微带反射阵研究与设计
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摘要
自从上世纪70年代末起，国际上对微带天线进行了大量的理论和实验的研究，微带天线具有低剖面，重量轻，易于制造，易于与集成电路相联接，易于赋形等诸多优点。这些研究成果不仅在军事领域，如飞机上、导弹上、火箭上等，还在商业领域，如移动卫星通信，广播卫星，全球卫星定位系统，遥感等方面有着极其广泛的应用。在微带天线中，微带反射阵由于兼有阵列天线和反射面天线的特点，而受到日益广泛的关注，特别是相控的微带反射阵，又由于具有波束扫描的优点，更成为一个研究的热点和难点。本文研制了一个在方位面产生固定波束偏移的柱形卡塞格伦式微带反射阵天线系统，并提出了相控微带反射阵单元的实现方法，基于这一初步设想，研制了一移相器。我们的方法适用于任意极化和二维扫描的情况。具体的工作主要包括以下几个方面：
1．利用HFSS软件，对加载枝节的矩形微带贴片及加载枝节的口径耦合微带贴片的反射场相位与枝节长度的关系进行了计算，并从计算结果证实了口径耦合微带贴片单元在通过延长枝节来改变其反射场相位的情况下的宽带特性。
2．研制了一个用作卡塞格伦天线系统的馈源的微带天线阵。
3．设计了一个微带反射阵柱形卡塞格伦天线系统，使该天线系统在方位面方向产生了固定的波束偏移。对整个卡塞格伦天线系统进行了加工制作与测试。
4．设计了基于3dB定向耦合器的移相器，并进行了制作与测试。证明了其可行性。
Since the late 1970s, the international antenna community has devoted much effort to the theorectical and experimental research on microstrip antenna, which offers the advantages of low profile, light weight, easy to manufacture, compatibility with integrated circuit and conformability to a shaped surface. All these research results are widely applied in military field such as aircraft, missiles and rockets but also in commercial areas such as mobile satellite communications, the broadcast satellite system, global positioning system (GPS), remote sensing. In the family of microstrip antenna, microstrip reflectarray has been given attention increasingly and widely since its combined features of array antennas and reflector antennas, especially for phased microstrip reflectarray, because of whose merit of beam scanning, became a focus and tough work. For the time being, the phased microstrip reflectarray is not popular. In this thesis, a cylindrical Cassegrain microstrip reflectarray antenna with a fixed beam deviation angle in the azimuth is designed, and an approach to realize phased microstrip reflectarray is presented. Based on the scheme, a phase shifter is designed and manufactured. Our approach is available to any cases of arbitrary polarization and can be applied for scanning in two dimensions. The detailed tasks include:
1. By using HFSS software, phases of reflected fields of stub loaded rectangular microstrip patch reflectarray and stub loaded aperture-coupled microstrip patch reflectarray are computed. The results show that the latter possesses the wide-band characteristic.
2. A microstrip array antenna is designed and manufactured to work as the feed of the Cassegrain antenna system.
3. A microstrip reflectarray cylindrical Cassegrain antenna system is designed, which has an fixed beam deviation angle in the azimuth. Then, We manufactured and tested it.
4. A phase shifter based on the 3dB directional coupler is designed, manufactured, measured and validated.
1．利用HFSS软件，对加载枝节的矩形微带贴片及加载枝节的口径耦合微带贴片的反射场相位与枝节长度的关系进行了计算，并从计算结果证实了口径耦合微带贴片单元在通过延长枝节来改变其反射场相位的情况下的宽带特性。
2．研制了一个用作卡塞格伦天线系统的馈源的微带天线阵。
3．设计了一个微带反射阵柱形卡塞格伦天线系统，使该天线系统在方位面方向产生了固定的波束偏移。对整个卡塞格伦天线系统进行了加工制作与测试。
4．设计了基于3dB定向耦合器的移相器，并进行了制作与测试。证明了其可行性。
Since the late 1970s, the international antenna community has devoted much effort to the theorectical and experimental research on microstrip antenna, which offers the advantages of low profile, light weight, easy to manufacture, compatibility with integrated circuit and conformability to a shaped surface. All these research results are widely applied in military field such as aircraft, missiles and rockets but also in commercial areas such as mobile satellite communications, the broadcast satellite system, global positioning system (GPS), remote sensing. In the family of microstrip antenna, microstrip reflectarray has been given attention increasingly and widely since its combined features of array antennas and reflector antennas, especially for phased microstrip reflectarray, because of whose merit of beam scanning, became a focus and tough work. For the time being, the phased microstrip reflectarray is not popular. In this thesis, a cylindrical Cassegrain microstrip reflectarray antenna with a fixed beam deviation angle in the azimuth is designed, and an approach to realize phased microstrip reflectarray is presented. Based on the scheme, a phase shifter is designed and manufactured. Our approach is available to any cases of arbitrary polarization and can be applied for scanning in two dimensions. The detailed tasks include:
1. By using HFSS software, phases of reflected fields of stub loaded rectangular microstrip patch reflectarray and stub loaded aperture-coupled microstrip patch reflectarray are computed. The results show that the latter possesses the wide-band characteristic.
2. A microstrip array antenna is designed and manufactured to work as the feed of the Cassegrain antenna system.
3. A microstrip reflectarray cylindrical Cassegrain antenna system is designed, which has an fixed beam deviation angle in the azimuth. Then, We manufactured and tested it.
4. A phase shifter based on the 3dB directional coupler is designed, manufactured, measured and validated.
引文
1 朱逸农，微波天线，南京理工大学教材，1997年4月
2 张光义，相控阵雷达系统，国防工业出版社，2000
3 朱瑞平，何炳发，“空馈相控阵天线的效率”，现代雷达vol．21，pp．71．76，第六期，1999
4 爱金堡等著，汪茂光等译，超高频天线，人民邮电出版社，1981
5 D. G. Berry, R. G. Malech and W. A. Kennedy, "The reflectarray antenna," IEEE Trans. Antenna Propagat, vol. AP-11, pp.645-651, Nov. 1963
6 H. Richard Phelan, "Spiraphase reflectarray for multitarget radar," Microwave Journal, vol,20, no.7, 1977
7 C.S. Malagisi, "Microstrip disc element reflectarry," Electron. Aerospace Syst. Conv., Sep. 1978
8 R.E. Munson, H. Haddad, and J. Hanlen, "Microstrip reflectarray antenna for satellite communication and RCS enhancement or reduction," U. S. Patent 4684952, Aug. 1987
9 J. Huang, "Mierostrip reflectarray," IEEE Int. Symp. Antennas Propagat., Ontario, Canada, June 1991, pp. 612-615.
10 J. Huang, "Bandwidth study of microstrip reflectarray and a novel phased reflectarray concept," IEEE AP-S Symp., Newport Beach,CA, June 1995, pp.
582-585.
11 J. Huang, R. J. Pogorzelski, "A Ka-Band microstrip reflectarray with elements having variable rotation angles," IEEE Trans. Antenna Propagat., vol. AP-46, no. 5, pp.650-656, May, 1998
12 D.I. Wu, R. C. Hall, J. Huang, "Dual-frequency Microstrip reflectarray variable rotation," 1995 IEEE AP-s Int Symp. Dig., pp2128-2131.
13 Y.J. Guo, I. H. Sassi and S. K. Barton, "Multilayer offset fresnel zone plate reflector" IEEE Microwave and Guided Wave Letters, vol.4, pp. 196-198, June. 1994
14 Y.J. Guo and S. K. Barton, "Fresnel zone plate reflector incorporating rings," IEEE Microwave and Guided Wave Letters, vol. 3, no. 11,pp.417-419, Nov. 1993
15 Y.J. Guo and S. K. Barton, "High efficiency zone plate reflector incorporating printed resonants," Proc. 8th Int. Conf. Antennas Propagat., Edinburgh, UK, pp. 620-622, 1993
16 Y.J. Guo and S. K. Barton, "Phase correcting zonal reflector incorporating rings," IEEE Trans. Antenna Propagat., vol. AP-43, no.4, pp. 350-355, April, 1998
17 R.D. Javor, X. D. Wu and K. Chang, "Design and performance of a microstrip reflectarray antenna," IEEE Trans. Antenna Propagat., vol. AP-43, no.9, pp.932-939, Sep. 1995
18 R.D. Javor, X. D. Wu and K. Chang, "Dual polarization of microstrip reflectarray antenna," Electron. Lett., vol.30, no.13, pp.1018-1019., June 23rd, 1994
19 D.C. Chang and M. C. Huang, "Microstrip reflectarray antenna with offset feed," Electron. Letter.,vol. 28, no.16, pp. 1484-1486, July 30th,1992
20 D.C. Chang and M. C. Huang, "Multiple-polarization Microstrip reflectarray antenna with high efficiency and low cross-polarization," IEEE Trans. Antenna Propagat.,vol. 43, no.8, pp. 829-834, August, 1995
21 D.M. Pozar and T.A. Metzler, "Analysis ofa reflectarray antenna using microstrip patches of variable size", Electron. Letter.,vol.29, no.8, pp. 657-658, April 15th,1993.
22 S.D. Targonski and D. M. Pozar, "Minimization of beam squint in microstrip reflectarray using anoffset feed," 1996 IEEE AP-s Int Symp. Dig., pp1326-1329.
23 D.M. Pozar, S. D. Targonski and H. D. Syrigos, "Design of millimeter wave microstrip reflecarrays," IEEE Trans. Antenna Propagat., vol. AP-45, no.2, pp.287-296, Feb. 1997
24 Y. Zhuang, J. Litva, C. Wu and K. L. Wu, "Modelling studies ofmicrostrip
reflectarrays" IEE Proceedings Microwaves, antennas and Propagation, vol 142.no.l, Feb. 1995
25 Y. Zhuang, K. L. Wu, C. Wu and J. Litva, "A combined full-wave CG-FFT method for rigorous analysis of large microstrip antenn arrays" IEEE Trans. Antenna Propagat., vol. AP-44, no.1, pp.102-109, Jan. 1996
26 J.A. Encinar, "Design of two-layer printed reflectarray using patches of variable size," IEEE Trans. Antenna Propagat., vol. AP-49, no.10, pp. 1403-1410, Oct. 2001
27 K.Y. Sze and L. Shafai, "Substrate thickness in a microstrip reflectan'ay," Asia Pacific Microwave Conference, Volume: 1, Page: 146-149, 1999
28 John Huang, et al., "Beam scanning reflectarray antenna with circular polarization," U. S. Patent 6081234, Jun. 27, 2000
29 Robert R. Romanofsky, et al. "K-Band Phased Array Antennas Based on Ba_(0.60)Sr_(0.40)TiO_3 Thin-Film Phase Shifters," IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory Tech., vol.48, pp.2504-2510, no. 12, Dec. 2000
30 Robert R. Romanofsky, et al. "High resolution scanning reflectarray antenna," U.S. Patent 6081235,Jun .27, 2000.
31 Profera, Jr., "Active reflectan'ay antenna for communication satellite," U.S. Patent 5280297, Jan. 18, 1994.
32 Gautier, et al., "Phased reflector array and an antenna including such an array," U.S. Patent 5148182, Sep. 15, 1992
33 A.W. Robinson, M. E. Bialkowski, "An X-band active microstrip reflectarray," Proceeding APMC'97, Hong kong, pp.925-928, Dec. 1997
34 A.W. Robinson, M. E. Bialkowski and H. J. Song, "A passive reflec-tarray with dual-feed microstrip patch elements," Microwave Opt. Technol. Lett., vol 23, no. 5, pp 295-299, Dec 1999
35 M.E. Bialkowski, A. W. Robinson and H. J. Song, "Spacial power combers using active reflect-arrays and horn antennas," Proceeding APMC'2000, Sydney, pp. 1089-1092. Australia Dec.2000
36 M.E. Bialkowski and H. J. Song, "Investigation into power combing efficiency of microstrip patch transmit-arrays," Microwave Opt. Technol. Lett., vol 22, no. 4, pp 284-287, Aug 1999
37 H.J. Song and M. E. Bialkowski, "Trasmit array of transistor amplifiers illuminated by a patch array in the reactive near-field region," IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory Tech. vol. AP-47, pp.1070-1076, July 1999
38 D.M. Pozar, Jackson, Robert W. Jr, "Aperture coupled microtrip antenna with a proximity feed on a perpendicular substrate," IEEE Trans. Antenna Propagat., vol. AP-35, no. 6, pp.728-731, June. 1987
39 D.M. Pozar, Targonski, S. D., "Improved coupling for aperture coupled microtrip antennas," Electronics Letter, v27, no.13, pp1129-1131, June 20 1991
2 张光义，相控阵雷达系统，国防工业出版社，2000
3 朱瑞平，何炳发，“空馈相控阵天线的效率”，现代雷达vol．21，pp．71．76，第六期，1999
4 爱金堡等著，汪茂光等译，超高频天线，人民邮电出版社，1981
5 D. G. Berry, R. G. Malech and W. A. Kennedy, "The reflectarray antenna," IEEE Trans. Antenna Propagat, vol. AP-11, pp.645-651, Nov. 1963
6 H. Richard Phelan, "Spiraphase reflectarray for multitarget radar," Microwave Journal, vol,20, no.7, 1977
7 C.S. Malagisi, "Microstrip disc element reflectarry," Electron. Aerospace Syst. Conv., Sep. 1978
8 R.E. Munson, H. Haddad, and J. Hanlen, "Microstrip reflectarray antenna for satellite communication and RCS enhancement or reduction," U. S. Patent 4684952, Aug. 1987
9 J. Huang, "Mierostrip reflectarray," IEEE Int. Symp. Antennas Propagat., Ontario, Canada, June 1991, pp. 612-615.
10 J. Huang, "Bandwidth study of microstrip reflectarray and a novel phased reflectarray concept," IEEE AP-S Symp., Newport Beach,CA, June 1995, pp.
582-585.
11 J. Huang, R. J. Pogorzelski, "A Ka-Band microstrip reflectarray with elements having variable rotation angles," IEEE Trans. Antenna Propagat., vol. AP-46, no. 5, pp.650-656, May, 1998
12 D.I. Wu, R. C. Hall, J. Huang, "Dual-frequency Microstrip reflectarray variable rotation," 1995 IEEE AP-s Int Symp. Dig., pp2128-2131.
13 Y.J. Guo, I. H. Sassi and S. K. Barton, "Multilayer offset fresnel zone plate reflector" IEEE Microwave and Guided Wave Letters, vol.4, pp. 196-198, June. 1994
14 Y.J. Guo and S. K. Barton, "Fresnel zone plate reflector incorporating rings," IEEE Microwave and Guided Wave Letters, vol. 3, no. 11,pp.417-419, Nov. 1993
15 Y.J. Guo and S. K. Barton, "High efficiency zone plate reflector incorporating printed resonants," Proc. 8th Int. Conf. Antennas Propagat., Edinburgh, UK, pp. 620-622, 1993
16 Y.J. Guo and S. K. Barton, "Phase correcting zonal reflector incorporating rings," IEEE Trans. Antenna Propagat., vol. AP-43, no.4, pp. 350-355, April, 1998
17 R.D. Javor, X. D. Wu and K. Chang, "Design and performance of a microstrip reflectarray antenna," IEEE Trans. Antenna Propagat., vol. AP-43, no.9, pp.932-939, Sep. 1995
18 R.D. Javor, X. D. Wu and K. Chang, "Dual polarization of microstrip reflectarray antenna," Electron. Lett., vol.30, no.13, pp.1018-1019., June 23rd, 1994
19 D.C. Chang and M. C. Huang, "Microstrip reflectarray antenna with offset feed," Electron. Letter.,vol. 28, no.16, pp. 1484-1486, July 30th,1992
20 D.C. Chang and M. C. Huang, "Multiple-polarization Microstrip reflectarray antenna with high efficiency and low cross-polarization," IEEE Trans. Antenna Propagat.,vol. 43, no.8, pp. 829-834, August, 1995
21 D.M. Pozar and T.A. Metzler, "Analysis ofa reflectarray antenna using microstrip patches of variable size", Electron. Letter.,vol.29, no.8, pp. 657-658, April 15th,1993.
22 S.D. Targonski and D. M. Pozar, "Minimization of beam squint in microstrip reflectarray using anoffset feed," 1996 IEEE AP-s Int Symp. Dig., pp1326-1329.
23 D.M. Pozar, S. D. Targonski and H. D. Syrigos, "Design of millimeter wave microstrip reflecarrays," IEEE Trans. Antenna Propagat., vol. AP-45, no.2, pp.287-296, Feb. 1997
24 Y. Zhuang, J. Litva, C. Wu and K. L. Wu, "Modelling studies ofmicrostrip
reflectarrays" IEE Proceedings Microwaves, antennas and Propagation, vol 142.no.l, Feb. 1995
25 Y. Zhuang, K. L. Wu, C. Wu and J. Litva, "A combined full-wave CG-FFT method for rigorous analysis of large microstrip antenn arrays" IEEE Trans. Antenna Propagat., vol. AP-44, no.1, pp.102-109, Jan. 1996
26 J.A. Encinar, "Design of two-layer printed reflectarray using patches of variable size," IEEE Trans. Antenna Propagat., vol. AP-49, no.10, pp. 1403-1410, Oct. 2001
27 K.Y. Sze and L. Shafai, "Substrate thickness in a microstrip reflectan'ay," Asia Pacific Microwave Conference, Volume: 1, Page: 146-149, 1999
28 John Huang, et al., "Beam scanning reflectarray antenna with circular polarization," U. S. Patent 6081234, Jun. 27, 2000
29 Robert R. Romanofsky, et al. "K-Band Phased Array Antennas Based on Ba_(0.60)Sr_(0.40)TiO_3 Thin-Film Phase Shifters," IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory Tech., vol.48, pp.2504-2510, no. 12, Dec. 2000
30 Robert R. Romanofsky, et al. "High resolution scanning reflectarray antenna," U.S. Patent 6081235,Jun .27, 2000.
31 Profera, Jr., "Active reflectan'ay antenna for communication satellite," U.S. Patent 5280297, Jan. 18, 1994.
32 Gautier, et al., "Phased reflector array and an antenna including such an array," U.S. Patent 5148182, Sep. 15, 1992
33 A.W. Robinson, M. E. Bialkowski, "An X-band active microstrip reflectarray," Proceeding APMC'97, Hong kong, pp.925-928, Dec. 1997
34 A.W. Robinson, M. E. Bialkowski and H. J. Song, "A passive reflec-tarray with dual-feed microstrip patch elements," Microwave Opt. Technol. Lett., vol 23, no. 5, pp 295-299, Dec 1999
35 M.E. Bialkowski, A. W. Robinson and H. J. Song, "Spacial power combers using active reflect-arrays and horn antennas," Proceeding APMC'2000, Sydney, pp. 1089-1092. Australia Dec.2000
36 M.E. Bialkowski and H. J. Song, "Investigation into power combing efficiency of microstrip patch transmit-arrays," Microwave Opt. Technol. Lett., vol 22, no. 4, pp 284-287, Aug 1999
37 H.J. Song and M. E. Bialkowski, "Trasmit array of transistor amplifiers illuminated by a patch array in the reactive near-field region," IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory Tech. vol. AP-47, pp.1070-1076, July 1999
38 D.M. Pozar, Jackson, Robert W. Jr, "Aperture coupled microtrip antenna with a proximity feed on a perpendicular substrate," IEEE Trans. Antenna Propagat., vol. AP-35, no. 6, pp.728-731, June. 1987
39 D.M. Pozar, Targonski, S. D., "Improved coupling for aperture coupled microtrip antennas," Electronics Letter, v27, no.13, pp1129-1131, June 20 1991