基于PD方法的空间相机位相信息反演技术研究
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摘要
空间相机在军事侦察、气象观测、海洋探测、资源调查与环境监测、天文、测绘、灾害预测等诸多领域发挥着不可替代的重要作用，是国家安全、科学研究不可或缺的重要手段。然而发射过程中的振动、冲击和在轨运行时复杂的空间环境可能造成空间相机成像质量的下降。如何控制力、热因素造成的波前畸变是保证空间相机在轨成像质量的重要问题。目前采取的一些热控、调焦措施，结构复杂，却达不到理想效果。
为了能够提高空间相机的在轨成像质量，论文研究了基于PD方法的波前位相信息反演技术。通过相机所采集的图像解算光学系统的波前像差，构建相机在轨成像时的退化函数，为图像复原提供可靠的依据，同时也可以进行离焦检测，指导相机在轨调焦。论文的主要内容包括以下四部分：
1、对PD方法的评价函数进行改进，对PD方法解算光学系统波前像差进行了初步模拟仿真。
在PD方法理论推导的基础上，增加了Tikhonov正则项，改善了PD方法对于噪声的适应性；针对波前RMS值分别为0.1671λ、0.2931λ和0.3304λ三种情况，选择遗传算法作为优化方法，模拟仿真了利用PD方法解算光学系统波前像差，计算精度均优于λ/100（RMS）。
2、分析PD方法的适应性，应用PD方法的计算结果进行图像复原。
深入分析PD方法计算精度与系统波前像差、波前离焦量取值的关系，PD方法的噪声适应性，离焦量误差及目标物体对比度对PD方法计算残差的影响，得到了PD方法在工程实际中的适用范围；根据PD方法的解算结果构建系统退化函数，对图像进行复原操作，并引入结构相似度方法来评价复原图像和原始图像的相似程度。
3、利用波长采样和单色光假设等思想，将PD方法的应用领域拓展为宽光谱照明。
针对单色光下的PD方法进行理论改进，采用波长采样的方法，使之拓展为适应宽光谱照明的PD方法，分析了宽光谱照明下PD方法的波长采样策略；模拟分析了不同波长采样情况下PD方法的解算精度和复原图像与原始图像的相似程度；针对光谱宽度不太宽的情形，提出了单色光假设，模拟分析了单色光假设时，不同光谱宽度情况下PD方法的解算精度和复原图像与原始图像的相似程度。
4、针对单色光条件下的PD方法和宽光谱下的PD方法进行实验验证。
基于之前的模拟分析，进行如下三个实验：○1利用PD方法检测离轴三反光学系统的波前误差，与干涉检验的结果相比，PD方法检测结果的相对偏差仅为0.37%，根据PD方法检测结果复原的图像质量有了明显提高；○2利用数码相机验证宽光谱照明下的PD方法，对不同的分辨率板进行成像实验，PD方法解算结果的重复性较好，所得系统波前像差约为0.2λ（RMS）；○3利用光学系统外场成像实验验证宽光谱下的PD方法，解算得到光学系统波像差约为λ/13（RMS），计算的探测器理想位置与外场成像时确定的焦面位置基本一致。
本论文的研究工作围绕着基于PD方法的空间相机位相信息反演技术，完成了PD方法评价函数的改进、PD方法的适应性分析、将PD方法的应用领域拓展为宽光谱照明，模拟仿真了波长采样和单色光假设时PD方法解算光学系统波前像差，最后利用利用离轴三反光学系统的波前检测验证了单色光条件下的PD方法，利用数码相机成像实验和空间相机外场成像实验验证宽光谱照明下的PD方法，充分验证了PD方法在单色光照明和宽光谱照明条件下解算光学系统波前位相信息的可行性。
It is important to maintain the high quality of space-borne cameras in orbit,because the environments of space are very risky and the image quality may bedegraded because of force and heat reasons. Traditional thermal and misfocus controltechnology are very complex with large source reqiremnts and limited effect.
In order to improve the image quality of space camera in orbit, a phase retrievalmethod based on phase diversity (PD) is proposed to be applied to space opticalsystem in this dissertation. The wavefront aberration of optical system can be solvedby the images gained by space cameras, and the degraded function of space cameracan be reconstructed. At the same time, the misfocus can be tested and the imsfocus ofspace camera can be adjusted. There are mainly four contents in this dissertation:
1. The improvement of merit function of traditional PD method, and thesimulation of solving wavefront aberration of optical system by PD method.
On the basis of traditional theory of PD method, the Tikhonov regularizationfunction is increased, and the noise adaptability of PD method is improved. Thegenetic algorithm is selected, and solving wavefront aberration of optical system byPD method is simulated. The result shows that when the RMS of wavefront aberrationare0.1671λ,0.2931λ and0.3304λ, the presicion of calculation are all less than λ/100(RMS).
2. The adaptability analysis of traditional PD method, and the image restrorationbased on the calculation result by PD method.
The relationships between the calculation precision and wavefront aberration ofsystem, wavefront defocus are analyzed. Also, the noise adaptability of PD method isanalyzed, and the effect of the defocus error and the contrast of target on thecalculation residual error of PD method are also analyzed. Furthermore, the imagesare restored according to the degraded function reconstructed by the calculation resultof PD method, and the structure similarity is introduced to evaluate the similarity ofrestored images and initial images.
3. According to the wavelength sampling and monochromatic light assumption,expanding the traditional PD method to broadband illumination condition.
In order to expand the traditional PD method to broadband illumination condition,the traditional theory of PD method is improved by wavelength sampling method. Thestrategy of wavelength sampling is analyzed. Also, the calculation precision and thesimilarity of restored image and initial image are analyzed when the wavelengthsamplings are different. Furthermore, when the width of spectrum is small, themonochromatic light assumption is proposed. The calculation precision and thesimilarity of restored image and initial image are simulated when the widths ofspectrum are different.
4. The experimental validation of traditional PD method and PD broadbandillumination.
Based on the former simulation and analysis, the following three experiments arecarried out: Firstly, the wavefront error of an off-axis three-mirror anastigmaticsystem is tested by traditional PD method. Compared to the interferometric testingresult, the relative deviation of PD result is only0.37%, and the quality of imagerestored by calculation result of PD method is obviously improved; Secondly, the PDwith broadband illumination is verified by digital camera. When different resolutionboards are selected, the results solved by PD method have good repeatability, and thewavefront aberration is about0.2λ (RMS); At last, the PD with broadbandillumination is verified by outfield imaging experiment of optical system. The wavefront aberration of optical system solved by PD method is about λ/13(RMS), theideal position of detector calculated by PD and the detector position confirmed inexperiment are basically the same.
In this dissertation the phase retrieval in space-borne camera based on phasediversity is presented, including the improvement of merit function in traditional PDmethod, the adaptability analysis of traditional PD method, expanding the PD methodto broadband illumination, the simulation of PD method when the wavelengthsampling and the monochromatic light assumption is introduced respectively.Furthermore, the traditional PD method is verified by the wavefront testing of TMAoptical system, and the PD with broadband illumination are verified by the digitalcamera imaging experiment and the outfield imaging experiment of space camera. Itcan be concluded that it is feasible for PD method to solve the wavefront error ofoptical system when there is monochromatic light illumination or broadband spectrumillumination.
为了能够提高空间相机的在轨成像质量，论文研究了基于PD方法的波前位相信息反演技术。通过相机所采集的图像解算光学系统的波前像差，构建相机在轨成像时的退化函数，为图像复原提供可靠的依据，同时也可以进行离焦检测，指导相机在轨调焦。论文的主要内容包括以下四部分：
1、对PD方法的评价函数进行改进，对PD方法解算光学系统波前像差进行了初步模拟仿真。
在PD方法理论推导的基础上，增加了Tikhonov正则项，改善了PD方法对于噪声的适应性；针对波前RMS值分别为0.1671λ、0.2931λ和0.3304λ三种情况，选择遗传算法作为优化方法，模拟仿真了利用PD方法解算光学系统波前像差，计算精度均优于λ/100（RMS）。
2、分析PD方法的适应性，应用PD方法的计算结果进行图像复原。
深入分析PD方法计算精度与系统波前像差、波前离焦量取值的关系，PD方法的噪声适应性，离焦量误差及目标物体对比度对PD方法计算残差的影响，得到了PD方法在工程实际中的适用范围；根据PD方法的解算结果构建系统退化函数，对图像进行复原操作，并引入结构相似度方法来评价复原图像和原始图像的相似程度。
3、利用波长采样和单色光假设等思想，将PD方法的应用领域拓展为宽光谱照明。
针对单色光下的PD方法进行理论改进，采用波长采样的方法，使之拓展为适应宽光谱照明的PD方法，分析了宽光谱照明下PD方法的波长采样策略；模拟分析了不同波长采样情况下PD方法的解算精度和复原图像与原始图像的相似程度；针对光谱宽度不太宽的情形，提出了单色光假设，模拟分析了单色光假设时，不同光谱宽度情况下PD方法的解算精度和复原图像与原始图像的相似程度。
4、针对单色光条件下的PD方法和宽光谱下的PD方法进行实验验证。
基于之前的模拟分析，进行如下三个实验：○1利用PD方法检测离轴三反光学系统的波前误差，与干涉检验的结果相比，PD方法检测结果的相对偏差仅为0.37%，根据PD方法检测结果复原的图像质量有了明显提高；○2利用数码相机验证宽光谱照明下的PD方法，对不同的分辨率板进行成像实验，PD方法解算结果的重复性较好，所得系统波前像差约为0.2λ（RMS）；○3利用光学系统外场成像实验验证宽光谱下的PD方法，解算得到光学系统波像差约为λ/13（RMS），计算的探测器理想位置与外场成像时确定的焦面位置基本一致。
本论文的研究工作围绕着基于PD方法的空间相机位相信息反演技术，完成了PD方法评价函数的改进、PD方法的适应性分析、将PD方法的应用领域拓展为宽光谱照明，模拟仿真了波长采样和单色光假设时PD方法解算光学系统波前像差，最后利用利用离轴三反光学系统的波前检测验证了单色光条件下的PD方法，利用数码相机成像实验和空间相机外场成像实验验证宽光谱照明下的PD方法，充分验证了PD方法在单色光照明和宽光谱照明条件下解算光学系统波前位相信息的可行性。
It is important to maintain the high quality of space-borne cameras in orbit,because the environments of space are very risky and the image quality may bedegraded because of force and heat reasons. Traditional thermal and misfocus controltechnology are very complex with large source reqiremnts and limited effect.
In order to improve the image quality of space camera in orbit, a phase retrievalmethod based on phase diversity (PD) is proposed to be applied to space opticalsystem in this dissertation. The wavefront aberration of optical system can be solvedby the images gained by space cameras, and the degraded function of space cameracan be reconstructed. At the same time, the misfocus can be tested and the imsfocus ofspace camera can be adjusted. There are mainly four contents in this dissertation:
1. The improvement of merit function of traditional PD method, and thesimulation of solving wavefront aberration of optical system by PD method.
On the basis of traditional theory of PD method, the Tikhonov regularizationfunction is increased, and the noise adaptability of PD method is improved. Thegenetic algorithm is selected, and solving wavefront aberration of optical system byPD method is simulated. The result shows that when the RMS of wavefront aberrationare0.1671λ,0.2931λ and0.3304λ, the presicion of calculation are all less than λ/100(RMS).
2. The adaptability analysis of traditional PD method, and the image restrorationbased on the calculation result by PD method.
The relationships between the calculation precision and wavefront aberration ofsystem, wavefront defocus are analyzed. Also, the noise adaptability of PD method isanalyzed, and the effect of the defocus error and the contrast of target on thecalculation residual error of PD method are also analyzed. Furthermore, the imagesare restored according to the degraded function reconstructed by the calculation resultof PD method, and the structure similarity is introduced to evaluate the similarity ofrestored images and initial images.
3. According to the wavelength sampling and monochromatic light assumption,expanding the traditional PD method to broadband illumination condition.
In order to expand the traditional PD method to broadband illumination condition,the traditional theory of PD method is improved by wavelength sampling method. Thestrategy of wavelength sampling is analyzed. Also, the calculation precision and thesimilarity of restored image and initial image are analyzed when the wavelengthsamplings are different. Furthermore, when the width of spectrum is small, themonochromatic light assumption is proposed. The calculation precision and thesimilarity of restored image and initial image are simulated when the widths ofspectrum are different.
4. The experimental validation of traditional PD method and PD broadbandillumination.
Based on the former simulation and analysis, the following three experiments arecarried out: Firstly, the wavefront error of an off-axis three-mirror anastigmaticsystem is tested by traditional PD method. Compared to the interferometric testingresult, the relative deviation of PD result is only0.37%, and the quality of imagerestored by calculation result of PD method is obviously improved; Secondly, the PDwith broadband illumination is verified by digital camera. When different resolutionboards are selected, the results solved by PD method have good repeatability, and thewavefront aberration is about0.2λ (RMS); At last, the PD with broadbandillumination is verified by outfield imaging experiment of optical system. The wavefront aberration of optical system solved by PD method is about λ/13(RMS), theideal position of detector calculated by PD and the detector position confirmed inexperiment are basically the same.
In this dissertation the phase retrieval in space-borne camera based on phasediversity is presented, including the improvement of merit function in traditional PDmethod, the adaptability analysis of traditional PD method, expanding the PD methodto broadband illumination, the simulation of PD method when the wavelengthsampling and the monochromatic light assumption is introduced respectively.Furthermore, the traditional PD method is verified by the wavefront testing of TMAoptical system, and the PD with broadband illumination are verified by the digitalcamera imaging experiment and the outfield imaging experiment of space camera. Itcan be concluded that it is feasible for PD method to solve the wavefront error ofoptical system when there is monochromatic light illumination or broadband spectrumillumination.
引文
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