and Legal Education,Oxford,1958,P.61.
①[美]S.E.佛罗斯特著：《西方教育的历史和哲学基础》,吴元训等译,华夏出版社,1987年,第393页。
① A Century of Law Reform:12 Lectures on the Changes in Llaw of England during the 19th Century:Delivered at the Request of the Council for Legal Education,London,1901,选自W.Blake Odgers:Changes in the Common Law and in the Law of Persons,in the Legal Profession and in Legal Education(1900-11-8).
① Theodore F.T.Plucknett,A Concise History of the Common Law.北京：中信出版社,2003年影印本,p.73.
① W.S.Holdsworth,the Place of English History on the Education of English Lawyers,Columbia law review, vol.10,no.8,1910.
① D.G.Kilgour,Legal Education:in Favour of an Undergraduate Faculty of Law,the university of Toronto law journal,1955.
②[美]伯纳德·施瓦茨：《美国法律史》,王军等译,中国政法大学出版社,1990年,第65页。
③ Charles M.Hepburn,the Inns of Court and Certain Condition in American LegalEducation,Virginia law review,1921.
① A Century of Law Reform:12 Lectures on the Changes in Llaw of England during the 19th Century:Delivered at the Request of the Council for Legal Education,London,1901,选自W.Blake Odgers:Changes in the Common Law and in the Law of Persons, in the Legal Profession and in Legal Education(1900-11-8)
① J.H.Baker,University College and Legal Education,1826-1976,Current legal problems,London,Stevens & Sons,1977.
① J.H.Baker,University College and Legal Education,1826-1976,Current legal problems,London,Stevens & Sons,1977.
②王承绪：《伦敦大学》,湖南教育出版社,1995年,第23页。
① Philip Anstle Smith,A history of education for the English bar with suggestions as to subjects and methods of study,London:butterworths,7,fleet street,1860,p169.
① J.H.Baker,University College and Legal Education,1826-1976,Current legal problems,London,Stevens & Sons,1977.
② J.H.Baker,University College and Legal Education,1826-1976,Current legal problems,London,Stevens & Sons,1977.
① P.Stein,Legal Theory and the Reform of Legal Education in Mid-nineteenth Century England, from Character and Influence of Roman Civil Law,p.231.
② P.Stein,Legal Theory and the Reform of Legal Education in Mid-nineteenth Century England, from Character and Influence of Roman Civil Law,p.232.
③ P.Sein,Legal Theory and the Reform of Legal Education in Mid-nineteenth Century England, from Character and Influence of Roman Civil Law,p.232.
① P.Stein,Legal Theory and the Reform of Legal Education in Mid-nineteenth Century England,from Character and Influence of Roman Civil Law,p.231-250.
① Legal Education:a Speech Delivered in the House of Commons, on Tuesday, July 11,1871,by Selborne, Roundell Palmer, Earl of,1812-1895,publisher:Westminster:Printed by J.B. Nichols and Sons,25 Parliament Street.
②[美]罗伯特.赫钦斯：《美国高等教育》,汪利兵译,浙江教育出版社,2001年,第23、71页。
③[法]勒内.达维德：《当代主要法律体系》,漆竹生译,上海译文出版社,1984年,第23页。
① P.Stein,Legal Theory and the Reform of Legal Education in Mid-nineteenth Century England, from Character and Influence of Roman Civil Law,p.231-250.
② P.Stein,Legal Theory and the Reform of Legal Education in Mid-nineteenth Century England, from Character and Influence of Roman Civil Law,p.231-250.
① W.Holdsworth,A History of English Law,vol.15,London,1965,p.237.
① W.S.Holdworth,the Place of English History on the Education of English Lawyers,Columbia law review, vol.10,no.8,1910.
② Philip Anstle Smith,A history of education for the English bar with suggestions as to subjects and methods of study,London:butterworths,7,fleet street,1860,p.171.
③ Philip Anstle Smith,A history of education for the English bar with suggestions as to subjects and methods of study,London:butterworths,7,fleet street,1860,p.173.
① Philip Anstle Smith,A history of education for the English bar with suggestions as to subjects and methods of study,London:butterworths,7,fleet street,1860,p.174.
② Philip Anstle Smith,A history of education for the English bar with suggestions as to subjects and methods of study,London:butterworths,7,fleet street,1860,p.177.
① Philip Anstle Smith,A history of education for the English bar with suggestions as to subjects and methods of study,London:butterworths,7,fleet street,1860,p.178.
② Philip Anstle Smith,A history of education for the English bar with suggestions as to subjects and methods of study,London:butterworths,7,fleet street,1860,p.179.
①本实例分析主要参考Wesley Pue,Guild Training vs Professional Education:the Committee on Legal Education and the Law Department of Queen's College,Birmingham in the 1850s,the American journal of legal history,vol.33,1989.
①E.Edwards,Personal Recollections of Birmingham and Birmingham Men,Birmingham,1877,p.134.
②Conrad Gill,History of Birmingham,London,Oxford university press,1952,p.37.
③Charles Ran Kennedy,Address to the Mutual Law Association,Birmingham,1852,p.4.
① Charles Ran Kennedy,Address to the Mutual Law Association,Birmingham,1852,p.66. circular,no.8,1855.
② J.Bulmer,upon the Present State of the Legal Profession in England,metropolitan and provincial law association
① Aris's Birmingham Gazette,13.Oct.1851.
② Aris's Birmingham Gazette,5.Oct.1857.
③ Supplement to the Birmingham Journal,10.Oct.1857.
① R.Ericson and P.Baranek,the Ordering of Justice, Toronto university press,1982.
①《马克思恩格斯全集》,第2卷,第28页。
②[意]卡洛.M.奇波拉主编：《欧洲经济史》,之卷三,商务印书馆,1989年,第2页。
③[意]卡洛.M.奇波拉主编：《欧洲经济史》,之卷三,商务印书馆,1989年,第10-11页。
④[法]保尔·芒图：《十八世纪产业革命——英国近代大工业初期的概况》,商务印书馆,1983年,第273页。
①[德]马克斯·韦伯：《论经济与社会中的法律》,张乃根译,中国大百科全书出版社,1998年,第101页。
②李猛：《除魔的世界与禁欲者的守护神：韦伯社会理论中的英国法问题》,《思想与社会》第一辑,上海人民出版社,2001年,第209页。
①程汉大：《英国法制史》,齐鲁书社,2001年,第377页。
①[加]莱纳兹：《教育的各种职能》,瞿葆奎主编,人民教育出版社,1989年,第89页。
②[英]塞缪尔·斯迈尔斯：《自助者天助》,王轶博译,中国长安出版社,2009年。塞缪尔·斯迈尔斯(1812—1904)是英国十九世纪伟大的道德学家,他写过许多脍炙人口的人生随笔作品,如《自助者天助》、《品格的力量》、《金钱与人生》、《人生的职责》等,这些作品在全球畅销一百多年而不衰,改变了亿万人民的命运,塑造了近现代西方道德文明的精神风貌。他的这几部人生丛书被誉为“个人奋斗的精神标本”、“高贵情操的精神堡垒。”《自助者天助》刚刚出版就受到英国和世界各地的广泛关注。到1910年,该书已重版34次。在美国,《自助者天助》一经于英国问世,美国就马上出现盗版,甚至泛滥成灾。在日本,访书刚刚进入书店,即为读者所蜂拥抢购。
①任钟印：《世界教育名著通览》,湖北教育出版社,1994年,第799页。
① Roscoe Pound,the Law School and the Professional Tradition, Michigan law review,vol.24,no.2,1925.
② T. C.Fischer,Legal EducationLaw Practice,and the Economy:A New England Study,Littleton,1990,p.15.
① F.H.Lawson,the Oxford Law School,1850-1965,Oxford,1968,p.13.
② F.H.Lawson,the Oxford Law School,1850-1965,Oxford,1968,p.15.
③[日]大木雅夫：《比较法》,范愉译,法律出版社,1999年,第256页。
④ Walter Bagehot,Literary Studies by the Late Walter Bagehot(1905),Longmans,P.251-279.
① Walter Bagehot,Literary Studies by the Late Walter Bagehot (1905),Longmans, P.251-279.
② A.V.Dicey:Can English Law be Taught at the Universities?London:Macmillan,1883.
① A.V.Dicey,Can English Law be Taught at the Universities?London:Macmillan,1883.
① A.V.Dicey,Can English Law be Taught at the Universities?London:Macmillan,1883.
② P.Stein,Legal Theory and the Reform of Legal Education in Mid-nineteenth Century England, from Character and Influence of Roman Civil Law,p.231-250.
① Magali Sarfatti Larson, The Rise of Professionalism:A Sociological Analysis, Berkeley:University of California Press,1977, p.6.
① J.Austin,The Province of Jurisprudence Determined,Weidenfeld & Nicholson,London,1954,p.13.
①蒂鲍,A.F.Thibaut,1772-1840,德国法学家,以温和的理性主义精神坚持自然法传统,是德国哲理法学派的领袖人物。他主张编纂德国民法典,这反映了拿破仑战争之后德国民族主义的兴起。但是这一主张遭到了德国历史法学派领袖萨维尼的强烈反对,引起了激烈的争论。蒂鲍的著作有《罗马法的逻辑解释的理论》(1799),《罗马法制度》(1803)。《罗马法制度》一书的总论英译名为《法理学研究导论》。
①M.H.Hoeflich Athens,Roman and Civil Law and the Development of Anglo-American Jurisprudence in the Nineteenth Century,University of Georgia Press,1997,p.138.
②P.Stein,Legal Theory and the Reform of Legal Education in Mid-nineteenth Century Englan,from Character and Influence of Roman Civil Law,p.231-250.
①H.G.Hanbury,the Vinerial Chair and Legal Education,Oxford,1958,p.246.
②A.V.Dicey,The Extension of Law Teaching at Oxford,law review, vol.24,no.1,1910.
①N. Harte,the University of London,1836-1986, The Athlone Press Ltd, London,1986,p.173.
②王承绪：《伦敦大学》,湖南教育出版社,1995年,第209页。
① N. Harte,the University of London,1836-1986, The Athlone Press Ltd, London,1986,p.183.
② F.H.Lawson,the Oxford Law School,1850-1965,Oxford,1968,p.74.
③ C.H. Fifoot,Judge and Jjurist in the Reign of Victoria,London,Stenens,1959,p.27.
① M.H.Hoeflich,Roman and Civil Law and the Development of Anglo-American Jurisprudence in the 19th Century,the university of Georgia press.p.134-135.
② F.H.Lawson,the Oxford Law School,1850-1965,Oxford,1968,p.96-98.
①[英]戴雪：《英宪精义》,雷宾南译,中国法制出版社,2001年,第244-245页。
② H.G.Hanbury,The Vinerial Chair and Legal Education,Oxford,1958,P.100.
③ H.G.Hanbury,The Vinerial Chair and Legal Education,Oxford,1958,P.184.
①以上主要法学家的教育活动可以参考：H.G.Hanbury,The Vinerial Chair and Legal Education,Oxford,1958; F.H.Lawson,the Oxford Law School,1850-1965,Oxford,1968.
① F.H.Lawson,the Oxford Law School,1850-1965,Oxford,1968,p.69.
③ Philip Anstle Smith,A History of Education for the English Bar with Suggestions as to Subjects and
② Daniel Duman,Pathway to Professionalism:the English Bar in the 18th and 19th Centuries,Journal of social history,vol.13,no.4,1980. Methods of Study,London:Butterworths,7,fleet street,1860,p.187.
① H.S.Richards,Legal Education in Great Britain,Washtington,1915, p.8.
② Philip Anstle Smith,A History of Education for the English Bar with Suggestions as to Subjects and Methods of Study,London:butterworths,7,fleet street,1860,p.189.
③ Philip Anstle Smith,A History of Education for the English Bar with Suggestions as to Subjects and Methods of Study,London:butterworths,7,fleet street,1860,p.191.
① C. Gregory, A Movement in English Llegal Education, Harvard law review,vol.10,no.7,1897.
② C. Gregory, A Movement in English Legal Education,Harvard law review,vol.10,no.7,1897.
① Daniel Duman,Pathway to Professionalism:the English Bar in the 18th and 19th Centuries, Journal of Social History,vol.13,no.4,1980.
② Daniel Duman,Pathway to Professionalism:the English Bar in the 18th and 19th Centuries, Journal of Social History,vol.13,no.4,1980.
③ H.G.Hanbury,The Vinerial Chair and Legal Education,Oxford,1958,P.243.
① C. Gregory,A Movement in English Legal Education,Harvard law review,vol.10,no.7,1897,p.418-427. review,vol.10,no.8,1910.
② W.S.Holdsworth,the Place of English History on the Education of English Lawyers, Columbia law
①程汉大、李培锋：《英国司法制度史》,清华大学出版社,2007年,第249页。
① William Twining,Thinking about Law Schools:Rutland Review,Journal of law and society,vol.25,no.1,1998.
①[美]丹尼尔·布尔斯廷：《美国人：开拓历程》,北京三联书店,1993年,第234页。
② Kahn-Freund,Reflections on Legal Education,modem law review,vol.29,no.2,1966.
③彭小云主编：《牛津大学》,军事谊文出版社,2007年,第80页。
① N.Harte,the University of London,1836-1986,P.286.
①[日]大木雅夫：《比较法》,范愉译,法律出版社,1999年,第390页。
①[日]大木雅夫：《比较法》,范愉译,法律出版社,1999年,第255页。
② P. Anstle Smith,A History of Education for the English Bar with Suggestions as to Subjects and Methods of Study,London:butterworths,7,fleet street,1860,p.194.
③ H.S.Richards,LegalEducation in Great Britain, Washington,1915,p.17.
④ F.H.Lawson,the Oxford Law School,1850-1965,Oxford,1968,p.7.
① P. Anstle Smith,A History of Education for the English Bar with Suggestions as to Subjects and Methods of Study,London:butterworths,7,fleet street,1860,p.196.
① H.S.Richards,Legal Education in Great Britain, Washtington,1915,p.14
① F.H.Lawson,the Oxford Law School,1850-1965,Oxford,1968,p.112.
① H.S.Richards,Legal Education in Great Britain,Washtington,1915,p.10.
① H.S.Richards,Legal Education in Great Britain,Washtington,1915,p.15
① H.S.Richards,Legal Education in Great Britain,Washtington,1915,p.7.
① Ricard Posner,Overcoming Law, Harvard University Press,1995.P.37-38.
②李猛：《除魔的世界与禁欲者的守护神：韦伯社会理论中的英国法问题》,《思想与社会》第一辑,上海人民出版社,2001年,第205页。
①[美]爱德华.S.考文：《美国宪法的高级法背景》,强世功译,生活读书新知三联书店,1996年,第33-35页。
②[英]托马斯·霍布斯：《哲学家与英格兰法律家的对话》,姚中秋译,上海三联书店,2006年,第205页。
③主要参考：Daniel Duman,Pathway to Professionalism:the English Bar in the 18th and 19th Century,Journal of social history,vol.13,no.4,1980.
① Daniel Duman,Pathway to Professionalism:the English Bar in the 18th and 19th Century,Journal of social history,vol.13,no.4,1980.
② Daniel Duman,Pathway to Professionalism:the English Bar in the 18th and 19th Century,Journal of social history,vol.13,no.4,1980.
① A Century of Law Reform:12 Lectures on the Changes in Law of England during the 19th Century:Delivered at the Request of the Council for Legal Education,London,1901,选自W.Blake Odgers:Changes in the Common Law and in the Law of Persons, in the Legal Profession and in Legal Education(1900-11-8).
② J.H.Baker,An Introduction to English Legal History,London,Butterworths,p.149.
③ J.H.Baker,University College and Legal Education,1826-1976,current legal problems,London,Stevens & Sons,1977.
① H.S.Richards,Legal Education in Great Britain,Washtington,1915,p.20.
① Patrick Mcouslan,the Coming Crisis in Legal Education,Journal of law and society,vol.16,no.3,1989.
① Philip Anstle Smith,A History of Education for the Eenglish Bar with Suggestions as to Subjects and Methods of Study, London:butterworths,7,fleet street,1860,p.200.
②苏力：《送法下乡》,中国政法大学出版社,2002年,第6页。
③克里斯托弗·沃尔夫：《司法能动主义》,黄金荣译,中国政法大学出版社,2004年,第1页。
①[美]本杰明·卡多佐：《司法过程的性质》,苏力译,商务印书馆,2003年,第9页。
②[美]博西格诺： 《法律之门》,华夏出版社,2007年,第444页。
① H.G.Hanbury,The vinerial chair and Legal education,Oxford,1958,p244.
①丁建弘主编：《发达国家的现代化道路：一种历史社会学的研究》,北京大学出版社,1999年,第2页。
①侯强：《中国近代法律教育转型与社会变迁研究》,中国社会科学出版社,2008年,第13页。
① Legal education in England and Wales,the international and comparative law quarterly,vol.20,1971.
① Martin partington, Academic Lawyers and Legal Practice in Britain:a Preliminary Reappraisal, journal of law and society,vol,15,no,4,1988,p.374-391.
②郭成伟：《法学教育的现状与未来》,中国法制出版社,2000年,第37页。
③程汉大、李培峰：《英国司法制度史》,清华大学出版社,2007年,第234页。
①何勤华：《西方法学史》,中国政法大学出版社,1996年,第296页。
② Neil Kibble,Access to Legal Education and Legal Profession in England,Butterworth,1989,p.135.
③[日]大木雅夫：《比较法》,范愉译,法律出版社,1999年,第317页。
④ Andrew Boon,History is Past Politics:a Critique of the Legal Skills Movement in England and Wales,journal of law and society,vol.25,no.1,1998.
① Andrew Boon,History is Past Politics:a Critique of theLegal Skills Movement in England and Wales,journal of law and society,vol.25,no.1,1998.
② Patrical Leighton,New Wine in Old Bottles or New Wine in New Bottles?journal of law and society, vol.25,no.1,1998.