Abl interactor蛋白在p185 Bcr-Abl转化的白血病细胞和乳腺癌细胞中的功能研究
摘要
恶性肿瘤发生转移需要经历一系列的复杂动态过程,其发生机制仍不甚清楚。研究表明,在这一过程中,癌细胞肌动蛋白细胞骨架的异常动态变化与癌细胞获得转移能力并最终导致癌症发展恶化密切相关。近年来,越来越多的证据表明揭示非受体酪氨酸激酶结合蛋白Abi在肌动蛋白细胞骨架动态中发挥重要的调控作用。
Abi蛋白家族最早因为其成员能与原癌蛋白c-Abl、v-Abl和BCR-Abl结合而被发现,研究证明Abi蛋白及其信号信号通路相关蛋白在癌细胞转移中发挥重要作用,Dai实验室系列研究证明Abi1可以介导p185BCR-Abl信号激活肌动蛋白调节因子WAVE2,从而在被转化变成癌细胞的小鼠祖B细胞(pro-B-cell)BaF3细胞中形成异常的细胞骨架结构,该结构提高了细胞的异常移动和黏附能力,并有助于在体内环境中癌细胞侵入其它组织,其形式和作用类似侵入伪足,因此Abi蛋白可以通过对细胞骨架动态的异常调控增强癌细胞侵润和转移的能力。但是对Abi蛋白及其调控的信号通路在各种癌细胞的运动中所起的作用还有待于进一步的研究,阐明Abi在信号转导中的作用机制对抑制癌细胞转移具有重要意义。
本论文的主要研究结果如下:
1.在造血癌细胞BaF3p185中首次实现了Abi2的重组表达
已有的研究发现在致癌基因酪氨酸磷酸激酶p185 Bcr-Abl转化的癌变细胞中,Abi2蛋白表达下调甚至完全消失,并且证明这种表达量下调的原因是由Bcr-Abl和Src酪氨酸激酶介导的翻译后蛋白泛素化修饰降解造成的。推测Abi2蛋白作为肿瘤抑制因子在白血病病理研究中发挥重要作用。为进一步探索Abi2蛋白在癌变细胞中的功能,有必要首先实现Abi2蛋白在癌变细胞中的表达。通过对abi1和abi2 cDNA序列置换,构建了融合质粒pcDNA-Myc3-Abi2NlCl和pcDNA-Myc3-Abi2MlA。经对白血病细胞的转化实验及胞内蛋白的分析检测,结果证明,pcDNA-Myc3-Abi2MlA在BaF3p185wt细胞中可以产生融合蛋白Abi2MlA,从而实现了Abi2在白血病细胞BaF3p185wt中的重新表达;同时证明了Abi2蛋白中间一段60个氨基酸序列对它的降解起重要作用。这一技术上的突破,为进一步研究Abi2蛋白在Bcr-Abl诱导的白血病发生过程中的作用机制奠定了基础。
2.首次阐明Abi2蛋白的两种异形体Abi2A和Abi2B/A具有不同的功能
Abi2A和Abi2B/A是由同一基因选择性剪接而产生的的一类蛋白质异形体。通过蛋白序列同源性比对,首次发现Abi2A由于缺少WAB结构域而不能和WAVE形成复合物(Abi/wAVE复合物在调解肌动蛋白细胞骨架运动中起重要作用),而Abi1和Abi2B/A都可以和WAVE形成复合物参与调解细胞骨架运动,这表明Abi2A具有与Abi1和Abi2B/A不同的调控功能。在乳腺癌细胞表达系MDA-MB231中,异源表达的Abi1和Abi2B/A可以提高基质金属蛋白酶MMP9基因的表达,而Abi2A不具有这种功能,这种功能差异的发现为研究Abi家族成员在肿瘤产生和转移中的作用奠定了基础。
3.首先发现参与癌细胞调控的kbi1和Abi1蛋白在G2/M期可以被细胞周期依赖的磷酸激酶CDC2过度磷酸化。
利用有丝分裂抑制剂Nocodazole将人宫颈癌细胞Hela细胞同步在细胞周期的G2/M期,通过Western和体外磷酸化实验等手段分析证明Abi在细胞G2/M期受细胞周期依赖的磷酸化激酶CDC2调控,使其在细胞周期的G2/M期被过度磷酸化,而随着有丝分裂的结束,Abi又被去磷酸化。实验结果暗示Abi可能在细胞周期调控中发挥特定的作用。
4.利用乳腺癌细胞系MDA-MB231,探讨和阐明了Abi1蛋白在肿瘤产生和转移过程中的调控作用
(1) Abi1蛋白在乳腺癌细胞中聚集在侵入伪足处
乳腺癌MDA-MB231细胞在肿瘤转移的情况下可以产生侵入伪足结构,在显微镜下表现为肌动蛋白F-actin聚集的斑点状结构(puncta),并能够原位消化绿色荧光偶联的明胶涂层。通过构建表达GFP-Abi1融合蛋白的反转录病毒载体,并将该质粒和表达GFP的对照质粒分别导入到MDA-MB231细胞中,在荧光显微镜下可观察到GFP-Abi1在侵入伪足的F-actin斑点结构处也呈点状聚集分布。而转化入GFP对照质粒的细胞中,GFP则分散分布于细胞内,没有显示与侵入伪足的共定位现象。通过对cortactin的间接免疫荧光染色实验,进一步检测了Abi1与侵入伪足标记分子cortactin共定位的关系,研究表明重组蛋白GFP-Abi1能够与cortactin蛋白形成共定位关系。
(2) Abi1基因沉默影响MDA-MB231细胞侵入伪足的形成,降低MMP-9的表达并削弱其体外的ECM降解能力
为进一步证明Abi1在癌细胞MDA-MB231中侵入伪足形成中的作用,通过短发夹shRNA介导的基因沉默下调了Abi1的表达,Abi1基因沉默(Abi1 knock down,Abi1KD)的MDA-MB231中侵入伪足的形成明显减少。明胶酶谱(gelatin zymography)检测MDA-MB231Abi1KD细胞的MMP表达分泌,结果显示MDA-MB231Abi1KD细胞中MMP-9的分泌明显少于对照MDA-MB231细胞。细胞外基质(ECM)实验显示MDA-MB231Abi1KD细胞降解荧光标记的明胶涂层的能力受到了明显的削弱,说明Abi1的下调使MDA-MB231细胞体外降解ECM成分的能力降低。
(3) Abi1表达下调抑制Src的激活及ID1的表达
已有的研究证实了酪氨酸激酶Src的激活在MDA-MB231细胞的侵入伪足形成的调控中起着关键作用。在本研究中,通过对处于激活状态的Src(第416位酪氨酸被磷酸化的Src分子)的Western分析,在MDA-MB231Abi1KD细胞中Src活性明显降低,用Src的抑制剂PP2对MDA-MB231细胞进行了处理,PP2的处理使MDA-MB231细胞侵入伪足的形成受到了明显抑制。结合Abi1的下调也可以降低细胞侵入伪足的形成,可以推测Abi1的下调可能是通过导致对Src激活的抑制,来影响侵入伪足的形成的。研究结果还显示,Abi1基因的沉默还可以降低细胞生长调节基因产物ID1蛋白的表达。
(4) Abi1的表达下调抑制了MDA-MB231细胞的移动和侵润
为了进一步证明Abi对癌细胞的调控作用,我们在NOD/SCID小鼠中使用了肾脏包膜下肿瘤细胞移植模型来评价Abi表达的下调能否影响MDA-MB231细胞在体内对器官的侵润。研究结果表明,在移植六周之后,被植入左肾的MDA-MB231对照细胞长成了非常明显的肿瘤,充满肿瘤组织的左肾与作为对照的右肾的平均重量比值为4.16。与此对比明显的是,接种相同数量的MDA-MB231Abi1KD细胞只在其植入的左肾中长成了有限体积的肿瘤组织,带瘤肾与正常右肾的的平均重量比仅为1.13,说明MDA-MB231Abi1KD细胞在体内形成的肿瘤显著小于MDA-MB231对照细胞形成的肿瘤。对带瘤肾脏的组织病理学分析显示,MDA-MB231对照细胞对肾脏组织产生了明显侵润,而MDA-MB231Abi1KD细胞长成的肿瘤未能对肾脏组织造成明显侵入。
Ab1 interactor(Abi) is a key regulator of actin polymerization/depolymerization.The involvement of Abi in the development of abnormal cytoskeletal functions of cancer cells has recently been reported.Bcr-Ab1 downregulating Abi2 expression in hematopoietic cells is already known.In this study,we mapped the protein sequence required for Abi2 degradation.We found the different isoforms of Abi may play different role in cell processes. Abi1 and Abi2B/A could increase the MMP9 and ID1 expression in breast cancer cells,whereas Abi2A couldn't.Also we report here a novel function for Abi1 in the regulation of invadopodia formation and Src-Id1-matrix metalloproteinase 9(MMP-9) pathway in MDA-MB231 human breast cancer cells.Abi1 is found in the invadopodia of MDA-MB231 cells.Epigenetic silencing of the Abi1 gene by short hairpin RNA(shRNA) in MDA-MB231 cells impaired the formation of invadopodia and resulted in down-regulation of the Scr activation and Id1/MMP-9 expression.The decreased invadopodia formation and MMP-9 expression correlate with a reduction in the ability of these cells to degrade extracellular matrix (ECM).Remarkably,the knockdown of Abi1 expression inhibited tumor cell proliferation and migration in vitro,and slowed tumor growth in vivo.Taken together,these results indicate that the Abi1 signaling plays a critical role in breast cancer progression and suggest that this pathway may serve as a therapeutic target for the treatment of human breast cancer.
Abi蛋白家族最早因为其成员能与原癌蛋白c-Abl、v-Abl和BCR-Abl结合而被发现,研究证明Abi蛋白及其信号信号通路相关蛋白在癌细胞转移中发挥重要作用,Dai实验室系列研究证明Abi1可以介导p185BCR-Abl信号激活肌动蛋白调节因子WAVE2,从而在被转化变成癌细胞的小鼠祖B细胞(pro-B-cell)BaF3细胞中形成异常的细胞骨架结构,该结构提高了细胞的异常移动和黏附能力,并有助于在体内环境中癌细胞侵入其它组织,其形式和作用类似侵入伪足,因此Abi蛋白可以通过对细胞骨架动态的异常调控增强癌细胞侵润和转移的能力。但是对Abi蛋白及其调控的信号通路在各种癌细胞的运动中所起的作用还有待于进一步的研究,阐明Abi在信号转导中的作用机制对抑制癌细胞转移具有重要意义。
本论文的主要研究结果如下:
1.在造血癌细胞BaF3p185中首次实现了Abi2的重组表达
已有的研究发现在致癌基因酪氨酸磷酸激酶p185 Bcr-Abl转化的癌变细胞中,Abi2蛋白表达下调甚至完全消失,并且证明这种表达量下调的原因是由Bcr-Abl和Src酪氨酸激酶介导的翻译后蛋白泛素化修饰降解造成的。推测Abi2蛋白作为肿瘤抑制因子在白血病病理研究中发挥重要作用。为进一步探索Abi2蛋白在癌变细胞中的功能,有必要首先实现Abi2蛋白在癌变细胞中的表达。通过对abi1和abi2 cDNA序列置换,构建了融合质粒pcDNA-Myc3-Abi2NlCl和pcDNA-Myc3-Abi2MlA。经对白血病细胞的转化实验及胞内蛋白的分析检测,结果证明,pcDNA-Myc3-Abi2MlA在BaF3p185wt细胞中可以产生融合蛋白Abi2MlA,从而实现了Abi2在白血病细胞BaF3p185wt中的重新表达;同时证明了Abi2蛋白中间一段60个氨基酸序列对它的降解起重要作用。这一技术上的突破,为进一步研究Abi2蛋白在Bcr-Abl诱导的白血病发生过程中的作用机制奠定了基础。
2.首次阐明Abi2蛋白的两种异形体Abi2A和Abi2B/A具有不同的功能
Abi2A和Abi2B/A是由同一基因选择性剪接而产生的的一类蛋白质异形体。通过蛋白序列同源性比对,首次发现Abi2A由于缺少WAB结构域而不能和WAVE形成复合物(Abi/wAVE复合物在调解肌动蛋白细胞骨架运动中起重要作用),而Abi1和Abi2B/A都可以和WAVE形成复合物参与调解细胞骨架运动,这表明Abi2A具有与Abi1和Abi2B/A不同的调控功能。在乳腺癌细胞表达系MDA-MB231中,异源表达的Abi1和Abi2B/A可以提高基质金属蛋白酶MMP9基因的表达,而Abi2A不具有这种功能,这种功能差异的发现为研究Abi家族成员在肿瘤产生和转移中的作用奠定了基础。
3.首先发现参与癌细胞调控的kbi1和Abi1蛋白在G2/M期可以被细胞周期依赖的磷酸激酶CDC2过度磷酸化。
利用有丝分裂抑制剂Nocodazole将人宫颈癌细胞Hela细胞同步在细胞周期的G2/M期,通过Western和体外磷酸化实验等手段分析证明Abi在细胞G2/M期受细胞周期依赖的磷酸化激酶CDC2调控,使其在细胞周期的G2/M期被过度磷酸化,而随着有丝分裂的结束,Abi又被去磷酸化。实验结果暗示Abi可能在细胞周期调控中发挥特定的作用。
4.利用乳腺癌细胞系MDA-MB231,探讨和阐明了Abi1蛋白在肿瘤产生和转移过程中的调控作用
(1) Abi1蛋白在乳腺癌细胞中聚集在侵入伪足处
乳腺癌MDA-MB231细胞在肿瘤转移的情况下可以产生侵入伪足结构,在显微镜下表现为肌动蛋白F-actin聚集的斑点状结构(puncta),并能够原位消化绿色荧光偶联的明胶涂层。通过构建表达GFP-Abi1融合蛋白的反转录病毒载体,并将该质粒和表达GFP的对照质粒分别导入到MDA-MB231细胞中,在荧光显微镜下可观察到GFP-Abi1在侵入伪足的F-actin斑点结构处也呈点状聚集分布。而转化入GFP对照质粒的细胞中,GFP则分散分布于细胞内,没有显示与侵入伪足的共定位现象。通过对cortactin的间接免疫荧光染色实验,进一步检测了Abi1与侵入伪足标记分子cortactin共定位的关系,研究表明重组蛋白GFP-Abi1能够与cortactin蛋白形成共定位关系。
(2) Abi1基因沉默影响MDA-MB231细胞侵入伪足的形成,降低MMP-9的表达并削弱其体外的ECM降解能力
为进一步证明Abi1在癌细胞MDA-MB231中侵入伪足形成中的作用,通过短发夹shRNA介导的基因沉默下调了Abi1的表达,Abi1基因沉默(Abi1 knock down,Abi1KD)的MDA-MB231中侵入伪足的形成明显减少。明胶酶谱(gelatin zymography)检测MDA-MB231Abi1KD细胞的MMP表达分泌,结果显示MDA-MB231Abi1KD细胞中MMP-9的分泌明显少于对照MDA-MB231细胞。细胞外基质(ECM)实验显示MDA-MB231Abi1KD细胞降解荧光标记的明胶涂层的能力受到了明显的削弱,说明Abi1的下调使MDA-MB231细胞体外降解ECM成分的能力降低。
(3) Abi1表达下调抑制Src的激活及ID1的表达
已有的研究证实了酪氨酸激酶Src的激活在MDA-MB231细胞的侵入伪足形成的调控中起着关键作用。在本研究中,通过对处于激活状态的Src(第416位酪氨酸被磷酸化的Src分子)的Western分析,在MDA-MB231Abi1KD细胞中Src活性明显降低,用Src的抑制剂PP2对MDA-MB231细胞进行了处理,PP2的处理使MDA-MB231细胞侵入伪足的形成受到了明显抑制。结合Abi1的下调也可以降低细胞侵入伪足的形成,可以推测Abi1的下调可能是通过导致对Src激活的抑制,来影响侵入伪足的形成的。研究结果还显示,Abi1基因的沉默还可以降低细胞生长调节基因产物ID1蛋白的表达。
(4) Abi1的表达下调抑制了MDA-MB231细胞的移动和侵润
为了进一步证明Abi对癌细胞的调控作用,我们在NOD/SCID小鼠中使用了肾脏包膜下肿瘤细胞移植模型来评价Abi表达的下调能否影响MDA-MB231细胞在体内对器官的侵润。研究结果表明,在移植六周之后,被植入左肾的MDA-MB231对照细胞长成了非常明显的肿瘤,充满肿瘤组织的左肾与作为对照的右肾的平均重量比值为4.16。与此对比明显的是,接种相同数量的MDA-MB231Abi1KD细胞只在其植入的左肾中长成了有限体积的肿瘤组织,带瘤肾与正常右肾的的平均重量比仅为1.13,说明MDA-MB231Abi1KD细胞在体内形成的肿瘤显著小于MDA-MB231对照细胞形成的肿瘤。对带瘤肾脏的组织病理学分析显示,MDA-MB231对照细胞对肾脏组织产生了明显侵润,而MDA-MB231Abi1KD细胞长成的肿瘤未能对肾脏组织造成明显侵入。
Ab1 interactor(Abi) is a key regulator of actin polymerization/depolymerization.The involvement of Abi in the development of abnormal cytoskeletal functions of cancer cells has recently been reported.Bcr-Ab1 downregulating Abi2 expression in hematopoietic cells is already known.In this study,we mapped the protein sequence required for Abi2 degradation.We found the different isoforms of Abi may play different role in cell processes. Abi1 and Abi2B/A could increase the MMP9 and ID1 expression in breast cancer cells,whereas Abi2A couldn't.Also we report here a novel function for Abi1 in the regulation of invadopodia formation and Src-Id1-matrix metalloproteinase 9(MMP-9) pathway in MDA-MB231 human breast cancer cells.Abi1 is found in the invadopodia of MDA-MB231 cells.Epigenetic silencing of the Abi1 gene by short hairpin RNA(shRNA) in MDA-MB231 cells impaired the formation of invadopodia and resulted in down-regulation of the Scr activation and Id1/MMP-9 expression.The decreased invadopodia formation and MMP-9 expression correlate with a reduction in the ability of these cells to degrade extracellular matrix (ECM).Remarkably,the knockdown of Abi1 expression inhibited tumor cell proliferation and migration in vitro,and slowed tumor growth in vivo.Taken together,these results indicate that the Abi1 signaling plays a critical role in breast cancer progression and suggest that this pathway may serve as a therapeutic target for the treatment of human breast cancer.
引文
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