稻属植物微形态特征的比较分析
摘要
稻属属于禾本科、稻亚科、稻族、稻亚族,由2个栽培稻种和20多个野生稻种组成。野生稻抗逆性较强,蕴藏着许多栽培稻不具有或已经消失的特异优良性状和遗传基因,是栽培稻育种的宝贵种质资源。为了利用不同的性状指标对稻属植物的亲缘关系进行深入研究,本文对稻属20个种的外稃、叶片植硅体、叶片下表皮微形态和亚显微结构、茎和叶的解剖结构进行比较分析,为野生稻种质资源利用提供重要的参考资料。主要研究结果如下。
1、稻属植物外稃比较分析。根据外稃乳突的形态特征,将稻属植物外稃乳突分为5类,分别是双峰乳突类,多峰乳突类、单峰乳突类、瘤状乳突类、凹痕乳突类。属于双峰乳突类的稻种最多,有亚洲栽培稻、非洲栽培稻、普通野生稻、尼瓦拉野生稻、南方野生稻、展颖野生稻、短舌野生稻、药用野生稻、根茎野生稻、高杆野生稻、宽叶野生稻和澳洲野生稻12个种;属于多峰乳突类的稻种有斑点野生稻、小粒野生稻和紧穗野生稻3个种;属于单峰乳突类和凹痕乳突类的稻种各一个,分别是马来野生稻和短花药野生稻;属于瘤状乳突类的稻种有颗粒野生稻和疣粒野生稻2个种。根据外稃表皮毛的差异,将稻属植物分为光稃型、稀少型、中间型和密布型四类。芒的有无、长短和表面微形态在不同稻种间差异也很大。
2、稻属植物叶片扇形植硅体的比较分析。扇形植硅体存在于叶片泡状细胞中,由扇柄、扇面和扇沿几部分构成,具有扇柄长度(a)、扇面长度(b)和宽度(c)以及b/a值等可测量的性状特征,根据b/a值,将扇形植硅体分为三种类型,即长柄型、短柄型和中间型。同一稻种扇形植硅体差异很大,三种类型的扇形植硅体均有,但有一个类型占优势。
3、稻属植物叶片下表皮微形态比较分析。气孔密度、气孔列数、长细胞面积及其长宽比和三种类型乳突数目等下表皮形态特征均在不同的稻种中存在较大的差异,可以为稻种鉴定和分类提供一定的依据。
4、稻属植物叶片下表皮亚显微结构比较分析。大瘤状乳突是下表皮长细胞上的典型特征。除斑点野生稻、小粒野生稻、高杆野生稻、宽叶野生稻和马来野生稻以外,其余稻种长细胞上均有大瘤状乳突;不同的稻种气孔器上乳突数目不同,分布比较有规律。表皮毛在稻属植物之间也存在一定的差异。
5、稻属植物叶和茎解剖结构比较分析。根据叶脉是否突出于叶片,将叶片分为叶脉突出型和水平型2类;根据茎节间纤维细胞壁的厚薄,将茎分为厚壁类和薄壁类。厚壁类根据外圈维管束与纤维细胞带的关系,又分为包埋型、突出型、连接型和间隔型。薄壁类根据外圈和内圈维管束与纤维细胞带的关系,分为凸出型、包埋型和连接型。
The rice genus (Oryza L.) belongs to the subtribe Oryzinae, tribe Oryzeae, subfamily Oryzoideae of the grass family (Poaceae), and contains over 20 wild species and 2 cultivated rice species. Wild rice species have higher tolerance to environmental stresses, many agriculturally excellent characters and important genes, which have not existed in cultivated rice, but play an important role in cultivated rice breeding. In this paper, the morphological features of lemma, leaf phytolith, and leaf lower epidermis, and anatomical structure of leaf and culm were investigated. The results may provide an important reference to use the wild rice germplasm. The major results of the present study are as follows.
(1) Comparison of the lemma in Oryza. The 5 kinds of tubercles have been classified based on the characters of tubercles, which were e.g.“bi-peak”tubercle kind,“multi-peak”tubercle kind,“simple-peak”tubercle kind,“trace”tubercle kind and“warty-peak”tubercle kind. The 4 kinds of lemma hairs have been classified based on the difference of lemma hairs. The length and epidermal microstructure of awn showed some difference among rice species.
(2) Comparison of fan phytolith of leaf in Oryza. Fan phytolith from leaf bulliform cell consists of fan handle, fan circle and fan lateral, and has some measurable indicators:the length of fan handle (a), the length (b) and width (c) of fan circle, and b/a. Fan phytolith was classified as long handle,short handle and intermediate types based on the ratio of b/a. In one species, there was much difference among fan phytolith, all the three types existed, but only one was in the majority.
(3) Comparison of leaf lower epidermis in Oryza. Oryza plants showed significantly differences in the following traits: the density and row number of stoma, the area and length/width of long cell, the number and distribution of papillae with different sizes. These traits were valuable for the identifying Oryza species and for assessing systematic relationships in the genus.
(4) Comparison of sub-microstructure of leaf lower epidermis in Oryza. Big warty tubercle was the typical feature of lower epidermal long cell, which existed in most of rice species excluding of O. punctata, O. minuta, O. alta, O. latifolia and O. ridleye. The number and location of small papillae in stomatal complexes were particularly different between species.
(5) Comparison of the anatomical structures of leaf and culm in Oryza. The two kinds of leaf have been classified based on the characters of middle vein, which were prominent type and horizontal type. The two kinds of culm have been classified based on the thickness of fiber cell wall, which were thick-walled and thin-walled type. Thick-walled type culm was classified into 4 types: embedded type, connective type, prominent type, and interval type. Thin-walled type culm was classified into 3 types: bulgy type, embedded type, and connective type.
1、稻属植物外稃比较分析。根据外稃乳突的形态特征,将稻属植物外稃乳突分为5类,分别是双峰乳突类,多峰乳突类、单峰乳突类、瘤状乳突类、凹痕乳突类。属于双峰乳突类的稻种最多,有亚洲栽培稻、非洲栽培稻、普通野生稻、尼瓦拉野生稻、南方野生稻、展颖野生稻、短舌野生稻、药用野生稻、根茎野生稻、高杆野生稻、宽叶野生稻和澳洲野生稻12个种;属于多峰乳突类的稻种有斑点野生稻、小粒野生稻和紧穗野生稻3个种;属于单峰乳突类和凹痕乳突类的稻种各一个,分别是马来野生稻和短花药野生稻;属于瘤状乳突类的稻种有颗粒野生稻和疣粒野生稻2个种。根据外稃表皮毛的差异,将稻属植物分为光稃型、稀少型、中间型和密布型四类。芒的有无、长短和表面微形态在不同稻种间差异也很大。
2、稻属植物叶片扇形植硅体的比较分析。扇形植硅体存在于叶片泡状细胞中,由扇柄、扇面和扇沿几部分构成,具有扇柄长度(a)、扇面长度(b)和宽度(c)以及b/a值等可测量的性状特征,根据b/a值,将扇形植硅体分为三种类型,即长柄型、短柄型和中间型。同一稻种扇形植硅体差异很大,三种类型的扇形植硅体均有,但有一个类型占优势。
3、稻属植物叶片下表皮微形态比较分析。气孔密度、气孔列数、长细胞面积及其长宽比和三种类型乳突数目等下表皮形态特征均在不同的稻种中存在较大的差异,可以为稻种鉴定和分类提供一定的依据。
4、稻属植物叶片下表皮亚显微结构比较分析。大瘤状乳突是下表皮长细胞上的典型特征。除斑点野生稻、小粒野生稻、高杆野生稻、宽叶野生稻和马来野生稻以外,其余稻种长细胞上均有大瘤状乳突;不同的稻种气孔器上乳突数目不同,分布比较有规律。表皮毛在稻属植物之间也存在一定的差异。
5、稻属植物叶和茎解剖结构比较分析。根据叶脉是否突出于叶片,将叶片分为叶脉突出型和水平型2类;根据茎节间纤维细胞壁的厚薄,将茎分为厚壁类和薄壁类。厚壁类根据外圈维管束与纤维细胞带的关系,又分为包埋型、突出型、连接型和间隔型。薄壁类根据外圈和内圈维管束与纤维细胞带的关系,分为凸出型、包埋型和连接型。
The rice genus (Oryza L.) belongs to the subtribe Oryzinae, tribe Oryzeae, subfamily Oryzoideae of the grass family (Poaceae), and contains over 20 wild species and 2 cultivated rice species. Wild rice species have higher tolerance to environmental stresses, many agriculturally excellent characters and important genes, which have not existed in cultivated rice, but play an important role in cultivated rice breeding. In this paper, the morphological features of lemma, leaf phytolith, and leaf lower epidermis, and anatomical structure of leaf and culm were investigated. The results may provide an important reference to use the wild rice germplasm. The major results of the present study are as follows.
(1) Comparison of the lemma in Oryza. The 5 kinds of tubercles have been classified based on the characters of tubercles, which were e.g.“bi-peak”tubercle kind,“multi-peak”tubercle kind,“simple-peak”tubercle kind,“trace”tubercle kind and“warty-peak”tubercle kind. The 4 kinds of lemma hairs have been classified based on the difference of lemma hairs. The length and epidermal microstructure of awn showed some difference among rice species.
(2) Comparison of fan phytolith of leaf in Oryza. Fan phytolith from leaf bulliform cell consists of fan handle, fan circle and fan lateral, and has some measurable indicators:the length of fan handle (a), the length (b) and width (c) of fan circle, and b/a. Fan phytolith was classified as long handle,short handle and intermediate types based on the ratio of b/a. In one species, there was much difference among fan phytolith, all the three types existed, but only one was in the majority.
(3) Comparison of leaf lower epidermis in Oryza. Oryza plants showed significantly differences in the following traits: the density and row number of stoma, the area and length/width of long cell, the number and distribution of papillae with different sizes. These traits were valuable for the identifying Oryza species and for assessing systematic relationships in the genus.
(4) Comparison of sub-microstructure of leaf lower epidermis in Oryza. Big warty tubercle was the typical feature of lower epidermal long cell, which existed in most of rice species excluding of O. punctata, O. minuta, O. alta, O. latifolia and O. ridleye. The number and location of small papillae in stomatal complexes were particularly different between species.
(5) Comparison of the anatomical structures of leaf and culm in Oryza. The two kinds of leaf have been classified based on the characters of middle vein, which were prominent type and horizontal type. The two kinds of culm have been classified based on the thickness of fiber cell wall, which were thick-walled and thin-walled type. Thick-walled type culm was classified into 4 types: embedded type, connective type, prominent type, and interval type. Thin-walled type culm was classified into 3 types: bulgy type, embedded type, and connective type.
引文
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